This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of typhoid fever. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
It include the definition , signs and symptoms, types, diagnosis, medical management, Nursing management, preventive measures, complication, Post exposure prophylaxis of Hepatitis.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of typhoid fever. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
It include the definition , signs and symptoms, types, diagnosis, medical management, Nursing management, preventive measures, complication, Post exposure prophylaxis of Hepatitis.
able of ContentsIntroductionObjectives of Giemsa stainPrincipleReagents UsedProcedureStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingStaining Procedure 2: Thick Film StainingResultsInterpretation/ConclusionApplications Giemsa stainAdvantagesLimitationsReferencesFour Charged in Plot to Kidnap an Iranian Journalist in New YorkIntroductionGiemsa stain was a name adopted from a Germany Chemist scientist, for his application of a combination of reagents in demonstrating the presence of parasites in malaria.It belongs to a group of stains known as Romanowsky stains. These are neutral stains made up of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue, azure, and Eosin Y and they performed on an air-dried slide that is post-fixed with methanol. Romanowsky stains are applied in the differentiation of cells, pathological examinations of samples like blood and bone marrow films and demonstration of parasites e.g malaria. There are four types of Romanoswsky stains:Giemsa stainJenner StainWright stainMay-Grunwald StainLeishman stainObjectives of Giemsa stainTo accurately prepare the Giemsa stain stock solutionTo stain and identify blood cellsTo differentiate blood cells nuclei from the cytoplasmPrincipleGiemsa stain is a gold standard staining technique that is used for both thin and thick smears to examine blood for malaria parasites, a routine check-up for other blood parasites and to morphologically differentiate the nuclear and cytoplasm of Erythrocytes, leucocytes and Platelets and parasites.Like any type of Romanowsky stains, it composed of both the Acidic and Basic dyes, in relation to affinities of acidity and basicity for blood cells. Azure and methylene blue, a basic dye binds to the acid nucleus producing blue-purple color. Eosin is an acidic dye that is attracted to the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic granules which are alkaline-producing red coloration. The stain must be buffered with water to pH 6.8 or 7.2, to precipitate the dyes to bind simple materials.Classically, Giemsa stain is a differential stain which is made up of a combination of reagents (Azure, Methylene blue, and Eosin dye) used widely in cytogenetics and histopathology for the diagnosis of:Malaria, spirochetes and other blood parasitesChlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodiesBorrelia sppYersinia pestisHistoplasma sppPneumocystis jiroveci cystsReagents UsedMethanolGiemsa powderGlycerinWater (Buffer)ProcedurePreparation of the Giemsa Stain Stock solution (500ml)Into 250ml of methanol, add 3.8g of Giemsa powder and dissolve.Heat the solution up to ~60oCThen, add 250ml of glycerin to the solution, slowly.Filter the solution and leave it to stand for about 1-2 months before use.Preparation of Working solutionAdd 10ml of stock solution to 80ml of distilled water and 10ml of methanolStaining procedure 1: Thin Film stainingOn a clean dry microscopic glass slide, make a thin film of the specimen (blood) and leave to air dry.dip the smear (2-3 dips) into pure methanol for fixation of the
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. INTRODUCTION
•The term enteric fever is used to describe acute
infection caused by Salmonella typhi (typhoid
fever) or Salmonella para typhi (paratyphoid
fever).
4. PATHOGENESIS
• Route of entry- The typhoid bacilli are ingested through contaminated
food or water.
• During the initial asymptomatic(no symptoms as such) incubation
period of about 2 weeks, the bacilli invade the lymphoid follicles and
Peyer’s patches of the small intestine and proliferate.
• Following this, the bacilli invade the blood- stream causing
bacteraemia and the characteristic clinical features of the disease like
continuous rise in temperature and ‘rose spots’ on the skin are
observed.
5. • All pathogenic Salmonella species, when present in the gut are engulfed by
phagocytic cells, which then pass them through the mucosa and present them to
the macrophages in the lamina propria.
• Nontyphoidal salmonellae are phagocytized throughout the distal ileum and
colon. With toll-like receptor (TLR)–5 and TLR-4/MD2/CD-14 complex,
macrophages recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as
flagella and lipopolysaccharides. Macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells then
attract T cells and neutrophils with interleukin 8 (IL-8), causing inflammation and
suppressing the infection.
