Bushfire poses the highest risk to people, with catastrophic consequences like deaths expected to occur every 30 years on average. Earthquake has the lowest risk to people due to its extremely rare likelihood of occurring and moderate consequences. In general, bushfire, flood, severe storm and heatwave were identified as high or extreme risks for deaths and injuries, while tsunami, landslide and coastal inundation had more variable risks depending on the location and scenario.
The 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment (TSNDRA 2016) provides an updated understanding of natural hazard risks facing Tasmania. It assesses the risks of bushfire, coastal inundation, earthquake, flood, heatwave, landslide, pandemic influenza, severe storm, and tsunami. Bushfire remains the greatest risk due to its high consequences and likelihood of occurring every 30 years on average. The report identifies risk treatment options to reduce impacts and informs emergency management planning.
Paper: Evaluation of the effectiveness of Australian early warning systemsNeil Dufty
Early warning systems in Australia have been developed for floods, bushfires, tropical cyclones and tsunamis. These systems aim to provide timely information to enable communities to take action to reduce risk and prepare for response. An evaluation of early warning systems in Australia since 2005 found that:
1. Flood warning systems improved following major reforms and investments after significant flooding events in the late 2000s/early 2010s.
2. Bushfire warning systems have been enhanced through reforms emphasizing shared responsibility between agencies and communities.
3. Tropical cyclone warning services perform well but could be improved through better communication with at-risk communities.
4. Tsunami warning systems are effective but education is needed
AUVSI 2012 - Natural Disasters: A Future View in the Use of RPASLaura Samsó, MSc
This document discusses how remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) could assist during natural disasters through near-real-time monitoring, planning, and autonomous operations. It presents a future scenario where a high-level plan is uploaded to an RPA which then deploys a swarm of small RPAs to perform wide-ranging operations like surveillance, personnel location identification, and damage assessment using various sensors. The RPAs could help disaster management efforts across prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery phases by enhancing situational awareness and assisting emergency teams. However, challenges around autonomy, automatic target recognition, communications, and human factors integration would need to be addressed for such operations.
Role of government in disaster management at central tam 2013-20Vijay Kumar
The document outlines the roles of central, state and district governments in disaster management in India. It discusses the nodal agencies responsible for different types of disasters, the Disaster Management Act of 2005 which established authorities at national, state and district levels, and the responsibilities of central and state governments in providing relief. It also describes funding mechanisms, mitigation measures, new directions for disaster management, and the specific roles of state and district administrations in relief operations and disaster response.
The document provides information about the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) of India. It discusses the history, organization, training, capabilities, and major disaster response operations of the NDRF. The NDRF was established in 2006 and consists of 10 battalions located across India for rapid response. It is trained in search and rescue, medical response, and handling different types of disasters. The NDRF has responded to numerous floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and other disasters, rescuing over 135,000 people.
As part of the implementation of the Priority 4 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the World Bank/GFDRR has launched a global study on the “State of Civil Protection in the World: Typologies, Good Practices and Economic Returns”. The objective is to deepen the overall knowledge on civil protection, understand good practices, challenges and lessons-learnt, and to build consensus within the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) community on this important area for disaster risk management and resilience.
This report forms part of this overall global study, with the objective of providing:
• A description and analysis of civil protection in the Australia
• Identification of lessons-learnt and good international practices
The Total Flood Warning System: a review of the conceptNeil Dufty
The Total Flood Warning System concept is promoted by the Australian Government and is widely used in the design of Australia’s early flood warning systems. The Total Flood Warning System concept is technically robust in comparison with international flood warning system frameworks. However, it is not as ‘total’ as it might be. This paper looks at six other components identified that make the system holistic and more effective.
The 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment (TSNDRA 2016) provides an updated understanding of natural hazard risks facing Tasmania. It assesses the risks of bushfire, coastal inundation, earthquake, flood, heatwave, landslide, pandemic influenza, severe storm, and tsunami. Bushfire remains the greatest risk due to its high consequences and likelihood of occurring every 30 years on average. The report identifies risk treatment options to reduce impacts and informs emergency management planning.
