The document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks in research. It explains that a theoretical framework provides patterns to interpret data and links studies together through generalized observations and interrelated concepts and models. A conceptual framework outlines factors, concepts, and relationships in a study through diagrams, charts, or narratives. Developing strong frameworks involves selecting key concepts, defining their relationships, and forming a logical theoretical rationale to guide a research study. Nursing frameworks help define nursing's unique role by focusing on persons, environments, health, and nursing interventions.

1. Theoretical
&
Conceptual Frame-work
-Theoretical Frame-work
-Conceptual Frame-work

2. Theory
Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict
and master phenomena (e.g.
relationships, events, or the behavior). In many
instances we are constructing models of reality.
A theory makes generalizations about
observations and consists of an
interrelated, coherent set of ideas and
models.

3. A theoretical framework is analogous to
the frame of the house.
Just as the foundation supports a house,
a theoretical framework provides a
rationale for predictions about the
relationships among variables of a
research study
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

4. Theoretical Framework
What is the central concept(s)
integral to the study?
Connecting the study to theory:
basic research
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

5. 5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Theoretical Framework
 Identify the variables investigated in the
study.
 Illustrate how the variables interact with
each other as hypothesised in the
research by the aid of diagram/s (if
possible).
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

6. Theory
 Provides patterns for the interpretation of data
 Links one study to another
 Supplies frameworks within which concepts and
variables acquire special significance
 Allows us to interpret the larger meaning of our
findings for ourselves and others
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

7. The Conceptual Framework …
provides direction for
 programs
 courses
 teaching
 candidate performance
 scholarship
 service
 unit accountability
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

8. Fishbone Diagram
To find out problem of study:
Problem
Statement
Policies
Materials People
Process Technology
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

9. The Conceptual Framework …
is
 knowledge-based
 articulated
 shared
 coherent
 consistent with the unit and/or institutional
mission
 continuously evaluated
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

10. What is a conceptual framework?
 A written or visual presentation that:
– “explains either graphically, or in narrative form,
the main things to be studied – the key factors,
concepts or variables -
– and the presumed relationship among them”.
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

11. What specific forms might a
conceptual framework take?
 The possibilities include:
– Flow charts.
– Tree diagrams.
– Shape based diagrams – triangles, concentric
circles, overlapping circles.
– Mind maps.
– Software systems.
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

12. A ‘flow chart’ of innovation decision making
PRIOR CONDITIONS
1. Previous practice
2. Felt needs/problems
3. Innovativeness
4. Norms of the social
system
COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS
1. KNOWLEDGE 2.
PERSUASION
4. IMPLEMENTATION3. DECISION
1. Adoption
2. Rejection
Confirmed Adoption
Later Adoption
Discontinuance
Continued Rejection
Perceived characteristics
of innovation
1. Relative advantage
2. Compatibility
3. Complexity
4. Trialability
5. Observability
Observations of the
decision making unit
1. Socio-economic
characteristics
2. Personality
variables
3. Communication
behaviour
5. CONFIRMATION
Rogers 2003
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

13. A ‘tree chart’ of changing consumer behaviour
C u s to m e rs
C h a n g i n g
c u s to m e rs
E x p e rie n c e V a lu e s L i fe s ty le s D e m o g ra p h ic s
P ro d u c t
e x p e c ta ti o n s
Q u a l ity P ric e P u rc h a s in g In fo rm a tio n
P h y s ic a l S e rv ic e
E a s e F le x i b ility
R a n g e
In d i v id u a lity
H e a lth
A g e
c o m p o s iti o n
S e c u rity
L o s s o f
lo y a lty
V a lu e Im a g e
P rio ritie s
E x p e c ta tio n s
K n o w le d g e A c c e s s
C u rre n c y
V a rie ty
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

14. A ‘triangle’ of needs
Self-actualization
Esteem
Affiliation
Security
Physiological
Maslow 1954
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

15. A mind map of cruise travel and impacts
T r a v e l
T yp e s o f
t o u r is t s /
t r a v e lle r s
T yp e s o f
t o u r is m
Ar e c r u is e r s
t o u r is t s o r n o t ?
S O C IAL C O N T IN G E N C Y
T H E O R Y
W h o g e t s t o g o ?
H e g e m o n y c la s s
In d iv id u a l n o t p a r t o f m a s s
P O S T S T R U C T U R AL IS M
F o u c a u lt - f r e e d o m a n d c o n t r o l
K n o w le d g e - p o w e r s
P O S T M O D E R N IS M
B a u d s ila r d - H yp e s r e a lit y
G o f f m a n - f r o n t s t a g e /
B a c k s t a g e a u t h e n t ic it y
Culture/
places
People
Environment
C r u is e r im p a c t s
Ad v a n t a g e s D is a d v a n t a g e s
W h y n o t
m a s s t o u r is m
W h a t t yp e o f im p a c t
a n d
w h a t t yp e o f t o u r is t ?
Jennings 2001
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

16. The Use of a Theoretical Framework as a
Guide in a Research Study
The theoretical framework plays an important role in
guiding the entire process of the research study
 Theories are constructed in order to explain, predict
and master phenomena (e.g. relationships, events, or
the behavior). In many instances we are constructing
models of reality.
 A theory makes generalizations about observations and
consists of an interrelated, coherent set of ideas and
models.
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

17. The Use of a Theoretical Framework as a
Guide in a Research Study
If the framework is logically sound and
substantiated by previous research studies, there is
a strong possibility that the predictions or
hypotheses evolving from that framework will be
supported
In some cases, a theoretical rationale in
inappropriately used. e.g. a theory is designed to
explain a particular behavior in infants may not be
appropriate for the study of those behaviors in
adults
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

18. Formulating the Theoretical Framework
Purpose:
• It helps the researcher see clearly the
variables of the study;
• It can provide him with a general
framework for data analysis;
• It is essential in preparing a research
proposal using descriptive and
experimental methods.
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

19. conceptual framework
 A conceptual framework is used in
research to outline possible courses of
action or to present a preferred
approach to an idea or thought.
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

20. How to Develop a Theoretical Framework or
conceptual framework
1. Select concepts
a concept is an image or symbolic
representation of an abstract idea. e.g.
health, pain, intelligence …
2. Identify the interrelationships among
concepts
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

21. How to Develop a Theoretical Framework…
3.Formulating definitions:
concepts must be clearly defined
A. Conceptual definition: conveys the general meaning of
the concept
B. Operational definition: adds another dimension to the
conceptual definition by delineating the procedures or
operations required to measure the concept
Some concepts are easily defined in operational terms, e.g.
pulse, other concepts are more difficult to define
operationally, e.g. coping
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

22. 4. Formulating the theoretical rationale
 Through the literature review, an investigator
becomes aware of or confirms identified
theoretical connections between variables
 In evaluating the formulation of the theoretical
rationale, the internal structures, such as
concepts and their definitions, should have clarity
and continuity, and the approach to
understanding phenomena, whether inductive or
deductive, should be logical
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

23. Contribution of Nursing Theories or
Frameworks to Research
When developing a theoretical framework
for nursing research studies, knowledge
is acquired through:
Disciplines other than nursing and borrowed
for the purpose of answering nursing
questions
Identifying and asking questions about
phenomena that are unique to nursing
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

24. Contribution of Nursing Theories or
Frameworks to Research
Theories unique to nursing help nursing
define how it is different from other
disciplines
The central phenomena of interest to
nursing are persons, environment, health
& nursing
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

25. Examples:
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

26. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

27. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

28. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

29. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

30. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

31. Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

32. Thank You
Prof.Dr.RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS