The document discusses the different types of cells that make up the human body. It explains that cells are the basic unit of tissues and determine the nature and functions of tissues. It then provides details on several types of cells: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, epithelial cells that form protective outer layers, blood cells that carry oxygen and nutrients, muscle cells that enable skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle movement, and specialized cells that perform unique functions in the body.
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
Levels of organization life.
Atome-molecules-cells-tissues-organ-system-organism to the ecospehere.
With interactives exercises for the classroom lesson.
www. biodeluna.wordpress.com/
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
For ninth grade, this is the first chapter and purpose to introduce them biological terms and about the Islamic beliefs about life; and also to know about the Muslim scientists
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
The word cell is derived from the Latin word “cellula” which means “a little room”
It was the British botanist Robert Hooke who, in 1664, while examining a slice of bottle cork under a microscope, found its structure resembling the box-like living quarters of the monks in a monastery, and coined the word “cells”
For ninth grade, this is the first chapter and purpose to introduce them biological terms and about the Islamic beliefs about life; and also to know about the Muslim scientists
This presentation covers basics of cell structure and functions of different cell organelles in detail with interactive illustrations. I hope this presentation will be beneficial for instructor's as well as students.
Telomere Length as a Predictor for Longevity and Specific MortalityDavid Rehkopf
An overview of research on telomere length and mortality, including a consideration of observational data and genetic instrumental variable analysis, as well as a primer on practical technical issues of doing studies on telomere length to understand biological aging.
Cambridge Pre-U Biology - 1.3 DNA Replicationmrexham
This is part of the PowerPoint that covers section 1.2 in the Cambridge Pre-U Biology course. The full PowerPoint covers the following topics: Prokaryotic cell structure, asexual reproduction, introduction to antibiotics, bacterial pathogens.
It can be purchased from here: https://sellfy.com/p/nktT/#
Subject - Management
Unit 1 - introduction to marketing management
Content- Marketing, Marketing Management, Markets, What can Marketed? etc.
Marketing management is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping, and growing customers through creating, delivering, and communicating superior customer value.
The human body is a biological machine made of body systems groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. A human body systems is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organ so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. Twelve major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary ,reproductive, skin and appendages and blood immune system.
Today i have a hand made Ms PowerPoint presentation of source of energy which can help you in your school, college PPTs or projects. it contain 15 slides fully awesome and the effects of the slides if just mind blowing. less than 1 MB.
A Powerpoint made for my school on the various types of Tissues within an Animal and a Plant and also describing their various functions.
Contents:
-Plant tissues
*Meristematic tissues
*Permanent tissues
*Simple permanent tissues
*Parenchyma
*Collenchyma
*Sclerenchyma
*Epidermis
*Complex permanent tissue
*Xylem
*Phloem
-Animal tissues
*Connective tissue
*Muscle tissue
*Nervous tissue
*Epithelial tissue
Special Reference to Wikepedia and Several Other Websites (Which I can't recall since I'd made this 2 years ago)
Reply 1I chose the Fibroblast cell. It is a connective tissue c.docxcarlt4
Reply 1
I chose the Fibroblast cell. It is a connective tissue cell. It is found in our skin and tendons and other tough tissues in our body and it secretes collagen.
Fibroblast cells are found in our connective tissue. They secrete collagen proteins that are used to maintain a structural framework for tissue. They are also important in healing wounds.
The Fibroblast cell is found in the skin and tendons and other tough tissues in our body.
The function of the Fibroblast cell is to make the extracellular matrix and collagen. They achieve this by secreting extracellular matrix (EMC) precursors that are required for formation of connective and other fibers.
For mechanical homeostasis the mechanical loads that are acting on a tissue are perceived by resident cells as stimuli that are transmitted through constituents of the extracellular matrix (EMC), matrix receptors, and intracellular structures.
The characteristics of the Fibroblast are large, flat, elongated (spindle-shaped) cells possessing processes that extend out from the ends of the cell body. It produces a tropocollagen, which is a gel-like matrix that fills the spaces between cells and fibers in connective tissue. Yes, there are organelles in Fibroblast cells.
No, Fibroblast cells do not contain any unique components. They all appear similar to one another, wherever they occur in connective tissue.
Fibroblast cells can regenerate functional tissue. They are involved in all three stages of wound healing: inflammation, cell proliferation, ECM deposition and remodeling.
Yes, Fibroblast cells are also found in animals. They do the same thing in animals as in humans. They produce the structural framework in their tissues and play a critical role in wound healing. They are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
Reply 2
I chose to write about the red blood cell. What type of organism is the cell found in?Erythrocytes how are oxygen transporting cells found in mammals and other organisms they travel through links in the body which are known as blood vessels. Where in the organism is the red blood cell found? A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. What is the function or duty of a red blood cell? The function or duty of a red blood cell is carrying oxygen from our lungs to the rest of the body. Then the red blood cells return taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to be exhale. How does a red blood style contribute to the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis? Red blood cell homeostasis depends oninteractions between the integral membrane protein band 3 with other membrane cyoskeletal proteins, key enzymes of metabolic pathways. Describe the red blood cells characteristics. Are there organelles? A red blood cell what is what is known as a biconcave shape. B.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
Similar to Types of cells in the body class 8 (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. Human body has a number of
cells
A group of different types of
cells form tissues
Cells are the basic unit of any
tissue, it decides the type ,
nature & functions of the tissues
3.
4.
5. They never multiply
in one’s life time
They are present all
over the body and are
sometimes as long as
few metres
6. They are human brain cells
and are found in brain and
the spinal cord and form the
nervous tissue
7. These cells are very
simple cells which form
covering of other cells
These cells form
covering layers of all
organs and hence are
present in skin , scalp,
respiratory tract, etc..
Eg: skin cells, mucous
cells
8. Blood cells carry oxygen to
the body’s tissues and collect
carbon dioxide. They also
carry hormones, enzymes,
and vitamins to different
parts of the body.
9. They are always
motile and never
stay in one pace
They have limited
life span and they
never multiply to
form new cells
Instead new cells
are formed from
other cells red blood cell
white blood
cell
10. Muscle cells comprise the three different types
of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types.
These cells are shaped differently and enable
these muscles to help our bodies function
properly.
11. These cells are of muscle tissue,
mostly long, large and have the
ability to contract and relax,
providing movements
12. The human body is made
up of many specialised
cells that perform
specific functions.
Specialised cells arise
from the differentiation
of unspecialised cells
during embryological
development.
