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This document discusses tissue culture methods for olive trees, specifically micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Micropropagation involves propagating olive trees from nodal explants in vitro, allowing for rapid production. Somatic embryogenesis induces embryo formation from mature olive tissues in the lab. Studies show that olive plants regenerated from nodal explants through micropropagation display no significant morphological or productivity differences from the parent plant.
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Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
Plant Tissue Culture - Organogenesis
The document discusses organogenesis, which is the development of adventitious organs or primordial from undifferentiated plant cell mass through differentiation. It describes the process, including dedifferentiation and redifferentiation stages. There are two types of organogenesis - direct organogenesis which does not involve callus formation, and indirect organogenesis which involves callus formation. Organogenesis is used in plant tissue culture to regenerate plants through shoot or root cultures and is influenced by factors like explant source and size, plant growth regulators, and culture conditions. It has commercial applications in micropropagation of plants.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue culture
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
Organogenesis through callus formation (indirect organogenesis)
Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
Organogenesis through adventitious organ (direct organogenesis)
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This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a lesson on cell structure and function. The key points covered include:
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- Describing processes like transport across membranes, protein synthesis, and cell division.
- Relating cellular processes to examples in daily life and observing experiments on diffusion, osmosis, and plasmolysis.
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Plant tissues can be classified as meristematic or permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth located in apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems. Permanent tissues stop dividing and perform specific functions. Plant tissues include dermal tissues like epidermis and periderm, ground tissues like parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant like xylem and phloem. Shoot and root systems are interdependent with shoots producing sugars and roots absorbing water and minerals.
Botany:Callus Culture
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The document summarizes the three main tissue types in plants: dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Dermal tissue covers the outer surface and is composed of epidermal cells that secrete a waxy cuticle. There are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissues which are undifferentiated and can divide, as well as permanent tissues. Meristematic tissue includes apical and lateral meristem while permanent tissues include various ground tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma as well as vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem contains tracheids and vessels that transport water and minerals upward while phloem contains sieve tubes and companion cells that
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Somatic embryogenesis, in plant tissue culture 2
Introduction
Types of somatic embryogenesis
Developmental stages
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Importance
Conclusions
References
The process of regeneration of embryos from somatic cells, tissue or organs is regarded as somatic or asexual embryogenesis.
opposite of zygotic or sexual embryogenesis.
Embryo-like structures which can develop into whole plants in a way that is similar to zygotic embryos are formed from somatic cells.
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The document discusses organogenesis, which is the development of adventitious organs or primordial from undifferentiated plant cell mass through differentiation. It describes the process, including dedifferentiation and redifferentiation stages. There are two types of organogenesis - direct organogenesis which does not involve callus formation, and indirect organogenesis which involves callus formation. Organogenesis is used in plant tissue culture to regenerate plants through shoot or root cultures and is influenced by factors like explant source and size, plant growth regulators, and culture conditions. It has commercial applications in micropropagation of plants.
Organogenesis, in plant tissue culture
Introduction
Definition
Types of organogenesis
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Growth regulators for indirect organogenesis
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- Identifying the components that make up the smallest living unit, the cell, including cell chemistry compounds, organelles, and cell types.
- Explaining the differences between plant and animal cell structures based on diagrams and the functions of cell membranes and organelles.
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9.1-9.4 Plant Biology (AHL) Notes
Notes for IB Biology Chapter 9, Plant Biology (AHL), based on the Oxford IB Diploma Programme Biology Textbook 2014 Edition.
Hons.sem 5(5)
This PPT mainly deals with basic understanding of the anther & pollen biology with special reference to the anther wall structure and function for UG college students as study content.
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callus culture-unspecialized cells from which whole plant is regenerated ,mass of cell.It produced when are cultured on medium .
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2) The filter paper acts as a "raft" to provide nutrients and moisture to the single cells from the underlying callus tissue.
3) The single cells are then incubated and allowed to divide and form colonies on the filter paper raft before being transferred to fresh medium to generate single cell clones.
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W1 intro plant_tc
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, organs, or whole plants in vitro on a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It allows for mass propagation of plant materials, rapid plant breeding through selection of variants, and genetic manipulation. The key principles involve using plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin to induce cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants. Advantages include rapid multiplication, disease elimination, genetic transformation, and conservation of endangered species.
