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Types of turbine
The document explains the principles and types of turbines, which are rotary mechanical devices that convert fluid energy into useful work. It outlines various turbine types, including impulse and reaction turbines, their working mechanisms, and specific applications such as hydroelectric power generation. Key examples include Pelton, Kaplan, and Francis turbines, each suited for different hydraulic conditions and operational efficiencies.
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Types of turbine
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- 2. What is aWhatis a TURBINETURBINE?????? A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
- 3. Basic types ofTURBINESBasic types of TURBINES • Water Turbine • Steam Turbine • Gas Turbine • Wind Turbine Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently to merit separate descriptions.
- 4. WorkingWorking PrinciplePrinciple • Whenthe fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are displaced, which produces rotational energy. • When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. • This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
- 5. Types of WaterTurbinesTypes of Water Turbines • Impulse turbines • Reaction turbines
- 6. Impulse TurbineImpulse Turbine•In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fired through a narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around. • In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at high speed. • The transfer of energy in impulse turbines is described by Newton’s second law of motion.
- 7. Types of ImpulseTurbinesTypes of Impulse Turbines I. Pelton Turbine II. Cross-flow Turbine
- 8. Pelton WheelPelton Wheel •These are usually used for high head, low flow power plants. • It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s. • Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50 - 2000 m) and Flow rate is (4 - 15 m3 /s)
- 9. ApplicationsApplications • Pelton wheelsare the preferred when the available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates. • Mostly used Pico hydro electric power generation unit. • Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. • For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel and turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets.
- 10. Cross-flowCross-flow TurbineTurbine • Itis developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for low heads. (10–70 meters) • As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side. • The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for locations with a low head but high flow.
- 11. ApplicationsApplications • The peakefficiency of a cross-flow turbine is somewhat less than a kaplon, francis or pelton turbine. • It has a low price, and good regulation. • As water going through the runner twice, provides additional efficiency. • Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and micro hydropower units. • Its good point as When the water leaves the runner, it also helps clean the runner of small debris and pollution.
- 12. ReactionReaction TurbineTurbine • Inreaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's pressure. • The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. • The turbine must be fully immersed in the flowing fluid and the pressure casement is also provided for a working fluid.
- 13. Difference between impulseDifferencebetween impulse and reaction turbineand reaction turbine
- 14. Types of ReactionTurbinesTypes of Reaction Turbines • Kaplan Turbine • Francis Turbine • Kinetic Turbine
- 15. Kaplan TurbineKaplan Turbine •The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high discharges. • It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan. • The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. • Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin.
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- 17. ApplicationsApplications • Kaplan turbinesare widely used throughout the world for electrical power production. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions. • Inexpensive micro turbines on the Kaplan turbine model are manufactured for individual power production with as little head. • Large Kaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%. They are very expensive to design, manufacture and install, but operate for decades.
- 18. Francis TurbineFrancis Turbine •The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.Franceis and are used for medium head (45-400m) and medium discharge (10-700 m3 /s). • The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid. • The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the pressure. • Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.
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- 20. ApplicationsApplications • Francis typeunits cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft). • Its efficiency decreases as flow decreases. • They may also be used for pumped storage, where a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large electrical motor during periods of low power demand.
- 21. Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbines •Kinetic energy turbines, also called free- flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water. • The systems may operate in rivers, man- made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. • Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway. • They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes, • They might have applications in such conduits. • Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels and do not require any dam or
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- 23. STATION Region STATE CAPACITY (MW) TURBINE KoynaWestern Maharashtra 1,960 Pelton (stage I & II) Francis (Stage III & Stage IV) Srisailam Dam Southern Andhra Pradesh, Telangana 1,670 Francis Sharavathi Southern Karnataka 1608 Francis Nathpa Jhakri Northern Himachal Pradesh 1500 Francis Sardar Sarovar Western Gujarat 1450 Francis Bhakra Dam Northern Punjab 1325 Francis Mulshi Dam Western Maharashtra 300 Pelton Turbine used in Hydroelectric Power Generation UnitTurbine used in Hydroelectric Power Generation Unit
- 24. ReferencesReferences • Mechanical engineeringdepartment manuals Bhagwant universty ajmer . • Fluid mechanics with engineering applicatations 10 edition by E.John Finnemore and Joesph B. Franzini • Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by E.H.Lewitt 10th edition