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High rise Basic components For Architecture
- 1. Dr. ATM MasoodReza. Associate Professor, Architecture Discipline, Khulna University Architectural Design of Tall Building High-rise Building
- 2. HIGH RISE BUILDING TALLBUILDING SCYSCRAPER
- 3. Emporis standards- “A multi-storystructure between 35- 100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is termed as high rise. Building code of Hyderabad,India- A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height. The International Conference on Fire Safety – "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“ Massachusetts, United States General Laws – A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m). As per BNBC-93 : Any building which is more than 6 stories or 20 m high
- 4. • Scarcity ofland in urban areas • Increasing demand for business and residential space • Economic growth • Technological advancements • Innovation in structural System • Desire for Aesthetics in urban settings • Concept of city skyline • Cultural significance and prestige • Human aspiration to build higher Why High-Rise
- 5. • High-rise Designprocess • Basic High-rise components • Special issues • Structural Innovation/ Technology • Environmental Issues • Functional Expressions • Materials & technologies • Circulation, Service & maintenance Design of a Tall Building / High-rise
- 6. 1. Structural System 2.Electromechanical & HVAC System 3. Fire Fighting System 4. Major Services & service Core 5. Rules & regulations of Tall buildings Study Components: Basic components of high-rise
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- 8. LOAD IS THEEXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON VERY SMALL AREA ON A PERTICULAR POINT OF A SUPPORTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENT. THIS LOAD IS CLASSIFIED IN SOME POINTS. LOAD SOURCES OF BUILDING LOADS GEOGRAPHYCAL MAN-MADE WIND LOAD SEISMIC LOAD TEMPARATURE LOAD EARTH PRESSURE WATER PRESSURE DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATION
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- 10. SHEAR WALL TYPE CORES& FACADE BEARING WALL VERTICAL LOAD BEARING WALL & CORE ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMET PROVIDE MORE OPEN SPACE EXPRESSION Solid void relationship are exposed Fig:KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT
- 11. CANTILEVERED TYPE CONCRETE TYPE CANTILEVERED SLAB CENTRELCORE ACT MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENT & SUPPORTED THE FLOOR SLAB PROVIDE COLUMN FREE SPACE LARGE QUANTITIES OF STEEL ARE REQUIRED FOR LARGE SLAB PROJECTION EXPRESSION Horizontal lines are boldly exposed And core is always placed in centre position price tower Johnson wax building, USA Banco de bilbao Spain FLAT SLAB THICK CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB SUPPORT ON COLUMN THERE IS NO DROP PANEL & CAPITAL ON THE TOP OF THE COLUMN HAS NO DEEP BEAMS ALLOWING FOR A MINIMUM STORY HEIGHT
- 12. FRAME TYPE CONCRETE TYPE INTERSPATIAL STORYHIGH FRAMED STRUCTURES ARE CANTILEVERED FROM THE CENTERAL CORE ON EVERY OTHER FLOOR THUS CREATE USABLE SPACE WITHIN FRAME & ABOVE THE FRAME THE SPACE WITHIN FRAME USED FOR FIXED OPERATION AND SPACE ABOVE THE FRAME CAN BE USED FOR ANY TYPE OF ACTIVITY EXPRESSION Inter spatial elements are boldly exposed Fig:State Trading
- 13. RIGID FRAME EXPRESSION Rigid andmassive FRAME TYPE CONCRETE TYPE AT &T building RIGID JOINTS ARE USED BETWEEN AN ASSEMBLAGE OF LINEAR ELEMENTS TO FORM VERTICLE AND HORIZONTAL PLANES. THE VERTICLE PLANES CONSIST OF COLUMNS AND GIRDERS MOSTLY ON A RECTANGULAR GRID. NBF Tower
- 14. RIGID FRAME ANDCORE THE RIGID FRAME RESPONDS TO LATERAL LOADS PRIMARILY THROUGH FLEXURE OF THE BEAM AND COLUMNS. LARGE LATERAL DRIFT FOR BUILDINGS OF A CERTAIN HIGHT. BY USING CORE LATERAL DRIFT FOR BUILDINGS OF A CERTAIN HIGHT. EXPRESSION Rigid and massive FRAME TYPE CONCRETE TYPE Patronous Tower Patronous Tower
- 15. TUBE IN TUBE CONCRETETYPE Frankfurt Trade Fair Tower AON CENTER CHICAGO EXPRESSION THE EXTERIOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS ARE SPACED SO CLOSELY THAT THE FAÇADE HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A WALL WITH PERFORATED WINDOW OPENING. THE EXTERIOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS ARE SPACED SO CLOSELY THAT THE FAÇADE HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A WALL WITH PERFORATED WINDOW OPENING. THE INTIRE BUILDING ACTS AS AHILLOW TUBE CANTILEVERING OUT OF THE GROUND. THE INTERIOR CORE INCREASES THE STIFINESS OF THE BUILDING BY SHEARING THE LOADS WITH THE FAÇADE TUBE. DG BANK HEADQUARTERS FRAMED TUBE THE EXTERIOR WALLS OF THE BUILDING CONSISTING OF A CLOSELY SPACED RECTANGULAR GRID OF BEAM AND COLUMN RESISTING LATERIAL LOAD THROUGH CANTILEVERE TUBE ACTION WITHOUT USING INTERIOR BRACING EXAMPLE AON CENTER
- 16. TRUSS WITH SHEARWALL STEEL TYPE USE OF HANGERS INSTEAD OF COLOUMNS TO CARRY THE FLOOR LOADS THE TENSILE CABLE CARRY THE GRAVITY LOADS TO TRUSSES CANTILEAVERING FROM A CENTRAL CORE EXPRESSION Hangers are exposed between a number of floors SUSPENSION HSBC bank Standard bank center South Africa
- 17. FRAME TYPE STEEL TYPE TRUSSEDFRAME EXPRESSION trussed frame is exposed. COMBINING RIGID FRAME WITH VERTICLE SHEAR TRUSSES PROVIDES AN INCREASE IN STRENGTH. THE DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE BASED ON USING THE FRAME FOR RESISTANCE OF RAVITY LOADS AND THE VERTICAL TRUSS FOR WIND LOADS. USX Tower ,Usa Jhon Hancock
- 18. BELT TRUSSED FREAM& CORE BELT TRUSSES TIE THE FAÇADE COLUMNS TO THE CORE. THE BRACING IS CALLED CAP TRUSSING WHEN IT IS ON THE TOP OF THEBUILDING AND BELT TRUSSING WHEN AROUND LOWER SECTION. EXPRESSION trussed frame is exposed after certain floors FRAME TYPE STEEL TYPE Place victoria tower canada Al Faisalliyah Tower
- 19. STEEL TYPE THE EXTERIORCOLUMNS AND BEAMS ARE SPACED SO CLOSELY THAT THE FAÇADE HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A WALL WITH PERFORATED WINDOW OPENING. THE INTIRE BUILDING ACTS AS AHILLOW TUBE CANTILEVERING OUT OF THE GROUND. THE INTERIOR CORE INCREASES THE STIFINESS OF THE BUILDING BY SHEARING THE LOADS WITH THE FAÇADE TUBE. EXPRESSION THE EXTERIOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS ARE SPACED SO CLOSELY THAT THE FAÇADE HAS THE APPEARANCE OF A WALL WITH PERFORATED WINDOW OPENING. TUBE IN TUBE Millennium tower Japan
- 20. BUNDLE TUBE STEEL TYPE EXPRESSION Groupof tubes are exposed. Greatest height and most floor area can be gained ASSEMBLAGE OF INDIVIDUAL TUBE RESULTING IN A MULTIPLE CELL TUBE INCREASE IN STIFNESS IN APPARENT GREATEST HIGHT MOST FOOL AREA Sears tower,Chicago
- 21. DIAGRID STEEL FRAMED TUBETYPE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TRINGULAR STEEL FRAME GENERATES THE TUBE BEAMS ARE SUPPORTED BY DIAGONAL STEEL MEMBER REQUARES LESS STEEL THEN CONVENTIONAL STEEL FRAME EXAMPLE SWISS- RE TOWER EXPRESSION Triangular grids are exposed in façade OTHER Structural Element Structural Element Swiss re tower, London
