Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•1,057 views
Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which somatic cells, under induction conditions, generate embryogenic cells, which go through a series of morphological and biochemical changes that result in the formation of a somatic embryo.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production
Similar to Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production (20)
More from Suresh Antre
More from Suresh Antre (14)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production
- 1. 2/8/2019 1 Recent Advances of Somatic Embryo Production Antre Suresh H. PALB 8086 1st Yr. Ph. D. Plant Biotechnology
- 2. 2/8/2019 2 Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which somatic cells, under induction conditions, generate embryogenic cells, which go through a series of morphological and biochemical changes that result in the formation of a somatic embryo. Somatic Embryo (SE) Embryo is derived from a somatic cell and the process known somatic embryogenesis.
- 3. 2/8/2019 3Francisco et al., 2006 I Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult Callus Somatic Embryogenesis
- 4. 2/8/2019 4Garcia et al., 2018 Overview of SE Recent Advances . . ? Media modification Culture environment Recovery Support system Explant Selection SE
- 5. 2/8/2019 5 This is the first detailed report describing the establishment of cocoa embryogenic cell lines and their growth kinetics in liquid medium. The main points necessary to succeed At the beginning of the process, the primary embryos used as explants must be taken at the torpedo-stage to obtain HFSE callus Particular attention must be focused on the inoculation densities of the suspensions, as in the case of Robusta coffee Supplementing the expression medium with myo-inositol used as an osmotic agent at a concentration of 50 g L−1 increased the embryo-to- plantlet conversion rate from 13 –16% to 40–48%.
- 6. 2/8/2019 6
- 7. 2/8/2019 7 Thompson Seedless (TS)Delicious (Del-HS) 4 mM 6benzylaminopurine 0.5 mM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid Identified culture media and conditions that promoted embryo differentiation and plant conversion Chée & Pool (C2D) Vitis Medium Highlights Significant recovery of plants based on timed application of optimized media. Dramatically reduces the time required for plant recovery from 6–12 months to 2.5 months. Robust and vigorous shoot and root systems
- 8. 2/8/2019 8
- 9. 2/8/2019 9 • Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) 1. Overcoming problems related to traditional procedures like plant tissue hyperhydricity 2. Partial automation of cultures 3. Reduction of costs 4. Uniform contact between the inoculum and culture medium.
- 10. 2/8/2019 10 TIS was applied only during the proliferation following the somatic embryogenesis induction phase. Culture medium (without agar) and growth conditions were the same as for the proliferation phase in semisolid medium. Temporary immersions were performed in RITA bioreactors (15 X 13 cm, 1 L volume) with 200 mL of liquid medium. Temporary immersion system (TIS) The temporary immersion system is mainly based on the contact of plant tissue with culture medium by certain cycles of immersion, avoiding the problems of hyperhydricity, malformed embryos, and low conversion rates, which occur in continuous immersion systems.
- 11. 2/8/2019 11 Developmental Stages Embryogenic calli Somatic embryo clusters with repetitive embryogenesis Translucent, immature cotyledonary somatic embryos White opaque, mature cotyledonary somatic embryos TIS Control culture on semi-solid medium Immersion cycle 1 min every 12 h Immersion cycle 1 min every 6 h Immersion cycle 1 min every 4 h
- 12. 2/8/2019 12 The first to report somatic embryogenesis (SE) based on a plant regeneration protocol for blackberry. It uses transverse thin cell layer technique (tTCL). Two Iranian blackberry genotypes- explants nodal sagment ‘High prickle’ (Rubus sanctus) ‘Low prickle’ (Rubus hirtus)
- 13. 2/8/2019 13 From tTCL preparation to callus proliferation Different stages of somatic embryogenesis in tTCL explants
- 14. 2/8/2019 14 Process Patent Labor intensive step in the embryogenesis process Those that are most likely to successfully germinate into normal plants are preferentially selected using a number of visually evaluated screening criteria.
