A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a generator. Turbines are the hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

2. TURBINE AND
ITS
CLASSIFICATIO
N

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is Turbine ?
Components of Turbine
Working principle of Turbine
Classification of Turbine
Impulse Turbine & it’s types also applications
Reaction Turbine & it’s types also applications
Turbine on the base of Head available
Turbine on the base of Specific Speed
Steam turbine & its applications
Gad Turbine & it’s types also applications
Wind Turbine & it’s types also applications

4. TURBINE
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that
extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. The work
produced by a turbine can be used for
generating electrical power when
combined with a generator.
Turbines are the hydraulic machines which
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy.

5. MAIN PARTS OF A
TURBINE
The main parts of a turbine are :
1. Nozzle: It guides the steam to flow in
designed direction and velocity.
2. Runner: it is the rotating part of the
turbine and blades are attached to the
runner.
3. Blades: It is that part of the turbine on
which the fast moving fluid strikes and
rotates the runner.
4. Casing: It is the outer air tight covering
of the turbine which contains the
runner and blades. It protects the

6. WORKING
PRINCIPLE
The working principle is very
much simple.
When the fluid strikes the
blades of the turbine, the
blades are displaced, which
produces rotational energy.
The turbine shaft is directly
coupled to an electric
generator.
Generator converts
mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
This electrical power is
known as hydroelectric power.

8. IMPULSE
TURBINE
Impulse turbines are described as turbines
in which high-velocity jets of water or
steam collide with the turbine blades to
rotate the turbine and generate energy.
 The impulse turbine gets its name from
the impulse force generated by the water
jet’s hitting blade.

9. TYPES OF
IMPULSE
TURBINE
Pelton Turbine
This turbine is named after Lester A. Pelton an
American Engineer who developed it in the year 1880.
A pelton wheel is a tangential impulse turbine, and
the available energy at the entrance is completely
kinetic energy. Further, it is preferred at a very high
head and low discharges with low specific speeds.
The pressure available at the inlet and outlet is
atmospheric.
 Pelton wheels operate best with heads from 15–
1,800 metres (50–5,910 ft), although there is no
theoretical limit.

10. TYPES OF
IMPULSE
TURBINE
Cross Flow Turbine
It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is
used for low heads. (10–70 meters)
As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at
the turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it
leaves on the opposite side.
 Going through the runner twice provides
additional efficiency.
The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine
that is well suited for locations with a low head but
high flow.

11. APPLICATIO
NS OF
IMPULSE
TURBINE:
It is used worldwide to produce electrical energy in a
number of hydro-power plants.
Turbochargers in automobiles uses the pressure energy
of exhaust gases through impulse turbine. Where hot and
pressurized gases coming out of exhaust are converted
into high velocity jet by passing them through nozzle.
It is also used in reverse osmosis plant, where waste
water jet velocity is used to run turbine, thus acts as an
energy recovery system.

12. REACTION
TURBINE
In reaction turbine water possesses kinetic energy
as well as pressure energy.
In reaction turbine potential energy and kinetic
energy of water are due to the pressure and
velocity, respectively cause the turbine blades to
rotate, the turbine is classified as a reaction
turbine.
In these types of turbines, the entire turbine is
immersed in water and changes in water pressure
along with the kinetic energy of the water cause
power exchange.

13. TYPES OF
REACTION
TURBINE
Kaplan Turbine
The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has
adjustable blades and is used for low heads and
high discharges.
It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian
professor Viktor Kaplan.
The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700
m and Flow rate 4 - 55 m3/s

14. TYPES OF
REACTION
TURBINE
Francis Turbine
Fransic turbine is a turbine which use pressure and
kinetic energy of water to do mechanical work which
is then further converted in electric power through a
generator.
Francis Turbine is an Inward Flow Reaction
TurbineMay. Having Radial Discharge at Outlet. (i.e. =
0).
Modern Francis Turbine is a mixed flow type turbine
(i.e. Water enters the runner of the turbine in the
radial direction and leaves the runner in the axial
direction).
Working of fransic turbin:
In the Francis turbines the water must be enter into

15. APPLICATIO
NS OF
REACTION
TURBINE
Reaction turbine is used in wind power mills to
generate electricity
It is most widely used turbine in hydro-power
plants, to generate electricity.
It is the only turbine to get maximum power
output from a low available water head and
high velocity other than cross-flow turbine
which not that efficient.

16. ACCORDING TO THE
DIRECTION OF FLOW
THROUGH RUNNER
Tangential Flow Turbine:
If water flows along the
tangent of runner, the
turbine is known as
Tangential flow turbine.
Radial Flow turbine
If the water flows in radial
direction through the
runner,the turbine is known
as Radial flow turbine.
 If the water flows from
outward to inward
radially,the turbine is known
as Inward radial flow turbine.
 If the water flows from
inward to outward
radially,the turbine is known
as Outward radial flow
turbine.