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This document discusses plant tissue culture and its various applications. It begins by defining tissue culture as the culture and maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile conditions in vitro. Some key points made include: tissue culture produces clones with the same genotype; it is used commercially for plant propagation through micropropagation; and a reliable growth medium was developed in 1962 which helped tissue culture take off commercially. The document then discusses the various conditions needed for plant cells to multiply in vitro, such as appropriate explant tissue, a suitable nutrient medium, aseptic conditions, and growth regulators. It also describes processes like callus culture, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and applications including seed culture, embryo culture, and organ culture.
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This document discusses plant tissue culture and protoplast fusion. Protoplast fusion allows for crossing plants that would otherwise be unable to cross by mixing and fusing the protoplasts, or plant cells without cell walls, from different plant species. This forms a binucleate cell containing nuclei from both parental plants, introducing new genes. The process involves removing the cell wall from plant cells using enzymes, incubating them in a salt solution, and culturing the protoplasts in a suitable medium to encourage cell wall regeneration and growth.
Structure of Anther
This document discusses the structure and development of the anther wall in flowering plants. It notes that the anther wall consists of four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. It transports nutrients to developing spores and is involved in exine formation, either through amoeboid intrusion into the anther locule or secretion of substances. The document provides details on the structure and function of each anther wall layer.
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This document summarizes research on somatic embryogenesis in rice. It describes the process of somatic embryogenesis, including the stages of embryogenesis and factors that affect it. The methodology section outlines the materials and methods used, including collecting rice seeds as explants, sterilizing them, and culturing them on callus induction and embryo germination media with different concentrations of plant growth regulators like 2,4-D, BAP and NAA. The goal is to develop an efficient system for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in rice.
Somatic embryogenesis .pptx 1
This document discusses somatic embryogenesis and its consequences in cereals. It begins with an introduction to somatic embryogenesis, noting that it is a process where embryos are derived from somatic cells rather than gametes. It then covers factors that affect somatic embryogenesis like the explant source, plant growth regulators, and genotype. It also describes the stages of somatic embryogenesis and different types. The document discusses the role of somatic embryogenesis in improving cereals through somaclonal variation and disease resistance. It concludes that somatic embryogenesis is a model for plant breeding and genetic improvement.
Development and morphogenesis
This document discusses plant development and responses to stimuli. It covers how plants like potatoes respond to light exposure through processes like de-etiolation. It also summarizes the major plant hormones (auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, ethylene, and strigolactones) and their roles in growth, development, stress response, and reproduction. The document also discusses the receptors (blue light photoreceptors and phytochromes) that plants use to detect light and trigger photomorphogenic responses.
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on a nutrient medium. It allows for mass production of plant clones and regeneration of whole plants from modified plant cells. Key aspects of plant tissue culture include using explants, maintaining sterile conditions, and promoting cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants using techniques like micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis. Success requires selecting the right tissue culture type and optimizing factors like media, light, and temperature for the specific plant.
Callus culture - Plant Tissue Culture
1. Callus culture involves growing undifferentiated plant cells and tissues on a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. This allows for the production of genetically identical clones without seeds or pollination.
2. A callus is an unorganized mass of cells formed from injured or cultured plant tissue. Successful callus culture requires selecting an explant, preparing sterile culture media, and regulating hormone levels to induce cell proliferation.
3. Callus cultures are maintained through periodic sub-culturing to replenish nutrients and prevent toxicity. The growth and characteristics of callus tissue can provide insights into plant cell metabolism, differentiation, and pathways for genetic engineering applications.
Endosperm
ENDOSPERM
Types
1. Nuclear Endosperm with examples
2. Cellular Endosperm with examples
3. Helobial Endosperm with examples
Ubaid afzal (2)
Organogenesis is the formation of new plant organs like roots, stems, and leaves from non-meristematic plant tissues through cell and tissue culture. It occurs in two stages - dedifferentiation where cells lose their specialized functions, followed by redifferentiation where cells develop into specific organ types. The main types of organogenesis are caulogenesis which forms adventitious shoots, and rhizogenesis which forms adventitious roots. Hormones like auxins and cytokinins play an important role in determining what organ develops. Organogenesis allows for clonal propagation of plants and is important for both basic research and commercial applications.