Paper: Evaluation of the effectiveness of Australian early warning systemsNeil Dufty
Early warning systems in Australia have been developed for floods, bushfires, tropical cyclones and tsunamis. These systems aim to provide timely information to enable communities to take action to reduce risk and prepare for response. An evaluation of early warning systems in Australia since 2005 found that:
1. Flood warning systems improved following major reforms and investments after significant flooding events in the late 2000s/early 2010s.
2. Bushfire warning systems have been enhanced through reforms emphasizing shared responsibility between agencies and communities.
3. Tropical cyclone warning services perform well but could be improved through better communication with at-risk communities.
4. Tsunami warning systems are effective but education is needed
AUVSI 2012 - Natural Disasters: A Future View in the Use of RPASLaura Samsó, MSc
This document discusses how remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) could assist during natural disasters through near-real-time monitoring, planning, and autonomous operations. It presents a future scenario where a high-level plan is uploaded to an RPA which then deploys a swarm of small RPAs to perform wide-ranging operations like surveillance, personnel location identification, and damage assessment using various sensors. The RPAs could help disaster management efforts across prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery phases by enhancing situational awareness and assisting emergency teams. However, challenges around autonomy, automatic target recognition, communications, and human factors integration would need to be addressed for such operations.
Role of government in disaster management at central tam 2013-20Vijay Kumar
The document outlines the roles of central, state and district governments in disaster management in India. It discusses the nodal agencies responsible for different types of disasters, the Disaster Management Act of 2005 which established authorities at national, state and district levels, and the responsibilities of central and state governments in providing relief. It also describes funding mechanisms, mitigation measures, new directions for disaster management, and the specific roles of state and district administrations in relief operations and disaster response.
The document provides information about the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) of India. It discusses the history, organization, training, capabilities, and major disaster response operations of the NDRF. The NDRF was established in 2006 and consists of 10 battalions located across India for rapid response. It is trained in search and rescue, medical response, and handling different types of disasters. The NDRF has responded to numerous floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and other disasters, rescuing over 135,000 people.
As part of the implementation of the Priority 4 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the World Bank/GFDRR has launched a global study on the “State of Civil Protection in the World: Typologies, Good Practices and Economic Returns”. The objective is to deepen the overall knowledge on civil protection, understand good practices, challenges and lessons-learnt, and to build consensus within the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) community on this important area for disaster risk management and resilience.
This report forms part of this overall global study, with the objective of providing:
• A description and analysis of civil protection in the Australia
• Identification of lessons-learnt and good international practices
The Total Flood Warning System: a review of the conceptNeil Dufty
The Total Flood Warning System concept is promoted by the Australian Government and is widely used in the design of Australia’s early flood warning systems. The Total Flood Warning System concept is technically robust in comparison with international flood warning system frameworks. However, it is not as ‘total’ as it might be. This paper looks at six other components identified that make the system holistic and more effective.
National and Regional Disaster mechanisem at MalaysiaABU_DRRGroup
The document discusses contingency planning for disasters in Malaysia. It notes that disasters can strike without warning and outlines the process of analyzing potential threats and establishing arrangements to effectively respond. It provides context on directives and reviews related to disaster management. The document also discusses establishing management mechanisms between agencies, the AADMER agreement for regional disaster response, and communication systems used for alerts and coordination.
India is highly prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones and droughts. Over the past few decades, an average of 50 million people in India are affected by natural disasters annually. Disaster management aims to reduce the damaging impacts of disasters through preparedness, mitigation and effective response. The key principles of disaster management in India include comprehensive risk assessment, planning and training at national, state and local levels, utilizing resources efficiently through a unified command structure and deploying specialist teams for search and rescue.