- 15. 2/8/2019 15
- 16. 2/8/2019 16 Summary Recent Advances in SE Production Media modification Culture environment Recovery Support system Explant Selection SE
Editor's Notes
- Fig. 2 Schematic representation of somatic embryogenesis. Although both direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis embryos can derive from single or various cells, the latter seems to yield an embryo fused to the maternal tissue by its basal part whereas an embryo resulting from a single cell is connected to the maternal tissue by a suspensor-like structure. Photos are from author’s laboratory correspond to DSE in Coffea canephora (upper) and ISE in Coffea arabica (lower). Based on Williams and Maheswaran (1986)
- The different steps for Theobroma cacao L. propagation by high frequency somatic embryogenesis (HFSE). (a) Induction of primary SE (PSE, primary somatic embryos; LFSE, low frequency somatic embryogenesis calluses; NEC, non-embryogenic calluses); (b) induction of HFSE callus (SSE, secondary somatic embryos; LFSE, low frequency somatic embryogenic calluses); (c) multiplication: embryogenic clumps in liquid medium; (d) expression: an embryo population at the end of the step; (e) germination: plantlets in germination boxes; (f) normal plantlets; (g) abnormal plantlets.
- Visual representation of the somatic embryogenesis system for grape. Depending on grape genotype, several different types of explants may be utilized to initiate embryogenic cultures, including shoot tips and leaves, stamens or pre-existing SEs. Embryogenic cell masses composed of proembryonal complexes are isolated from callusing explants. Cell masses produce SEs, which can be encouraged to germinate and develop into plants. The germination-to-plant step typically is very poor, which was dramatically improved by this study. It is at the stage of SE maturation (red arrows) that they may be utilized as targets for Agrobacterium-mediated gene insertion due to the abundance of totipotent cells on their hypocotyl and cotyledon surfaces. Utilizing the GFP gene as a visible marker, abundant transient GFP-expressing cells occur. Stable modified embryogenic lines are recovered, from which are obtained non-chimeric, genetically modified plants. GFP, green fluorescent protein.
- SE germination and plant development using a two-step culture procedure. (a) SE post-germinative growth on various germination media. Bar53 cm. (b) Plantlets obtained after culture first on C2D4B medium and then MSNmedium in GA7 vessels. Bar marks an actual length of 3 cm. (c) A large number of transgenic ‘Del-HS’ plants established in the greenhouse. Plants in background on the adjacent bench were SEderived ‘TS’ plants.
- Fig. 6 Schematic diagram representing the course of the newly described somatic embryogenesis process for C. delgadii: commencing with spores, passing through the gametophyte stage, followed by induction of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis and finally, the production of mature plantlets initially grown in vitro and later under ex vitro conditions. SE somatic embryogenesis, initial explants are shown in red (color figure online)
- Temporary immersion systems (TIS) are an alternative to semi-solid or liquid culture Explant- Immature acorns
- Fig. 2 Embryogenic cultures of cork oak after one multiplication cycle of 30 days in temporary immersion system (TIS) under different immersion frequencies and on semi-solid medium. The cellular fate of embryogenic cultures was also affected by the immersion frequency, 1 min every 6 h was the best for mass propagation of proliferative developmental stages (embryogenic calli and embryo clusters) while 1 min every 4 h promoted the formation of single, fully developed cotyledonary embryos.
- Fig. 1 From tTCL preparation to callus proliferation: a, b tTCL size (0.5 mm in thickness); c phenol secretion and dead of explants; d callus induction on dermal and central parts; e callus proliferation of dermal and central parts Fig. 4 Different stages of somatic embryogenesis in tTCL explants of Rubus and histological sections of these stages; a embryogenic callus with globular structure(Gl); b sections of globular embryos on the surface of a tTCL embryogenic callus; c heart-stage (Hs) of somatic embryo; d section of heart-shaped somatic embryo; e torpedo-shaped embryo with root primordium; f section of torpedo-shaped embryo with root primordia (Rp) and cotyledons (Ct); g germinated and growth of embryos; h section of shoot vascular tissue (Vs); i normal plantlet growth from embryo on half strength MS medium containing 4.88 μM BA, 2.02 μM GA and 0.05 μM NAA; leaf (L), shoot (S), Root (R)