Pollen wall proteins
This power point intends to explore the different type of proteins present in the pollen wall of angiosperms.
Cellular totipotency in plants
The document discusses totipotency in plant cells. Totipotency refers to the ability of single plant cells to regenerate into a whole plant through cell differentiation and tissue culture techniques. The document outlines various tissue culture systems used to study totipotency, including callus culture, suspension culture, single cell culture, and protoplast culture. Factors that influence a cell's ability to express totipotency, such as the explant source and culture conditions, are also discussed.
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Embryo culture involves growing immature or mature embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a viable plant. There are several types of embryo culture, including mature embryo culture, immature embryo culture (also called embryo rescue), and culture of adventive or abortive embryos. Embryo culture is used for overcoming embryo abortion in wide crosses, preventing embryo abortion in some fruits, overcoming seed dormancy, shortening breeding cycles, and studying embryonic growth and development. Specialized culture media and sterile techniques are required depending on the embryo developmental stage.
Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production
Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which somatic cells, under induction conditions, generate embryogenic cells, which go through a series of morphological and biochemical changes that result in the formation of a somatic embryo.
Callus culture ppt
Callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated cells that can be cultured in vitro. It is produced when plant explants are cultured on medium containing auxin and cytokinin hormones under sterile conditions. Callus tissue lacks differentiation and is unable to perform photosynthesis. It can be maintained indefinitely and used for plant regeneration through processes like organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Successful callus culture requires aseptic preparation of explants, a nutrient medium with proper hormone balance, and controlled physical conditions for incubation.
9.1-9.4 Plant Biology (AHL) Notes
Notes for IB Biology Chapter 9, Plant Biology (AHL), based on the Oxford IB Diploma Programme Biology Textbook 2014 Edition.
Hons.sem 5(5)
This PPT mainly deals with basic understanding of the anther & pollen biology with special reference to the anther wall structure and function for UG college students as study content.
Callus culture
callus culture-unspecialized cells from which whole plant is regenerated ,mass of cell.It produced when are cultured on medium .
Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the artificial process where an embryo develops from a somatic cell rather than a gamete. It does not involve fertilization or the formation of endosperm or a seed coat. The first observations of somatic embryogenesis were in carrot cells in 1958. Now it has been achieved in over 300 plant species. It is a valuable technique for rapid large scale propagation of plants, including for commercial and conservation purposes. The process involves four key steps - induction, maintenance, development and regeneration.
plant tissue culture / paper raft nurse technique
This document describes the paper raft nurse technique for single cell culture. The key steps are:
1) Isolated single cells are placed onto sterile filter paper squares that have been placed on actively growing callus tissue a few days prior.
2) The filter paper acts as a "raft" to provide nutrients and moisture to the single cells from the underlying callus tissue.
3) The single cells are then incubated and allowed to divide and form colonies on the filter paper raft before being transferred to fresh medium to generate single cell clones.
Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from sporophytic cells in vitro rather than from a zygote. There are different types of embryos including zygotic, formed from fertilized eggs, and somatic embryos which form directly from other plant tissues and organs in culture. The correct developmental stage of the explant tissue is crucial for initiation of embryogenic callus formation in somatic embryogenesis, with young or juvenile explants producing more embryos than older explants.
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, organs, or whole plants in vitro on a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It allows for mass propagation of plant materials, rapid plant breeding through selection of variants, and genetic manipulation. The key principles involve using plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin to induce cell differentiation and regeneration into whole plants. Advantages include rapid multiplication, disease elimination, genetic transformation, and conservation of endangered species.
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This document discusses plant tissue culture and its various applications. It begins by defining tissue culture as the culture and maintenance of plant cells or organs in sterile conditions in vitro. Some key points made include: tissue culture produces clones with the same genotype; it is used commercially for plant propagation through micropropagation; and a reliable growth medium was developed in 1962 which helped tissue culture take off commercially. The document then discusses the various conditions needed for plant cells to multiply in vitro, such as appropriate explant tissue, a suitable nutrient medium, aseptic conditions, and growth regulators. It also describes processes like callus culture, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and applications including seed culture, embryo culture, and organ culture.