Disasters natural or man-made can destroy lives and properties on a very large scale, often pushing nation, in the quest for progress, back by several decades, thus, efficient management of disasters, rather than more response to their occurrence has received increased attention in the country.
The document discusses disaster management in India. It defines a disaster and outlines how India's approach has shifted from reactive relief to include prevention and mitigation. It describes the Disaster Management Act of 2005, which established authorities at the national, state, and district levels to oversee disaster planning and response. It also discusses coordination between different levels of government and ministries during disasters and how the central government provides support to affected states.
Records Security and Disaster ManagementAbdon Kanuti
The document discusses Tanzania's legal and regulatory framework for disaster management. Key points include:
- The main laws governing disaster management in Tanzania are the Disaster Relief Coordination Act of 1990 and the National Disaster Management Policy of 2004.
- The framework establishes the Tanzania Disaster Relief Committee and the Disaster Management Department to oversee coordination of disaster response at the national level.
- The framework also aims to empower communities through creating plans, training, and management support structures from the national to district levels.
- However, challenges remain around sufficient long-term funding, utilizing risk assessment results, increasing public awareness, and strengthening local disaster management committees.
Emergency response preparedness plan (erpp) myanmarThành Nguyễn
In 2014 the Humanitarian Country Team decided to update the response plan and apply the new guidance for Inter-Agency Response Preparedness (ERP) as an action oriented approach to enhance readiness for humanitarian response. The approach improves effectiveness by reducing both time and effort, and enhances predictability through establishing predefined roles, responsibilities and coordination mechanisms. The Emergency Response Preparedness Plan (ERPP) is divided into four components: (i) Risk Assessment and Monitoring, (ii) Minimum Preparedness Actions, (iii) Contingency Response Planning, and (iv) Standard Operating Procedures for the Initial emergency response.
Law on natural disaster prevention and organizational structure for disaster ...UNDP Climate
High-level inter-ministerial workshop held in Hanoi June 6-7, 2017 hosted by the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MARD) of Viet Nam and supported under the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme. The meeting was attended by over 75 national and provincial level government officials, including MONRE, MARD, MPI and the Ministry of Finance (MOF), UN and development partners, private sector representatives including insurance companies, as well as non-governmental organisations.
The document outlines the Philippines' National Disaster Response Plan for managing the dead and missing in hydro-meteorological disasters. It establishes the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as the lead agency for the Management of the Dead and Missing (MDM) Cluster. The MDM Cluster is responsible for identifying the dead, arranging for their burial, managing missing persons cases, and supporting bereaved families. It details the roles and responsibilities of member agencies like the NBI, PNP, DSWD, and LGUs in carrying out the identification, death certification, and burial processes following a disaster.
Challenges for the Disaster and Crisis Management – Identification of dimensi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Challenges for the Disaster and Crisis Management – Identification of dimensions for the cooperation of governmental and non governmental organisations
The document discusses disaster management, including search and rescue operations, technologies used, tools and equipment, and the emergency operations center. It describes the incident command system framework and its functions. Key aspects covered are relief and rehabilitation efforts, hazard mapping, reconstruction approaches, and what is needed for success of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
Evidence shows that the frequency and intensity of climate-driven natural disasters and conflicts is increasing. Natural disasters are occurring nearly five times as often compared with 40 years ago, placing a huge burden on local economies and putting millions of people in a vicious cycle of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. Expanding needs, competing priorities and scarce resources globally mean that new, smart and effective tools and investments are needed to help attenuate the impact of disasters before they occur. Acting early before a disaster is critical: it can save lives, protect livelihoods from the immediate shocks and protect longer term development gains by increasing the resilience of local communities over time. As many climate-related hazards can be forecast, the international community has formally committed to moving progressively towards a more anticipatory approach in humanitarian assistance. Much emphasis is now made on the importance to shift the focus from response to prevention and mitigation, and to adapt financing modalities accordingly. Forecast-based Financing (FbF) releases humanitarian funding based on forecast information for pre-agreed activities reducing risks, enhancing preparedness and response, and making disaster risk reduction within the humanitarian assistance overall more effective. This webinar, is the second event of a mini-series hosted by FAO KORE and FAO EWEA on FbF and is jointly organized with the global Food Security Cluster (gFSC). It will be an opportunity to present and discuss experiences of Food Security Clusters, Cluster Lead Agencies and partners to strengthen community preparedness and resilience. In particular, the webinar will present experiences of FbF activities introduced in Bangladesh - one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.