- 22. OTHER Structural Element StructuralElement TURNING TORSO NINE CUBES, TWISTING 90 DEGREES FROM BOTTOM TO TOP WILL RISE 45 STORIES THE FRAME WORK CONSISTS OF THE CORE, CIRCLE SHAPED CONCETE TYPE THE CORE IS CAST IN A SLIDING FORM WHICH MEANS THAT THE FORM IS SUSPENDED BETWEEN VERTICLE BEAMS AND CANSLIDE UPWARDS ONE FLOOR AT A TIME BY WAY OF JACKS STEEL SUPPORT SPINE CONSISTS OF A STEEL COLUMN AT THE POINTED END OF THE BUILDING FLOOR AND 20 HORIZANTAL AND 18 DIAGONAL STEEL ‘CIGAR’ THE COLUMNN IS CONNECTED TO TWO STABILIZLNG ELEMENT ON EACH FLOOR. THESE STAB ILIZERS SUPPORTED THE STEEL COLUMN
- 23. TRUSSED TUBE ALSO KNOWNAS “BRACED TUBE” SEMILIAR TO THE FRAMED TUBE FURTHER SPACED REQUARED BETWEEN THE EXTERIOR COLUMN BRACING IS INTROUCED ALONG THE ENTERIOR WALLS TO COMPENSTATE FOR THE FEWER COLUMN BY TIEING THEM OTHER Structural Element Structural Element Bank of china tower
- 24. OTHER Structural Element StructuralElement Commerz bank tower ITHE REINFORCED PRINCIPAL BEARING STRUCTURE IS SITUATED BEHIND THE FAÇADE.THE 8 STORY VIERENDEEL BEAMS AND THE TWO REINFORCED COMPOSITE COLUMN AT EACH OF THE ROUNDED CORNER CREATE A RIGID FRAME.THE THREE CORE AT EACH ROUNDED CORNER ACT AS A COLUMN.THE ATRUCTURES AND GIRDERS AT THE SIDE OF THE ATRIAM SUPORT THE CONTINUOUS STEEL BEAMS WHICH THE FLOOR REST.
- 25. ITS STRUCTURAL DESIGNREQUERED COMPREHENSIVE WIND ENGINEERING STUDIES TO DETERMIINE DETAIL WIND LOAD DISTRIBUTION FOR POTENTIALLY CRITICAL LOAD PATTERN.S.THIS LOAD PATTERNS INCLUDE TWIST LOADING BETWEEN TWO MAIN TOWERS AND VERTICAL LOADING OF THE TOP LINKS.TO MEET THIS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS A HIGH FREQUENCY PRESSURE INTEGRATION TESTING PROCEDURE IS CONDUCTED IN RWDI”S BOUNDARY.. OTHER Structural Element Structural Element CC TV head quarter CCTV Head Quarter
- 26. Electromechanical & HVACSystem
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- 28. ELEVATOR An elevator isa hosting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves in guides in a substantially vertically direction and transports passengers or goods or both between two or more floors of a building. Components of a Elevator Types of Elevator 1.Passenger Elevator 2.Hospital Elevator 3.Freight Elevator Each elevator is divided in two types 1.Electric Elevator 2.Hydraulic Elevator
- 29. Electric Passenger ElevatorHydraulic Passenger Elevator Section & Plan of Electric & Hydraulic Elevator
- 30. Sizes & Capacityof Electric Passenger Elevator Sizes & Capacity of Hydralic Passenger Elevator
- 31. Capsule Elevator Section &Plan of Capsule Elevator Sizes & Capacity of Capsule Elevator (mm)
- 32. MRL Lift –Machine Room less Lift
- 33. CAR Lift orVehicular Elevator
- 35. ELEVATOR ARRANGEMENT r Two-car Grouping Three-carGrouping Four-car Grouping Six-car Grouping
- 36. Size of ElevatorLobby Eight-car Grouping
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- 38. Number of liftCalculation The number of lift , Here, P = total population ( use in pick hour) T = time Q = lift capability HC = handling capability ( According to BNBC code) P*T*HC 300*100*Q N =
- 39. ESCALATORS Escalators are poweredstairs , a sequence of continuously moving step that transport passengers working between two floors of a multistory building. The location should be there, where traffic between floors of a building is heaviest and where convenient For passengers. In department stores, escalators usually carry 75 to 90% of the traffic between floors. To take advantage of heavy traffic carried by escalators, they should lead to strategic scales area. It is generally installed in the lobby of ground floor to carry passengers to upper floor.
- 40. Escalator Components Types OfArrangement Escalators generally are installed in pairs, one escalator for transporting passengers upward and the other for carrying traffic downward. There are three types of escalator 1. Crisscrossed Escalator 2.Parallel Escalator 3.Spiral Escalator
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- 42. As setting, Escalatorare three types- a. 25 degree inclination b. 30 degree inclination c. 35 degree inclination Dimension & Support
- 43. HVAC SYSTEM Heating Heating isa process of transferring heat from a heat source to any space within a building. There are different types of standard heating systems. Such a system contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air. Ventilating Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust and airborne bacteria. Air-conditioning Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. In order to remove heat from something, you simply need to provide a medium that is colder.
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- 45. HVAC IN SPACES Mixingsystems Mixing systems generally supply air in a manner that the air in the entire room is fully mixed. In cooling mode, the cool supply air, typically around 55’F at design conditions, exits an outlet at high velocity, inducing room air to provide mixing and temperature equalization. To enhance the mixing, diffusers are normally used as the air outlets. Displacement ventilation Displacement systems introduce air at low velocities to cause minimal induction and mixing. This system is primarily used for ventilation and space cooling applications. By doing so, the air quality in the occupied zone is generally superior to that achieved with mixing room air distribution.
- 46. Outlet Types RETURN DEFUSER Size: 1’*1’ Required: 1 for every 100 sq-ft A: In or near ceiling, horizontal discharge. B: In or near floor, vertical non-spreading discharge. C: in or near floor, vertical spreading discharge. D: In or near floor, horizontal discharge. E: In or near ceiling, vertical discharge.
- 47. AC System There aretwo types of AC plant: 1. Air cooled water chiller : Usually placed on the roof or open space. Air is the main elements for the system . 2. Water cooled water chiller :Water cooled chillers are typically intended for indoor installation and operation, and are cooled by a separate condenser water loop. Water cooled water chiller Air cooled water chiller
- 48. DUCTING SYSTEM • Ductsare used in HVAC to deliver and remove air. These needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. • Ducts also deliver, most commonly as part of the supply air, ventilation air. • Air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.
- 49. DUCTING MATERIAL Fabric DuctsFlexible tubing Fiberglass duct board (Non metallic) Pre-insulated aluminum ducts
- 50. Structural consideration forducting
- 51. AIR CUTTER A deviceused at the accessing door of a air-conditioned space. USE . Protect from outer worm air flow . Keep free from insects . Keep free from outdoor dust
- 52. • Requirement: 1for every 10 floor. (Depends upon design) • Floor height: double height (minimum) • Parapet: 16’ if positioned at roof.
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- 54. Fire protection inbuildings The UBBL 1984 requires all buildings to have minimum structural integrity based on its usage. Elements of construction can only be effective as fire breaks if they have the necessary degree of fire resistance INSULATION STABILITY INTEGRITY The three criteria of fire resistance
- 55. Good building designwith fire safety measures •Provide adequate fire appliances •Provide adequate fixed installation •Designing & installing building services •Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes •Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke •Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes •Designing & constructing the exterior of a building
- 56. Fire Fighting Fire Fightingtechniques and equipment are used to extinguish fires and limit the damage caused by them. Fire fighting consists of removing one or more of the three elements essential to combustion—fuel, heat, and oxygen—or of interrupting the combustion chain reaction.