7. • In contrast to the nontyphoidal salmonellae, S typhi and
paratyphi enter the host's system primarily through the distal
ileum. They have specialized fimbriae that adhere to the
epithelium over clusters of lymphoid tissue in the ileum
(Peyer patches), the main relay point for macrophages
traveling from the gut into the lymphatic system. The bacteria
then induce their host macrophages to attract more
macrophages.
• S typhi has a Vi capsular antigen that masks PAMPs,
avoiding neutrophil-based inflammation, while the
common paratyphi S, paratyphi A, does not. This explains the
greater infectivity of typhi compared with most of its cousins.
8. • Immunological reactions (Widal’s test) begin after about 10 days and
peak titres(concentration of antibody) are seen by the end of the third
week.
• Eventually, the bacilli are localised in the intestinal lymphoid tissue
(producing typhoid intestinal lesions), in the mesenteric lymph nodes
(leading to haemorrhagic lymphadenitis), in the liver (causing foci of
parenchymal necrosis), in the gallbladder (producing typhoid
cholecystitis), and in the spleen (resulting in splenic reactive
hyperplasia).
10. Introduction
• Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by any one or
combination of four species of plasmodia:
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium
ovale and Plasmodium malariae.
While Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant malaria, the
other three species produce benign form of illness.
• The disease is endemic in several parts of the world,
especially in tropical Africa, parts of South and Central
America, India and SouthEast Asia.
12. PATHOGENESIS
•Malaria infection develops via two phases: one that
involves the liver (exoerythrocytic phase), and one that
involves red blood cells, or erythrocytes (erythrocytic
phase).
•When an infected mosquito pierces a person's skin to
take a blood meal, sporozoites in the mosquito's saliva
enter the bloodstream and migrate to the liver where
they infect hepatocytes, multiplying asexually and
asymptomatically for a period of 8–30 days.
13. • After a potential dormant period in the liver, these
organisms differentiate to yield thousands of merozoites,
which, following rupture of their host cells, escape into the
blood and infect red blood cells to begin the erythrocytic
stage of the life cycle. The parasite escapes from the liver
undetected by wrapping itself in the cell membrane of the
infected host liver cell.
• Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply further,
again asexually, periodically breaking out of their host cells
to invade fresh red blood cells. Several such amplification
cycles occur. Thus, classical descriptions of waves of fever
arise from simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and
infecting red blood cells.
14. • Some P. vivax sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase
merozoites, but instead, produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods
ranging from several months (7–10 months is typical) to several years.
• After a period of dormancy, they reactivate and produce merozoites. Hypnozoites
are responsible for long incubation and late relapses in P. vivax infections.
15. • The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the
body's immune system because for most of its human life
cycle it resides within the liver and blood cells and is
relatively invisible to immune surveillance. However,
circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen.
• To avoid this fate, the P. falciparum parasite displays
adhesive proteins on the surface of the infected blood cells,
causing the blood cells to stick to the walls of small blood
vessels, thereby sequestering the parasite from passage
through the general circulation and the spleen. The blockage
of the microvasculature causes symptoms such as in placental
malaria.
• Infected red blood cells can breach the blood–brain
barrier and cause cerebral malaria.
16. PATHOLOGIC CHANGES
• Parasitisation and destruction of erythrocytes are responsible for major
pathologic changes
• Malarial pigment liberated by destroyed red cells accumulates in the
phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system resulting in enlargement
of the spleen and liver (hepatosplenomegaly).
• In falciparum malaria, there is massive absorption of haemoglobin by the
renal tubules producing blackwater fever (haemo globinuric nephrosis).
• At autopsy, cerebral malaria is characterised by congestion and petechiae on
the white matter.
• Parasitised erythrocytes in falciparum malaria are sticky and get attached to
endothelial cells resulting in obstruction of capillaries of deep organs such
as of the brain leading to hypoxia and death.
• If the patient lives, microhaemorrhages and microinfarcts may be seen in
the brain. The diagnosis of malaria is made by demonstration of malarial
parasite in thin or thick blood films or sometimes in histologic sections
18. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Major complications occur in severe falciparum malaria
which may have manifestations of
cerebral malaria (coma)
Hypoglycaemia
renal impairment
severe anaemia
haemoglobinuria, jaundice
pulmonary oedema
and acidosis followed by congestive heart failure and
hypotensive shock
19. DIAGNOSIS
•Malaria is usually confirmed by the microscopic
examination of blood films or by antigen-
based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). In some
areas, RDTs need to be able to distinguish
whether the malaria symptoms are caused
by Plasmodium falciparum or by other species of
parasites