The document outlines several key principles and phases of disaster management:
- Principles include that disaster management is a shared responsibility across all levels of government, uses existing day-to-day resources, involves organizations playing roles aligned with their core functions, and recognizes the roles of individuals and non-government agencies.
- Phases include preparedness, impact assessment, response (including relief and rehabilitation), and mitigation. Response involves search and rescue, field care, triage (including sorting casualties into immediate, delayed, minor, and expectant categories based on need), and medical treatment. International and non-profit agencies also play roles.
Pangkomunidad na paghahanda at pagsasanay sa sakuna para sa bgy banawangMavic Pineda
This document discusses disaster preparedness and training for the community of Bagac, Bataan. It aims to teach basic knowledge about disasters like typhoons and floods, and train communities in disaster preparedness. It covers what disasters are, common Philippine disasters like typhoons, and the importance of preparing. It also discusses disaster management phases like mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Specific activities for communities to prepare include learning about infrastructure, designating leaders, ongoing training programs, and evacuation planning like designating safe zones and practice drills. The role of each community member is also important to discuss. Working together collectively strengthens communities' ability to face disasters.
Over the past 20 years from 1995-2015:
- There were 6,457 recorded weather-related disasters according to EM-DAT that killed over 606,000 people and affected over 4.1 billion.
- Floods, storms, heatwaves and other weather events accounted for 90% of disasters and Asia experienced the most disasters and deaths.
- The number of weather disasters rose from an average of 205 per year from 1995-2004 to an average of 335 per year from 2005-2014.
- While the number of people affected declined, the average death toll rose from 26,000 per year from 1995-2004 to over 34,000 per year from 2005-2014, showing continued vulnerability to climate hazards.
DISASTER FOLLOWING NATURAL EVENTS-PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERIAEME Publication
Disaster following Natural Events-Prevention and Management of Disaster. Disaster means “crises situation causing wide spread damage that far exceeds the ability to recover”. Disasters are not totally discrete events. There possibility of occurrence, time, place and severity of the strike can be reasonably and in some cases accurately predicted by technological and scientific advances. A manager needs to apply both modern management principles and a disaster control plan to handle the situation. Disasters are broadly classified as natural disaster (acts of God) and accidental disaster (man made).
The document summarizes key aspects of the Disaster Management Act of 2005 in India. It establishes authorities for disaster management at the national, state, and district levels, including the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) chaired by the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) chaired by Chief Ministers, and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) chaired by District Collectors. It also provides for the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and mandates funds for disaster mitigation at various levels of government.
This document discusses the history of disasters in India, the country's vulnerability to different natural hazards, and the evolution of disaster management over time. It notes that India is prone to earthquakes, droughts, floods, cyclones and other disasters. The key agencies responsible for responding to different types of disasters are outlined. It describes how the National Disaster Management Authority was established as the apex body for disaster management, and similar authorities are being set up at state and district levels. The document emphasizes the importance of preparedness, mitigation and prevention over relief efforts after a disaster occurs.
This document provides information on disaster management including definitions, types of disasters, prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, mitigation, and principles of emergency management. It defines disaster management as organizing resources to deal with humanitarian aspects of emergencies. Disasters can be natural, environmental, complex emergencies, or pandemics. Prevention, preparedness, and mitigation activities aim to reduce disaster impacts. Response provides relief and recovery rebuilds infrastructure. National and local organizations coordinate management efforts.