- 57. Sources of firehazards can be classified based on the triangle of fire, namely from materials, oxidants and heat energy . Sources of Fire Hazards in High-Rise Buildings 1 Hazards of Materials 2 Sources of Oxidants 3 Sources of Heat Energy
- 58. 2 Sources ofOxidants a) Chemically Bound Oxygen b) Oxygen in Air 3 Sources of Heat Energy a) Electrical Heat Energy b) Chemical Heat Energy c) Mechanical Heat Energy 1 Hazards of Materials a)Wood and Wood-Based Products b)Plastics c)Textiles d) Gases e)Liquids
- 59. Causes of Firein High-Rise Buildings 1 Fire Ignition 2 Faulty Electricity 3 Smoking 4 Arson 5 Cooking
- 60. There are twotypes of fire control A. Active control B. Passive control A. Active control 1.Fire Detection / Fire alarm System : Fire alarm System can be either manual or automatic. 2.Fire extinguishing systems It is obligatory to make provision of fire detection and/or fire extinguishing systems. These systems are described below –
- 61. These are simplestand most reliable fire detection and are commonly used in building. They are also known as temperature detectors. This consists of a hand bell or similar sounding devise emitting distinctive sound when struck. Such devices are installed near all the main exit and passages. This type of system on detection of fire starts sounding alarms or information to the nearest control point. a) Manual Fire alarm System : b) Automatic alarm System : c) Heat detector :
- 62. When a firestarts before the flame actually surface smoke is generated. These devices are best suited for areas within a building when an anticipated fire would produce a large column of smoke before the temperature of a fire is sufficient to operate heat detectors. d) Smoke detector :
- 63. 2. Fire ExtinguishingSystem : The commonly adopted fire extinguishing systems are described below: a) Manual Fire Extinguishing System : Portable fire extinguisher can be of carbon dioxide type, large foam generation type and so on. Depending upon the capacity, the discharge from a fire extinguisher may last 20 to 120 seconds. Sometimes buckets full of water and dry sand are also installed.
- 64. b) Fire Hydrants: Thisconsists in providing a l50mm diameter ring main outside in the ground around the periphery of the building. The ring main is fed from an underground water tank and it is ensured that the 2 water pressure Available at each fire hydrant is of the order of 3.5kg/cm . a fire extinguishing system at Bashundhara City, Dhaka Pillar Hydrants Floor Hydrants
- 65. c) Wet riserSystem: 1. 100 to 150 mm dia vertical G.I. Pipes at suitable locations within the building. 2. The risers are fed from underground water storage lank through a fire pump which supplies water at 2 3kg/cm at the topmost outlet. Always maintain pressure. 3. The wet risers have suitable connections at each floor from where constant supply of water can be drawn in the event of fire. wet riser system Dry riser system not well recommended for hi-rise
- 66. sprinkler system BashundharaCity d) Sprinkler system: Pipes are normally 20mm dia The pipes receive supply of water normally 40mm dia. There are three types of sprinkler system 1)Wet pipe 2)Dry pipe 3)Preaction
- 67. Hazard Design Water Density * MinimumArea (sq.m) Minimum duration of water availability Light 2.25 mm/min. 84 sq.m 30 min. Ordinary 5.0 mm/min. 144 to 216 sq.m 60 min. High 7.5 to 30.0 mm/min. 260 to 300 sq.m 90 min. Sprinkler system:
- 68. e) Stand pipesystem: In multi- storeyed building the hose from fire fighting equipment cannot reach the upper floors, therefore a stand pipe system must be designed for such a Structure. stand pipe system