17. ACCORDIN
G TO THE
DIRECTION
OF FLOW
THROUGH
RUNNER
Axial
Flow
Turbine
If water flows along the
direction parallel to the axis
of rotation of runner, the
turbine is known as Axial
flow turbine.
Kaplan turbine and
propeller turbine.
Mixed
Flow
Turbine:
If water flows in radial direction but
leaves in the direction parallel to the
axis of rotation,the turbine is known
as Mixed flow turbine.
Fransic turbine

18. ACCORDING TO HEAD
AVAILABLE
Very High Heads (350m
and above)
Pelton Turbine
High Heads (150 m to
350 m)
Pelton or Francis turbine
Medium Heads (60 m
to 150 m)
 Francis turbine
Low Heads (below 60m)
 Kaplan turbine

19. ACCORDIN
G TO
SPECIFIC
SPEED
TURBINE
•The values between 1 and 10 are low specific speeds.
•Impulse turbines operate in this range. For example,
the Pelton turbine usually operates at a specific
speed of about
Low Specific Speed Turbine
•Turbines that operate in the specific speed range of
10 to 100, such as Francis, have a medium specific
speed.
Medium Specific Speed Turbine
•Specific speeds above 100 are considered high
values.
•Kaplan turbine works at a high specific speed.
High Specific Speed Turbine

20. BASIC TYPES OF
TURBINE
Steam turbine
Gas turbine
Wind Turbine

21. STEAM
TURBINE
As the name implies, a steam turbine is
powered by steam
A steam turbine is a device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft.
 This turbine was invented by Sir Charles
Parsons in 1884
About 90% of all electricity generation in
the United States (1996) is by use of steam
turbines
It works on the basic principle of Rankine
cycle

22. RANKINE
CYCLE
The Rankine cycle, also
called the Rankine vapor
cycle, is a thermodynamic
cycle that converts heat
into mechanical energy.
The Rankine cycle is a
method of providing
power in a closed system
where a fluid is
evaporated to perform a
task and re-condensed.

24. APPLICATIONS
OF STEAM
TURBINE
1. Providing heat and electricity
to drive different processes in
the chemical and
pharmaceutical industries,
steam turbines are integrated
2. Steam turbines help generate
power needed to generate
energy from waste.
3. Used as a pump drive or a
compressor, steam turbines
support dozens of operations
in the oil and gas industry.

25. GAS
TURBINE
A gas turbine, also called a combustion
turbine, is a type of internal combustion
engine.
A gas turbine is a rotary machine in which
the chemical energy of the fuel is converted
into mechanical energy or kinetic energy in
terms of shaft power.
In all modern gas turbines, the fuel used
for combustion is natural gas, kerosene,
propane or jet fuel.
A large single-cycle gas turbine typically
produces 100 to 400 megawatts of electric
power .
It works on the basic Principle of Brayton
cycle.

26. BRAYTON
CYCLE
Essentially all gas turbines are based on the
Brayton cycle, which is sometimes referred
to as a Joule cycle.
In this cycle, fuel and air are pressurized,
burned, pass through a gas turbine, and
exhausted.
The exhaust gases are generally used to
preheat the fuel or air.

28. CLASSIFICATIO
N OF GAS
TURBINE

29. OPEN CYCLE GAS
TURBINE
An open cycle gas
turbine works by
drawing in fresh
atmospheric air and
compressing it using
either centrifugal or
axial flow compressors.
The compressor takes
the atmospheric air and
compresses it through
a series of compressor
stages.
 Compressed air is
mixed with fuel once it
is injected into the
combustion chamber

30. APPLICATIO
NS OF
OPEN
CYCLE GAS
TURBINE
Generally, open cycle gas turbines are used in
aviation, where they provide motive power for
jet propulsion.
Open cycle gas turbines can be used for electric
power generation.
Among their uses are locomotive propulsion,
marine industries, and automotive.Their use can
be incorporated into mechanical drive systems

31. CLOSED
CYCLE GAS
TURBINE
A closed cycle gas turbine is a turbine in which the temperature
and pressure of the atmospheric air that enter the compressor are
increased
 The compressed air at high pressure and temperature enters
the heat exchanger, where it is heated by an external source. The
high pressure and temperature air are fed into the turbine for
expansion to take place.
The power is developed in the closed cycle gas turbine owing to
the high-pressure working fluid that increases over the turbine.
The exhaust working fluid is not rejected into the atmosphere, but
cooled by the cooling chamber and recirculated for a continuous
operation of the system.

32. APPLICATIO
NS OF
CLOSE
CYCLE GAS
TURBINE
Power generation
Industrial applications
Propulsion in the marine
Automotive applications
Powering jet engines in aviation

33. WIND
TURBINE
 A wind turbine is a device that
converts kinetic energy from the wind
into electrical power .
Conventional horizontal axis turbines
can be divided into three components.
The Rotor component , includes the
blades for converting wind energy to
low speed rotational energy.
The Generator component, includes
the electrical generator, the control
electronics, and most likely a gearbox .
The Structural support component,
includes the tower etc .

36. DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN HAWT &
VAWT
Horizontal axis wind turbine:
The main rotor shaft run horizontally
in horizontal axis wind turbine.
The rotating axis of the blade is
parallel to the direction of wind.
Inspection and maintenance is
difficult because of the its height.
They are more efficient than vertical
axis wind turbine.

37. DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN HAWT &
VAWTHAWT & VAWT
Vertical axis wind turbine
The main rotor shaft run
vertically in vertically axis wind
turbine.
The rotating axis of the blade
is perpendicular to the direction
of wind.
Inspection and maintenance is
easy.
They are less efficient than
horizontal axis wind turbine