The document outlines India's proposed Integrated Emergency Response Center (IERC), which would establish 112 as the single emergency number for police, fire, and medical services. The IERC would identify emergency calls, determine the caller's location, route the call to the correct emergency service, and present the call to a call taker, with the goal of providing faster and more coordinated emergency responses. It would be powered by standalone solar panels to ensure reliability.
The document presents a Venn diagram showing the relationship between extreme natural events, vulnerable populations, and the level of disaster. It shows that:
1) An extreme natural event with no vulnerable population results in no disaster.
2) An extreme event combined with a vulnerable population may result in a limited disaster.
3) The combination of an extreme event and a highly vulnerable population leads to a major disaster.
It defines disaster as a major hazardous event exacerbated by poor human preparedness and response.
The document discusses India's efforts to create knowledge bases and information systems to facilitate disaster risk reduction and management. It outlines the components of knowledge portals being developed, including databases on past disasters, resources, and expertise. It describes the India National Disaster Database project which aims to create an inventory of past disasters to understand risks and vulnerabilities and support preparedness and mitigation planning. An initial pilot in Orissa collected data on over 30 years of disasters across districts.
National and Regional Disaster mechanisem at MalaysiaABU_DRRGroup
The document discusses contingency planning for disasters in Malaysia. It notes that disasters can strike without warning and outlines the process of analyzing potential threats and establishing arrangements to effectively respond. It provides context on directives and reviews related to disaster management. The document also discusses establishing management mechanisms between agencies, the AADMER agreement for regional disaster response, and communication systems used for alerts and coordination.
India is highly prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones and droughts. Over the past few decades, an average of 50 million people in India are affected by natural disasters annually. Disaster management aims to reduce the damaging impacts of disasters through preparedness, mitigation and effective response. The key principles of disaster management in India include comprehensive risk assessment, planning and training at national, state and local levels, utilizing resources efficiently through a unified command structure and deploying specialist teams for search and rescue.
Disasters natural or man-made can destroy lives and properties on a very large scale, often pushing nation, in the quest for progress, back by several decades, thus, efficient management of disasters, rather than more response to their occurrence has received increased attention in the country.
The document discusses disaster management in India. It defines a disaster and outlines how India's approach has shifted from reactive relief to include prevention and mitigation. It describes the Disaster Management Act of 2005, which established authorities at the national, state, and district levels to oversee disaster planning and response. It also discusses coordination between different levels of government and ministries during disasters and how the central government provides support to affected states.
Records Security and Disaster ManagementAbdon Kanuti
The document discusses Tanzania's legal and regulatory framework for disaster management. Key points include:
- The main laws governing disaster management in Tanzania are the Disaster Relief Coordination Act of 1990 and the National Disaster Management Policy of 2004.
- The framework establishes the Tanzania Disaster Relief Committee and the Disaster Management Department to oversee coordination of disaster response at the national level.
- The framework also aims to empower communities through creating plans, training, and management support structures from the national to district levels.
- However, challenges remain around sufficient long-term funding, utilizing risk assessment results, increasing public awareness, and strengthening local disaster management committees.
Emergency response preparedness plan (erpp) myanmarThành Nguyễn
In 2014 the Humanitarian Country Team decided to update the response plan and apply the new guidance for Inter-Agency Response Preparedness (ERP) as an action oriented approach to enhance readiness for humanitarian response. The approach improves effectiveness by reducing both time and effort, and enhances predictability through establishing predefined roles, responsibilities and coordination mechanisms. The Emergency Response Preparedness Plan (ERPP) is divided into four components: (i) Risk Assessment and Monitoring, (ii) Minimum Preparedness Actions, (iii) Contingency Response Planning, and (iv) Standard Operating Procedures for the Initial emergency response.
Law on natural disaster prevention and organizational structure for disaster ...UNDP Climate
High-level inter-ministerial workshop held in Hanoi June 6-7, 2017 hosted by the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MARD) of Viet Nam and supported under the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans (NAP-Ag) Programme. The meeting was attended by over 75 national and provincial level government officials, including MONRE, MARD, MPI and the Ministry of Finance (MOF), UN and development partners, private sector representatives including insurance companies, as well as non-governmental organisations.