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METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE CULTURE.pptx
Tissue culture is a method of biological research where plant tissues are grown under sterile conditions. There are several methods of plant tissue culture including seed culture, embryo culture, callus culture, cell culture, bud culture, meristem culture, and protoplast culture. Each method involves explants from various plant tissues being placed on nutrient media to induce cell growth and differentiation. Tissue culture has many applications including rapid clonal propagation, inducing genetic variation, producing transgenic plants, and conserving plant genetic resources.
Plant tissue culture
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plant tissue culture technique and importance
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile conditions on nutrient media. It allows for the multiplication and regeneration of whole plants from isolated plant cells. The key stages of micropropagation through tissue culture include selection of explant tissue from a mother plant, sterilization, establishment in culture media, multiplication through cell division and shoot formation, rooting of shoots, and hardening of plantlets.
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Embryo culture & application; embryo rescue
Embryo culture involves growing plant embryos artificially in order to enhance survival rates. It is commonly used to rescue weak or immature embryos that may not otherwise survive to become viable plants. The process involves excising embryos from seeds or ovaries and placing them onto sterile nutrient-rich media under suitable temperature, light, and humidity conditions. Embryo culture has various applications in plant breeding, including shortening breeding cycles, overcoming seed dormancy, producing hybrids, and conserving plant germplasm. It is an important technique in modern plant breeding and development of new crop varieties.
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Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
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The document discusses organ culture, callus culture, and totipotency in plant science. It defines organ culture as the culture of excised plant organs or tissues to allow differentiation while maintaining structure and function. It also discusses the importance of organ culture for studying nutrient and growth factor requirements. Callus culture is defined as the growth of unorganized cell masses from isolated plant cells or tissues on artificial media. The document outlines the principles of callus culture, including aseptic preparation of explants, use of appropriate media and growth regulators, and controlled incubation conditions. It also provides a brief history of callus culture experiments dating back to the 1930s. Totipotency refers to a plant cell's genetic potential to produce an entire
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Internship of plant physiology department in universitat de
1) The document discusses plant biotechnology and various plant cell culture techniques used to produce valuable compounds, including callus cultures, suspension cultures, and hairy root cultures. It focuses on using these techniques to study the taxol biosynthesis pathway in Taxus species.
2) Key genes involved in the taxol metabolic pathway are analyzed, including TB506, an unknown enzyme that may catalyze an important step. Experiments are described to test TB506's hydroxylase activity in vitro and in vivo by expressing it in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants.
3) The goal is to better understand the taxol biosynthesis pathway to maximize taxol production through these techniques and genetic studies of the pathway's unknown steps.
SHS.320.Lec-10...pptx Virology & parasitology
This document provides information about the course CODE 320 on Virology/Parasitology. It discusses cell culture, including its history, terminology, techniques, types of cells, equipment used, and factors that affect cell growth. Key points include that cell culture involves growing cells outside their natural environment, the importance of subculture when cells reach confluence, and that cell growth follows distinct lag, log/exponential, and plateau phases.
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INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS
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Ubaid afzal (28)
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
Ubaid afzal (35)
The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
Ubaid afzal (34)
1. Callus is an unorganized, dividing mass of cells that forms in plant tissues in response to wounding or tissue culture conditions.
2. The process of callus culture involves dedifferentiating explant cells so they begin rapidly dividing to form a callus, which then undergoes further differentiation and organization.
3. The document outlines the steps for inducing and maintaining carrot callus culture, including sterilizing and culturing explants on auxin-supplemented medium to induce callus formation over 4 weeks.
Ubaid afzal (33)
This document summarizes key developments in plant tissue culture from 1922 to 1983, including the first long-term culture of isolated plant tissues and organs, discoveries of nutrients necessary for growth, techniques for culturing single cells and tissues from various plant species, and the first production of transgenic tobacco plants through cell transformation.
Ubaid afzal (32)
Potato plants can be propagated in vitro using two methods: single node cuttings or shaken liquid culture. For single node cuttings, stem segments with a single node are placed on propagation medium and incubated to allow new plantlets to grow. Liquid shaken culture is more rapid, producing more plantlets in less time, by placing stem segments with axillary buds in a flask of liquid medium on an electric shaker. Tissue culture allows for the mass production of healthy potato plantlets for farmers and the testing of grower samples for pathogens.
