Typhoid presented by dr abas reshi .pdf
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Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. It's typically contracted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include high fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Vaccination and good hygiene are essential for prevention. If left untreated, typhoid fever can be serious.
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2. The clinical manifestations include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea with mucus and blood in the stool. There are three main types: common, mild, and toxic. The toxic type can cause shock and encephalopathy.
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This document provides information about bacillary and amoebic dysentery. It defines dysentery as passing blood and mucus in stool with abdominal pain. It discusses the objectives, types, magnitude, epidemiological features, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, treatment and prevention of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria and amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Key differences between the two types are also summarized. The document aims to educate about the infectious diseases.
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Primary health care aims to provide equitable access to essential health services focused on prevention. It has 8 key elements including maternal/child health, immunization, disease prevention/control, and access to medicines. Primary health care is based on principles of community participation, intersectoral coordination using appropriate technologies, and equitable distribution of services with a focus on prevention. The nurse plays an important role as a direct provider, health educator, planner, supervisor, and in monitoring/evaluation to support primary health care goals.
healthcommittees-anand-181110174833-1.pptx
The document summarizes several important health committees appointed by the Government of India from 1946 to 1977 to review the country's health situation and make recommendations. It describes the key recommendations of committees like the Bhore Committee (1946), Mudaliar Committee (1962), Chadah Committee (1963), Mukerji Committees (1965-1966), Jungalwalla Committee (1967), Kartar Singh Committee (1973), Shrivastav Committee (1975), and the introduction of the Rural Health Scheme in 1977 based on the Shrivastav Committee's recommendations. The committees generally recommended strengthening primary health centers, integrating preventive and curative services, developing a cadre of health workers, and reorienting medical education towards community
healthcommitteesincommunityhealthnursing-170505062306 (1).pdf
The document discusses several health committees constituted in India to review and improve the country's health system. Key points:
1) The Bhore Committee (1943) found high communicable disease rates, low life expectancy, and recommended a three-tier primary-secondary-tertiary healthcare system.
2) The Mudaliar Committee (1959) observed inadequate basic health facilities and staff shortages. It recommended strengthening primary health centers.
3) The Mukerji Committee (1966) reviewed family planning programs and recommended strengthening education efforts and designating a state health directorate for family planning.
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Revised national tuberculosis elimination program pro.pptx
Revised national tuberculosis elimination program pro.pptx
healthcommitteesincommunityhealthnursing-170505062306 (1).pdf
healthcommitteesincommunityhealthnursing-170505062306 (1).pdf
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vonoprazan A novel drug for GERD presentation
Vonoprazan, a new potassium acid channel blocker used in the conditions of GERD and gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer ....
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Artificial Intelligence Symposium (THAIS)
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Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Acute Gout Care & Urate Lowering Therapy .pdf
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Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
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Typhoid presented by dr abas reshi .pdf
- 1. Typhoid By:- Dr. Mohammad Abas Reshi M.B.B.S SKIMS Srinagar
- 2. Typhoid ● Causative agent: Salmonella typhi ● Reservoir of infection: Man (cases and carriers) ○ Cases ■ (Persons having particular disease, health disorder or condition under investigation) ○ Carriers ■ (Infected person or animal that harbours a specific agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease, & serves as a potential source of infection for others) ○ Incubatory carriers (shed infectious agent during incubation period) ○ Convalescent carriers(during clinial recovery): excrete bacilli for 6 – 8 weeks ○ Chronic carrier: excrete bacilli for > 1 year after clinical attack.
- 3. Typhoid Contd… Source of infection: faeces, urine of cases/carriers (primary source) and water, foodfingers, flies (secondary source) IP: 10-14 daysQ Mode of transmission: Faeco-oral route, urine-oral route
- 4. Typhoid Contd… ● Clinical features: ○ ʻPea Soup diarrhoeaʼ ○ Splenomegaly, relative bradycardia, dicrotic pulse, abdominal distension and tenderness ○ Rose spotsQ (2nd week) ○ Intestinal perforation (3rd weekQ) may be one of the complications
- 6. Treatment of Typhoid Drug of choice: – Cases: Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone), Quinolones – Carriers: Ampicillin/Amoxycillin + Probenecid × 6 weeks
- 7. Immunization of Typhoid Immunisation for Typhoid: ● TYPHORAL (Live oral Ty21aQ) vaccine: ○ Contains >109 viable organism of attenuated S. typhiQ ○ Schedule: One capsule each on days 1, 3, 5 (booster of 3 doses, once every 3yrs) ○ Protection duration: 3 years ● TYPHIM Vi Vaccine ○ Vi- Polysaccharide containing single dose i.m. or subcutaneous ○ Not given in age < 2 yrs ● TAB vaccine: ○ Contains S.typhi, S.paratyphi A and S.paratyphi B
- 8. Thank you