The document outlines the Philippines' National Disaster Response Plan for managing the dead and missing in hydro-meteorological disasters. It establishes the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as the lead agency for the Management of the Dead and Missing (MDM) Cluster. The MDM Cluster is responsible for identifying the dead, arranging for their burial, managing missing persons cases, and supporting bereaved families. It details the roles and responsibilities of member agencies like the NBI, PNP, DSWD, and LGUs in carrying out the identification, death certification, and burial processes following a disaster.
Challenges for the Disaster and Crisis Management – Identification of dimensi...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Challenges for the Disaster and Crisis Management – Identification of dimensions for the cooperation of governmental and non governmental organisations
The document discusses disaster management, including search and rescue operations, technologies used, tools and equipment, and the emergency operations center. It describes the incident command system framework and its functions. Key aspects covered are relief and rehabilitation efforts, hazard mapping, reconstruction approaches, and what is needed for success of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.
Evidence shows that the frequency and intensity of climate-driven natural disasters and conflicts is increasing. Natural disasters are occurring nearly five times as often compared with 40 years ago, placing a huge burden on local economies and putting millions of people in a vicious cycle of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. Expanding needs, competing priorities and scarce resources globally mean that new, smart and effective tools and investments are needed to help attenuate the impact of disasters before they occur. Acting early before a disaster is critical: it can save lives, protect livelihoods from the immediate shocks and protect longer term development gains by increasing the resilience of local communities over time. As many climate-related hazards can be forecast, the international community has formally committed to moving progressively towards a more anticipatory approach in humanitarian assistance. Much emphasis is now made on the importance to shift the focus from response to prevention and mitigation, and to adapt financing modalities accordingly. Forecast-based Financing (FbF) releases humanitarian funding based on forecast information for pre-agreed activities reducing risks, enhancing preparedness and response, and making disaster risk reduction within the humanitarian assistance overall more effective. This webinar, is the second event of a mini-series hosted by FAO KORE and FAO EWEA on FbF and is jointly organized with the global Food Security Cluster (gFSC). It will be an opportunity to present and discuss experiences of Food Security Clusters, Cluster Lead Agencies and partners to strengthen community preparedness and resilience. In particular, the webinar will present experiences of FbF activities introduced in Bangladesh - one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.
The document outlines several key principles and phases of disaster management:
- Principles include that disaster management is a shared responsibility across all levels of government, uses existing day-to-day resources, involves organizations playing roles aligned with their core functions, and recognizes the roles of individuals and non-government agencies.
- Phases include preparedness, impact assessment, response (including relief and rehabilitation), and mitigation. Response involves search and rescue, field care, triage (including sorting casualties into immediate, delayed, minor, and expectant categories based on need), and medical treatment. International and non-profit agencies also play roles.
Pangkomunidad na paghahanda at pagsasanay sa sakuna para sa bgy banawangMavic Pineda
This document discusses disaster preparedness and training for the community of Bagac, Bataan. It aims to teach basic knowledge about disasters like typhoons and floods, and train communities in disaster preparedness. It covers what disasters are, common Philippine disasters like typhoons, and the importance of preparing. It also discusses disaster management phases like mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Specific activities for communities to prepare include learning about infrastructure, designating leaders, ongoing training programs, and evacuation planning like designating safe zones and practice drills. The role of each community member is also important to discuss. Working together collectively strengthens communities' ability to face disasters.
Over the past 20 years from 1995-2015:
- There were 6,457 recorded weather-related disasters according to EM-DAT that killed over 606,000 people and affected over 4.1 billion.
- Floods, storms, heatwaves and other weather events accounted for 90% of disasters and Asia experienced the most disasters and deaths.
- The number of weather disasters rose from an average of 205 per year from 1995-2004 to an average of 335 per year from 2005-2014.
