Amyloidosis is the term used for a group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble protienaceous substance called “Amyloid”.Amyloidosis was first described by Rokintansy in 1842.
Virchow named it as amyloid under the mistaken belief that the material was starch like.
Amyloidosis is the term used for a group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble protienaceous substance called “Amyloid”.Amyloidosis was first described by Rokintansy in 1842.
Virchow named it as amyloid under the mistaken belief that the material was starch like.
A Powerpoint presentation on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of the common types of amyloid.
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
A Powerpoint presentation on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of the common types of amyloid.
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
by post graduates from Maratha Mandal's NathajiRao Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgavi.
A step wise presentation of Amylodosis covering,
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
PHYSICAL NATURE
CHEMICAL NATURE
CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS
STAINING CHARACTERISTICS
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
MORPHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
intracellular accumulation (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, pigments)
Pathophysiology
B Pharm 2nd Semester
Pathophysiology B Pharm 2nd Semester
It is the manifestation of metabolic derangement.
It is the Accumulation of abnormal amounts of various substances may be endogenous or exogenous.
A normal or abnormal endogenous substance accumulates because it cannot be metabolized.
An abnormal exogenous substance is deposited and accumulates because the cell has neither the enzymatic machinery to degrade the substance not the ability to transport it to other sites
Accumulation may be transient & reversible or permanent.
Effects range from harmless to toxic.
METABOLIC DISORDERS OF PROTEIN AND LIPID part 2/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
METABOLIC DISORDERS OF PROTEIN AND LIPID (PART –II) / dental implant courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. What is amyloidosis
• Amyloidosis is the term used for a group of diseases characterised by
extracellular deposition of fibrillar insoluble proteinaceous substance
called amyloid having common morphological appearance, staining
properties and physical structure but with variable protein (or bio
chemical) composition.
• It is derived from the word-amylum in Latin, amylon in Greek; means
cellulose or starch like. ◎Definition : Amyloid refers to an abnormal
deposit of insoluble polymeric protein fibrils in tissues and organs.
This condition of deposition of amyloid in tissues is known as
Amyloidosis.
• First described by Rokitansky in 1842, the substance was
subsequently named by Virchow as ‘amyloid’
2. Chemical structure of amyloid
• Ultra structural examination and chemical analysis reveal the
complex nature of amyloid.
• On the basis of morphology and physical characteristics, all
forms of amyloid are similar in appearance, but they are
chemically heterogeneous.
• Based on analysis, amyloid is com posed of 2 main types of
complex proteins
I. Fibril proteins comprise about 95% of amyloid.
II. Non-fibrillar components which together constitute the
remaining 5% of amyloid.
3. • The fibrillar amyloid can be categorised as under:
i) AL (amyloid light chain) protein
ii) AA (amyloid associated) protein
iii) Other proteins
4. Pathogenesis of amyloidosis
• The earliest observation that amyloidosis developed in experimental
animals who were injected repeatedly with antigen to raise antisera for
human use led to the concept that amyloidogenesis was the result of
immunologic mechanisms.
• Thus, AL variety of amyloid protein was isolated first. It is now
appreciated that amyloidosis or fibrillogenesis is multifactorial and
that different mechanisms are involved in various types of amyloid.
5. • Amyloidosis results from abnormal folding of proteins, which become
insoluble, aggregate, and deposit as fibrils in extracellular tissue.
• Normally, misfolded proteins are degraded intracellularly by
proteasomes or extracellularly by macrophages.
• In amyloidosis this quality control mechanism fails so,
• There is rise in level of precursor of fibrillary protein followed by
partial degradation by reticuloendothelial cells.
• Non-fibrillary proteins facilitate aggregation and protection against
solubilisation.
• So all these factors result in deposition of misfolded protein outside
the cells.
6. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Clinical features • May produce no clinical manifestations or may
cause serious problems & even death. • At first features are non
specific like weakness, weight loss, light headedness or syncope.
• Liver-hepatomegaly, ↑ alkaline phosphatase. • Spleen-splenomegaly
& splenic dysfunction. • Heart-congestive heart failure, restrictive
cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis & amyloid deposits in valves.
• KIDNEYS stage phase course initial Proteinuria Slowly progressing
Clinical manifestations Nephrotic syndrome Oedema,proteinuria
Hypertensive (rare) Rapidly progressing terminal course Chronic renal
failure Relapsing
7. • Central Nervous System Dementia(Alzheimers disease) Hemorrhagic
strokes • Peripheral nervous system Peripheral neuropathy
• Endocrine organs hypothyroidism due to infiltration.
• Musculoskeletal "Shoulder pad sign" - enlargement of the anterior
shoulder due to amyloid deposition in periarticular soft tissue eg-
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Blood vessels - Increase susceptibility to bruising-typical Raccoon
eyes
• • Gastrointestinal amyloidosis- macrglossia which may hamper
speech.
• In stomach and intestine may lead to malabsorption