Ubaid afzal (31)
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. The process involves artificially inserting a gene or genes known as transgenes to provide advantages like improved yield, quality, pest resistance, and tolerance to stresses. Common methods are used to insert genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium and Bacillus thuringiensis to impart herbicide and insect resistance. This allows for benefits like longer shelf life, higher production, and protection from viruses and pests.
Ubaid afzal (30)
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can occur in plants produced through tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are a major source of this variation, which can be genotypic or phenotypic. To minimize somaclonal variation, one should select high-quality parent material, minimize the number of transfers in culture, investigate stable families for micropropagation, keep subcultures to a minimum, regularly reinitiate clones from new explants, avoid long term culture, use axillary shoot systems, and regularly reinitiate clones from new explants. Avoiding the plant growth regulator 2,4-D in culture media can also help since it is known to introduce variation.
Ubaid afzal (29)
Plant tissue culture techniques involve two main methods: static culture using solid agar medium, which is easier for initial cell line maintenance and investigation of organ formation; and suspension cultures using liquid medium, which allows for higher growth rates and superior biomass control as cells are fully surrounded by nutrients. Key tools and techniques for plant tissue culture include sterilization using autoclaves, pH meters to monitor medium pH, laminar airflow benches for aseptic work, and various analytical tools like colorimeters and chromatography for biochemical analysis. Plant growth chambers are also used to control environmental factors like light, temperature, and humidity.
Ubaid afzal (27)
This document discusses plant tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions using a nutrient culture medium. Plant tissue culture is used to produce clones of plants through a process called micropropagation. It describes how callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples by growing unorganized plant cells. The key equipment used includes conical containers, forceps, agar, sucrose, plant growth regulators, and an autoclave for sterilizing explants and equipment prior to culturing plant cells and tissues to form callus or entire new plants.
Ubaid afzal (26)
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
Ubaid afzal (25)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues separately from the original plant, typically using liquid, solid, or semi-solid mediums. There are two main types of bud cultures used: single node culture and axillary bud culture. In single node culture, a bud with a small piece of stem is removed and cultured to develop into a new plantlet without added cytokinin. In axillary bud culture, a shoot tip containing axillary buds is cultured with high cytokinin levels, which stops apical dominance and promotes axillary bud growth. The optimal cytokinin to auxin ratio for axillary bud subculturing is typically around 10:1, but can vary depending on plant species and explant developmental stage
Ubaid afzal (24)
Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
Ubaid afzal (23)
Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
Ubaid afzal (20)
In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
Ubaid afzal (19)
Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
Ubaid afzal (18)
Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
Ubaid afzal (17)
Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
Ubaid afzal (16)
This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
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Ubaid afzal (1)
- 1. Topic: Tissue culture of Olive tree...
- 2. Introduction • Olives belong to the genus Olea (family Oleaceae). The genus comprises 35 species, of which the most important is O. europaea.
- 3. Regeneration systems for olive • The ability of a single cell to divide and give rise to a whole plant (cellular totipotency), is the theoretical and experimental basis of modern plant biotechnology. • the two methods that are used most commonly for olive plants are micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis.
- 4. Micropropagation • The micropropagation of olives was first achieved a quarter of a century ago. • in the case of olive, nodal explants are used. • In vitro vegetative propagation by nodal explants allows rapid production of a large number of plants
- 6. Somatic embryogenesis • Subsequent studies have focused on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in different olive cultivars.
- 7. • Improved protocols have enabled the induction of somatic embryogenesis from mature tissues (petioles) obtained from shoots grown in vitro portions of the radicle and cotyledons, ovaries, stamens, leaves and petioles, and cell suspension cultures derived from mature olive tissue.
- 8. Morphological characterisation of Olive plants derived from nodal explants • During field growth, no significant differences in most of the vegetative parameters were noted between the parent and daughter plants. The data revealed no differences in growth habit,vegetative growth, and canopy and trunk area.
- 9. • The productivity of fruiting shoots was similar, despite the slightly different number of flowers per inflorescence; • in olive fruit set only occurs in 2–5% of the flowers, so the slight difference did not have any effect on fruiting.