- While the number of people affected declined, the average death toll rose from 26,000 per year from 1995-2004 to over 34,000 per year from 2005-2014, showing continued vulnerability to climate hazards.
DISASTER FOLLOWING NATURAL EVENTS-PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DISASTERIAEME Publication
Disaster following Natural Events-Prevention and Management of Disaster. Disaster means “crises situation causing wide spread damage that far exceeds the ability to recover”. Disasters are not totally discrete events. There possibility of occurrence, time, place and severity of the strike can be reasonably and in some cases accurately predicted by technological and scientific advances. A manager needs to apply both modern management principles and a disaster control plan to handle the situation. Disasters are broadly classified as natural disaster (acts of God) and accidental disaster (man made).
The document summarizes key aspects of the Disaster Management Act of 2005 in India. It establishes authorities for disaster management at the national, state, and district levels, including the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) chaired by the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) chaired by Chief Ministers, and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) chaired by District Collectors. It also provides for the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and mandates funds for disaster mitigation at various levels of government.
This document discusses the history of disasters in India, the country's vulnerability to different natural hazards, and the evolution of disaster management over time. It notes that India is prone to earthquakes, droughts, floods, cyclones and other disasters. The key agencies responsible for responding to different types of disasters are outlined. It describes how the National Disaster Management Authority was established as the apex body for disaster management, and similar authorities are being set up at state and district levels. The document emphasizes the importance of preparedness, mitigation and prevention over relief efforts after a disaster occurs.
This document provides information on disaster management including definitions, types of disasters, prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, mitigation, and principles of emergency management. It defines disaster management as organizing resources to deal with humanitarian aspects of emergencies. Disasters can be natural, environmental, complex emergencies, or pandemics. Prevention, preparedness, and mitigation activities aim to reduce disaster impacts. Response provides relief and recovery rebuilds infrastructure. National and local organizations coordinate management efforts.
The document outlines India's proposed Integrated Emergency Response Center (IERC), which would establish 112 as the single emergency number for police, fire, and medical services. The IERC would identify emergency calls, determine the caller's location, route the call to the correct emergency service, and present the call to a call taker, with the goal of providing faster and more coordinated emergency responses. It would be powered by standalone solar panels to ensure reliability.
The document presents a Venn diagram showing the relationship between extreme natural events, vulnerable populations, and the level of disaster. It shows that:
1) An extreme natural event with no vulnerable population results in no disaster.
2) An extreme event combined with a vulnerable population may result in a limited disaster.
3) The combination of an extreme event and a highly vulnerable population leads to a major disaster.
It defines disaster as a major hazardous event exacerbated by poor human preparedness and response.
The document discusses India's efforts to create knowledge bases and information systems to facilitate disaster risk reduction and management. It outlines the components of knowledge portals being developed, including databases on past disasters, resources, and expertise. It describes the India National Disaster Database project which aims to create an inventory of past disasters to understand risks and vulnerabilities and support preparedness and mitigation planning. An initial pilot in Orissa collected data on over 30 years of disasters across districts.
The document discusses the concept of vulnerability analysis. It begins by outlining the components of risk such as magnitude, frequency, and duration of hazards. It then examines how vulnerability is socially constructed and influenced by economic, political, and cultural factors. Trends show disasters are increasing in number and cost. The document explores how vulnerability has changed from the 1950s to now due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and inequality. It provides definitions of vulnerability and discusses approaches to reducing vulnerability through community-focused, bottom-up methods. The conclusion suggests disaster risk reduction programs aim to be sustainable and integrated across all phases of the disaster cycle.
This presentation summarizes a sociology course on disaster risk, vulnerability, and reduction. The presentation is given by a group of 5 students and outlines the conceptual issues of disasters and risk, objectives of the course, major hazards in Bangladesh like floods and cyclones, and factors that determine risk such as hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. It also discusses risk identification and assessment, development/mitigation strategies, and concludes.
