Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It presents with a sustained fever over 3-4 weeks along with relative bradycardia and involvement of the intestinal lymphoid tissues and reticuloendothelial system. Diagnosis can be confirmed through blood cultures in the first week, serological tests like the Widal test in the second week, and stool or urine cultures later. Treatment involves antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Prevention relies on sanitation measures and immunization with vaccines like the injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine or live oral Typhoral vaccine.

1. TYPHOID FEVER
KISMAT GURUNG

2. TYPHOID
Ancient Greek Typhos, smoke or cloud that was believed to cause
disease or madness

3. What is typhoid fever?
• Result of systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi
• Clinically characterised by typical continuous fever for 3-4 weeks,
relative bradycardia with involvement of intestinal lymphoid tissues,
reticuloendothelial system and gall bladder.
• Enteric fever includes both typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
• May occur sporadically, epidemically or endemically.
• Found only in humans.

5. Agent
Host
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Environmental
Factors

6. Agent
• Salmonella typhi (family Enterobacteria)
• S. paratyphi A and B are relatively infrequent
• Gram –ve (pink)
• Non-lactose fermenting
• Non-spore forming
• Facultative aerobic
• Motile due to peritricus flagella
• Bacteria grows best at 37 degree centigrate

7. Host
• Age: occurs at any age (5-19)
• Sex: cases M>F carriers F>M
• Immunity: Antibody may be stimulated by infection or immunisation
Reservoir
Human is only reservoir
Cases: A case is infectious as long as bacilli appears in stool or urine
Case may be missed, mild or severe.
Carriers: Temparory incubatory-excrete bacilli for 6-8 weeks
Chronic->1 year, organisms persist in gallbladder, biliary tract

8. Environment
• Typhoid fever is regarded as index of general sanitation in any Country.
• Incidence increases in July-September
• Outside the human body bacilli are found in;
• water : found for upto 2-7 days but do not multiply.
• Soil irrigated with savage : up to 35 to 70 days.
• Ice and icream: bacilli can survive up to a month.
• Food-multiply and survive for sometime.
• milk- grows rapidly without altering its taste.
• Pollution of drinking water supplies
• Open defecation and urination area
• Low personal hygiene
• Health ignorance

9. Pathogenesis

10. Infective dose : 103 – 106 organisms
Faeco-oral route or Urine-oral route
(water, soil, flies, fingers)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
HOST (S. typhi)
Stomach (gastric barrier)
-antacids, H2 receptor blockers, PPI
S. typhi + Peyer’s patch
Small Intestine
Penetrate to mucosa
IP=7-14 days
Macrophage (WBC) engulf =>Fever
blood
Liver (Hepatosplenomegaly) Spleen
S. Typhi re-enter GI tract
(Stool Culture)
via Gall Bladder
Mesenteric lymph nodes

11. C/F & COMPLICATIONS (HISTORY &
EXAMINATION
• 1st week : The disease classically present with stepladder pattern of rise in
temperature( 40°c -41°c ) over 4-5 days accompanied by headache, vague
abdominal pain and constipation or pea soup Diarrhoea. Malaise, cough,
sore throat.
• 2nd week : (7 to 10th day) mild hepatosplenomegaly occur in majority of the
patient. Relative bradycardia and rose spot might be seen.
• 3rd week : the patient will appear in typhoid state which is a state of
prolonged apathy, delirium, toxaemia, disorientation and or coma.
Diarrhoea will then became apparent. If left untreated by this time there is
a high risk (5-10%) of intestinal haemorrhage and perforation
• Rare Complications: Hepatitis ,Pneumonia, Thrombophlebitis, Myocarditis,
Cholecystitis, Nephritis, Osteomyelitis, psychosis, 2-5% people may become
Gall-bladder carrier

12. INVESTIGATIONS
BASU
Blood Culture
(1st week)
Agglutination
(2nd week)
Stool Culture
(3rd week)
Urine Culture
(4th week)

13. Blood Cultures
• Bacteraemia occurs early in the disease
• Blood cultures are positive in
1st week 90%
2nd week 75%
3rd week 60%
4th week and later 25%

14. Non-lactose
Fermenting
Colourless

16. Agglutination
• Somatic (O) antigen: contain long polysaccharides (LPS) comprises of
heat stable polysaccharide commonly.
• Flagellar (H) antigen are strongly immunogenic and induces antibody
formation rapidly.
• WIDAL TEST O>1 in 160 H>1 in 320, false positive in other infectious
causes.
• Typhidot: IgM IgG detects in one hour (sensitivity>95%, specificity
75%)

17. D/D
• Paratyphoid fever-similar to typhoid fever but usually less severe.
• Paraenteric fever-a typhoid like fever but not caused by Salmonella.
• Gastroenteritis-mild case of typhoid fever may be mistaken for
gastroenteritis
• Tuberculosis
• Brucellosis
• Infective endocarditis
• Acute diarrhoea
• Viral hepatitis
• Malaria

18. MANAGEMENT
1. Cases and carriers management
2. Control of sanitation
3. Immunisation

19. Management of Cases
• Fluoroquinolone
Tab CIPROFLOXACIN/OFLOXACIN 15mg/kg P/O X 5-7 days
• 3rd generation cephalosporin
Tab CEFEXIME 20mg/kg P/O x 7-14 days
Inj. CEFTRIAXONE 100mg/kg IV X 10-14 days
• Macrolides
Tab. AZITHROMYCIN 8-10mg/kg P/O OD X 7 days
PLUS
Adequate hydration, Antipyretics, Appropriate Nutrition

20. Management of Carriers
• Identification by cultures and serological examination.
• Treatment by intensive course of ampicillin/amoxicillin with
probenecid for 6 weeks.
• Surgery like cholecystectomy if needed.
• Kept under surveillance.
• Health education.

21. Control of Sanitation
• Protection and purification of drinking water supplies.
• Improvement of basic sanitation.
• Promotion of food hygiene.

22. Immunisation
Vaccination recommended to:
1. Those live in endemic area
2. Household contacts
3. Group at risk like school children and hospital staff etc.
4. Those attending melas and yatras
Types of vaccines(3)
1. Injectable typhoid vaccine (Vi polysaccharide)
2. Live oral vaccine (TYPHORAL)
3. TAB vaccine

23. Injectable typhim – Vi Vaccine
• This single dose injectable typhoid vaccine, from the bacterial
capsule of S. typhi stain of Ty21a.
• This vaccine is recommended for use in children over 2 years of age.
• Sub-cutaneous or intramusculat injection.
• Efficacy: 64-72%

24. Typhoral Vaccine
• This is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine manufactured from the
Ty21a stain of S. typhi.
• Efficacy: 50-80%
• Not recommended for use in children younger than 6 years of age.
• Course: 1 capsule P/O on 1st day, 3rd day and 5th day, taken an hour
before food with a glass of water or milk.
• Immunity starts 2-3 weeks after administration and lasts for 3 years
• A booster dose after 3 years.

25. Thank You
Have a good day.