1. Typhoid fever is transmitted through the fecal-oral and urine-oral routes, usually from contaminated food, water, or flies. The bacteria that causes it, Salmonella Typhi, has a 10-14 day incubation period and humans are the only reservoir. 2. Control measures include treating confirmed cases and carriers with antibiotics, improving sanitation like safe water and food hygiene, and vaccinating individuals over 1 year old. The vaccine provides immunity against Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi. 3. Treatment for active typhoid fever involves antibiotics like chloramphenicol or ciprofloxacin for 5-7 days along with a low-calorie diet. Carriers can

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4. PRIMARY
SOURCES
SECONDARY
SOURCES
Feces and urine
of cases and
carriers
Contaminated
• Food
• Water
• Milk
• Flies
• finger
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Feaco-oral route
• Urine oral route
RESEVOIR OF INFECTION
• Man is the only reservoir and may exist as a case or a carrier
INCUBATION PERIOD
10 -14 days

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9. CONTROL
CONTROL OF RESERVIOR
Case control:
Chloramphenicol, cortimoxazole, amoxicillin
Carrier:
ampicillin, probenecid+cholecystectomySANITATION CONTROL
Clean water preservation
Food hygiene
Health education
IMMUNIZATION
Given at >1 year
Anti-typhoid vaccine:
Monovalent( immunity against only 1 antigen source)
Divalent (immunity against both typhi, paratyphi)
TAB VACCINE (Typhi, paratyphiA&B)
DOSE: 2 doses 0.5ml every month subcutaneously
BOOSTER DOSE: after every 3 years

10. TREATMENT OF TYPHOID FEVER:
• Chloramphenicol for 5-7 days
• Low caloric diet with soups, vegetables, milk, eggs and
potatoes.
• CIPROFLOXACIN is now drug of choice.

11. CARRIER PRESENCE OF DISEASE TIME PERIOD
Convalescent carrier After onset of
symptoms→50% pt.
secrete S.typhi in feces.
3 weeks after onset
Healthy Carrier Clinically unrecognized
disease
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Chronic Permanent Carrier No typhoid fever at the
time but still discharge
S.typhi
After 12 months of post-
infection