PCR is a technique that amplifies a specific DNA sequence. It works by repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to separate, copy, and recombine strands. Each cycle approximately doubles the number of target sequences. This allows a very small initial sample to generate millions of copies of the target sequence. PCR is used in various applications including DNA sequencing, genetic disease diagnosis, cloning, and forensic analysis. It has become essential to many areas of biological research and medical diagnostics.
Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence
A detailed description about the basic steps involved in the - PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction, its applications,its limitations and steps to overcome it.
Polymerase chain reaction is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence
A detailed description about the basic steps involved in the - PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction, its applications,its limitations and steps to overcome it.
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
This lecture covers various business structures, including the difference between for-profit, non-profit, and alternative paths to entrepreneurship. Discover the right questions entrepreneurs must ask before committing to building a business. What are the requirements and resources you need to have in place to get started? What are the types of financing―and how do they work and why do they matter to different kinds of entrepreneurs?
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
This lecture covers various business structures, including the difference between for-profit, non-profit, and alternative paths to entrepreneurship. Discover the right questions entrepreneurs must ask before committing to building a business. What are the requirements and resources you need to have in place to get started? What are the types of financing―and how do they work and why do they matter to different kinds of entrepreneurs?
An outline of various technology business structures.
* Is your business going to be a consulting practice? a service company? a product company?
* What are the different needs of the different types of companies?
* Where can you get money to launch your business - should you borrow or take investment dollars?
Learn the answers to these and other questions facing a would-be entrepreneur.
Part of the CIBC Presents Entrepreneurship 101 MaRS event series.
Read more on this event and catch the session video here: http://www.marsdd.com/Events/Event-Calendar/Ent101/2008/the-mechanics-of-starting-a-business-10082008.html
Different types of startups, markets and whysBlaz Kos
This presentation is about various types of startup companies, markets and core competencies.
In the presentation you will learn why market trends are important, why markets always win, how to calculate market size and why you have to start with the strong why.
You will also learn the fundamental difference between established companies and startups. Startups are designed to search and established companies to execute.
This PPT shows the general information about PCR principles and gene expression analysis. It might be useful for researchers, students working in the field of molecular biology and genomics.
Polymerase chain reaction or PCR is a laboratory technique that has been elaborated in many ways since its introduction and is now commonly used for a wide variety of applications including genotyping, cloning, mutation detection, sequencing, microarrays, forensics, and paternity testing.
It is called “polymerase” because the only enzyme used in this reaction is DNA polymerase.
It is called “chain” because the products of the first reaction become substrates of the following one, and so on.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It is an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA, a concept which is applicable to numerous fields in modern biology and related sciences.
In this slide briefly describe some important note on pcr,rapd,and aflp,which helps to understand the students about this normally .
I wish for your future goal that you will shine one day inshallah .
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
6. Purpose
• to analyze a short sequence of DNA (or RNA) even in
samples containing only minute quantities of DNA or
RNA. PCR is used to amplify selected sections of DNA
or RNA with same (identical) size and sequence by
enzymatic method and cycling condition.
9. Annealing
• Temperature: ~50-70C (dependant on the melting
temperature of the expected duplex)
• Primers bind to their complementary sequences
5’3’
5’ 3’
Forward primer Reverse primer
10. Extension
• Temperature: ~72C
• Time: 0.5-3min
• DNA polymerase binds to the annealed primers and
extends DNA at the 3’ end of the chain
Taq
5’
3’
Taq5’
19. Real time PCR
• Beside normal amplification process
performed by normal PCR, Real Time PCR can
perform detection, analysis and quantification
of the sample.
20. • Detection: Find out the presence of targeted gene
sequence which is assured by the presence of the
amplification curve.
• Quantification: Quantification of targeted DNA in a
sample can be done by using the cycle no. needed
to obtain the threshold value of detector and PCR
efficiency.
• Analysis: Analysis of the variants can be done by
studying the melting curve or comparing the
melting temperature with the sequences of the
database.
21. Working procedure
• The working procedure of Real Time PCR can be
divided in two steps:
Amplification (Same like normal PCR)
Detection
22. Detection
• is based on fluorescence technology
• the marker added to the sample and the signal is
amplified with the amplification of copy number of
sample DNA.
• emitted signal is detected by an detector
23. • There are many different markers used as the
marker of Real Time PCR.
• There are mainly two types of marker are used for
this purpose.
1.Taqman probe.
2.SYBR Green
25. Nested polymerase chain reaction
• is used to increase the specificity of DNA amplification
• Two sets of primers are used in two successive reactions
• In the first PCR, one pair of primers is used to generate DNA
products, which may contain products amplified from non-
target areas.
• products from the first PCR are then used as template in a
second PCR
• using one ('hemi-nesting') or two different primers whose
binding sites are located (nested) within the first set, thus
increasing specificity.
26.
27. Multiplex polymerase chain
reaction
• refers to the use of PCR to amplify several different DNA
targets (genes) simultaneously
• amplifies genomic DNA samples using multiple primers and
temperature-mediated DNA polymerase in a thermal cycler
• primer design for all primers pairs has to be optimized
• so that all primer pairs can work at the same annealing
temperature during PCR.
28. • Some of the applications of multiplex PCR include:
1. Pathogen Identification
2. High Throughput SNP Genotyping
3. Mutation Analysis
4. Gene Deletion Analysis
5. Template Quantitation
6. Linkage Analysis
7. RNA Detection
8. Forensic Studies
9. Diet Analysis
29. Touchdown polymerase chain
reaction
• the annealing temperature is gradually decreased in later
cycles.
• annealing temperature in the early cycles is usually 3-5 °C
above the standard Tm of the primers
• while in the later cycles it is a similar amount below the Tm
• initial higher annealing temperature leads to greater
specificity for primer binding
• while the lower temperatures permit more efficient
amplification at the end
• Primers will avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences
30.
31. Assembly PCR
• also known as Polymerase Cycling Assembly or PCA
• is a method for the assembly of large DNA
oligonucleotides from shorter fragments.
• uses the same technology as PCR, but takes advantage of
DNA hybridization and annealing
• as well as DNA polymerase to amplify a complete sequence
of DNA in a precise order based on the single stranded
oligonucleotides
• allows for the production of synthetic genes and even entire
synthetic genomes
33. Example of PCR programme
• Initial denaturation 95C for 5 mins
• Thermo-cycle file - 30 cycles of
• Denaturation : 95C for 30 secs
• Annealing : 55C for 30 secs
• Extension : 72C for 45 secs
• Final extension 72C for 5 mins
• Holding ( soak ) file usually 4C
34. Applications of PCR
Molecular Identification Sequencing Genetic Engineering
Molecular Archaeology Bioinformatics Site-directed mutagenesis
Molecular Epidemiology Genomic Cloning Gene Expression Studies
Molecular Ecology Human Genome Project
DNA fingerprinting
Classification of organisms
Genotyping
Pre-natal diagnosis
Mutation screening
Drug discovery
Genetic matching
Detection of pathogens