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- 70. A fire pumpis a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply. 4-WayFireBrigade Connection Ø 1 5 0 Basement FireProtectionSystemSchematicDrawing UndergroundWaterReservoir Capacity:50,000Gallon FlexibleJoint GateValve NonReturnValve PressureGauge PressureSwitch 1000GPMDieselPump FlexibleJoint GateValve NonReturnValve PressureGauge PressureSwitch FlexibleJoint GateValve NonReturnValve PressureGauge PressureSwitch 1000GPMElectric Pump 50GPMJockeyPump FootValve GroundFloor 1stFloor Ø50DrainPipe Ø150RiserPipe ToSprinkler 2ndFloor ToSprinkler 3rdFloor ToSprinkler 4thFloor ToSprinkler ToSprinkler AutoAirVentValve TODrain GateValve 5 AirVentValve 6 Non-ReturnValve 4 2 3 1 Description Symbol SLNo. Ø38FireHoseCabinet 4-WayFireBrigade Connection 7 PillarHydrant Ø63Landingvalve PillarHydrant LEGEND ToSprinkler ToSprinkler Semi-Basement RoofPlan
- 71. Site-building relation a) Watersource / reservoir for Fire protection b) Fire bridge connection c) Fire control room
- 72. National building code Corridor: Usershould find exits at every end of the corridor. Closed corridor should not more than 10 m. PASSIVE CONTROL
- 73. Height of thecorridor is minimum 2.4 m. The size of Corridor according to number of users: Maximum walking distance should not more than 23 m. User Width 50 or less than 50 0.9 m More than 50 1.1 m More than 150 1.8 m National building code
- 74. Types of Exits Buildingcodes generally indicate what types of facilities may qualify as exits. These usually include: Exit Passageways Horizontal extensions of vertical exits, or a passage leading from a yard or court to an outdoor space. Minimum floor to-ceiling height is the same as for corridors. Width should be at least that of the vertical exit. Building codes may require the passageway en closures to have a 2-hr fire rating.
- 75. Exit Doors- doors providingaccess to streets doors to stairs and exit passageways Interior Stairs—stairs within a building that serve as an exit. Building codes generally re quire such stairs to be constructed of noncom bustible materials but may except one-story or two-story, low-hazard buildings. There should be one exit door for every 50 persons. Minimum width of the door is 1 m & height is 2 m. The exit door should be side swinging. The door should be of outer direction if the user number is more than 50.
- 76. Stair should bemade of fire proofing material Landing should not less than the width of the stair. Stair: Minimum width of stair is 1.5 m. Hand rail should be placed both side of the stair. There should be a additional hand rail at the middle if the width of the stair is more than 2.2 m.
- 77. The height ofthe step could be maximum 200 mm only if it is not used by any disable. The stair could be placed surrounding the lift shaft if the shaft is made of fire proofing material. Ramp: Minimum width of the ramp should not be less than the width of the corridor. Slop of the ramp should not be less than 1:12. There should be provided hand rail at the both side if the slop is more than 1:15. All exits and access facilities should be placed so as to be clearly visible to occupants Location of Exit Stair
- 78. Refuge Floor • Afloor designated for holding occupants in a super high-rise buildings. •at least one refuge floor at an interval of not more than 20 storeys. •fire resistance rating not less than 2 hours. •At least 50% of the gross floor area of the refuge floor shall be designated as holding area. •The size of the holding area shall be adequate to accommodate at least half the total occupant load of all storeys above and below the refuge floor. •The holding area shall be naturally ventilated. Refuge Floor International Finance Center, Hong Kong Refuge Floor Nina Tower, Hong Kong
- 79. Height and AreaRestrictions To limit the spread of fire and the length of travel of occupants to places of refuge- build ings may be compartmented horizontally and vertically. Fire-resistant floors and ceilings are used to prevent fire from spreading from story to story. User number Minimum exit number 500 or less than 500 2 501-1000 3 More than 1000 4 Fire rating of exit access corridor is minimum 1 h.
- 80. Basic Considerations forDesign Layout 1. Consider the Fire detection (FDS) & Fire Protection system (FPS) suitable for the project. 2. Must address the codes. 3. A Fire control room at ground floor (if apply). 4. Provide Ducts for fire pipes 5. Water reservoir for Fire. 6. Adequate Fire exits & means of escape. 7. Refuge Area where applicable 8. Ensure people can safely evacuate from Basement & upper levels. 9. Use fire rated materials & construction system where necessary.
- 81. Methods to EnhanceFire Safety of High-Rise Building Users 1. Conduct more educational and training. 2. Assign specific personnel as Building Emergency Response Staff. 3. Conduct regular inspection of electrical. 4. Ensure that all areas under renovation are regularly inspected. 5. Implement regular pest control program. 6. Implement good and regular housekeeping programs. 7. Ensure flammable materials are stored in a safe area. 8. Ensure there are clear or “glow in the dark” signage indicating exit routes and location of fire safety equipment. 9. Conduct fire and evacuation drills on a regular basis. 10. Distribute pamphlets or leaflets containing emergency procedures and evacuation plans. 11. Install high-tech fire safety equipment. 12. Increase law enforcement to ensure compliance to statutory requirements.
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- 83. WHAT IS CORE? Those part of a building that consist of the elevators, shafts, elevator lobby, stair cases, toilets, M & E service, riser, ducks and can also contribute to the structural stability of the building INTRODUCTION
- 84. •Vertical circulation •Configuration •Floor-plate design •Functionof Service Core •Service core types & placement •Service Core & Building Economy •Elevator design & configuration •Population density •Traffic analysis •Quality of ride •Service-core layout & space requirements ELEMENTS
- 85. VERTICAL CIRCULATION •Cores =service cores = risers •Contains: –Elevator shafts –Elevator lobbies –Main & escape stairways –Riser-ducts –Toilets –Other service rooms •Elevators = MAIN vertical circulation system
- 86. CONFIGARATION At initial designstage, designer DETERMINES: •Buildable net rentable areas (NRA) •Gross floor areas (GFA) •Typical & atypical floor-plates •Prepare a diagram + propose elevator configuration: •No. of banks •No. of stops •Transfer floor(s)
- 87. FLOOR PLATE DESIGN •Staircaseusually grouped with elevators •As means of escape & accessibility •Same goes with M&E riser ducts •Aspects that affect the floor-plate design: –Direction of best views out –Permissible ground floor plinth are –Car-parking grids in relation with floor-plate structural configuration. Floor-plate efficiency should not be less than 75%
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- 89. TYPES & PLACEMENT •Corecan be classified according to design consideration & structural solution.
- 90. SERVICE CORE &BUILDING ECONOMY COMMERCIAL BUILDING Up-peak interval 28 secs 30 secs 35 secs 5-minute up-peak handling capacity 14 -15%13 -13.5% 11 -12% HOTEL BUILDING 2 way lobby traffic 35 -40 secs 45 -50 secs 55 -60 secs 5-minute up-peak handling capacity 14% 13% 12% APARTMENT BUILDING 2 way lobby traffic 50 -55 secs 60 -65 secs 70 -75 secs 5-minute up-peak 7% 6% 5% CAR-PARK BUILDING 2 way lobby traffic 35 secs 40 secs 50 secs 5-minute up-peak 13.5 -14% 12.5 -13% 11 -12% EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR SERVICE SERVICE SERVICE Requirements for elevator selection service
- 91. ELEVATOR DESIGN &CONFIGURATION TWO-CAR GROUPING •Side-by-side arrangement is best •Passenger face both cars& can react immediately •AVOID separation of elevators •EXCESSIVE separation destroy advantages of group operation THREE-CAR GROUPING •3 cars in a row is PREFERRABLE •2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable •PROBLEM: location of elevator call button
- 92. Service-core layout &space requirements
- 93.
- 94. Electromechanical Services Electromechanical room= Substation room+Generator room
- 95.
Editor's Notes
- #89 Tion