Ict In Disaster Risk Reduction India CaseSujit Mohanty
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in disaster risk management in India. It provides details on ICT systems and databases that can help with preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation efforts. These include hazard mapping, vulnerability assessments, disaster history databases, resource inventories, and GIS systems to facilitate planning and emergency response. Case studies are also presented on ICT tools currently used in India for disaster management.
Alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) refers to methods of communication other than speech that can help people who have difficulty communicating verbally. AAC benefits a wide range of individuals, from beginning communicators to more advanced users who generate their own messages. There are two main types of AAC: unaided systems that do not require equipment and rely on the body, such as signing and gestures, and aided systems that use tools or devices to produce messages, including communication boards, assistive technology, and voice output devices. AAC can benefit anyone with a disability affecting communication, as well as their family members. Determining eligibility for AAC involves considering an individual's cognitive and physical abilities, important vocabulary, motivation to use AAC
Vulnerability describes the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.
Coping Capacity is the ability of people, organizations and systems, using available skills and resources, to face and manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters.
A cavity wall consists of an inner and outer leaf separated by a cavity. Cavity walls were introduced to prevent dampness penetration into buildings. The walls are strengthened through the use of wall ties that connect the two leaves and are made of galvanized steel. Problems can occur if mortar droppings gather in the cavity, allowing water to pass through. Ensuring a clean cavity through the use of mortar traps and brushing helps prevent dampness penetration.
Alternative means of communication during a disaster a presentation on the various alternatives when all communication breaks down during a disaster and how social media is also helping.
Principles of Emergency Management slidesJoão Canas
The document outlines 8 principles of emergency management agreed upon by a working group consisting of emergency management practitioners and academics. The principles are intended to guide the development of a doctrine of emergency management and provide a framework for coordinating activities to reduce vulnerabilities and cope with disasters. The principles are comprehensive, progressive, risk-driven, integrated, collaborative, coordinated, flexible, and professional.
100 ways to express gratitude. THANK YOU cards. Alina Dashkewitz
Looking for a meaningful and non-trite way to show your appreciation to that special someone but are lost for words? This series of slideshows features 100 phrases and expressions to express your gratitude to your colleagues, friends and family in a unique and touching way. Make someone's day by showing how much you appreciate them.
Cavity walls consist of two wythes (leaves) of masonry separated by an air space or cavity. The leaves are typically brick or concrete blocks bonded together with metal ties embedded in the mortar joints. The cavity provides insulation and prevents moisture from crossing between the leaves. Proper construction of cavity walls requires completely filling all mortar joints, keeping the cavity clean, and placing wall ties in the mortar at regular intervals. Good workmanship is important for cavity walls to perform well.
Estimation involves forecasting the probable cost of a project with respect to quality, finance, and time requirements. There are two types of estimation: approximate/preliminary and detailed. Estimation serves several purposes such as determining budget, obtaining funds, making tenders, and controlling costs during project extensions. Partition is a structure that divides space into parts for privacy and optimal space utilization while reducing sound transmission. Common materials used in partitions include wooden battens, plywood, laminate, adhesive, fasteners, and nails. The construction process involves making and fixing the frame, installing ply, and finishing. An example approximate estimation for a partition wall includes calculating costs for materials and labor.
Partition walls are non-load bearing walls that divide rooms or spaces. They provide privacy, occupy less space, and are lighter and cheaper than load-bearing walls. Good partition walls are thin, provide sound and sight privacy, and are made of durable, fire resistant and insulated materials. Common materials for partition walls include brick, hollow blocks, concrete, glass, wood, strawboard, plaster, metal and drywall. Movable and portable partition walls allow spaces to be reconfigured easily.
Walls provide enclosure and structure for buildings. Nearly all buildings have walls that separate interior and exterior spaces and control access, daylight, ventilation, and temperature. Walls may support floors and roofs and brace other walls. There are two main types of walls in domestic English construction: masonry walls made of materials like brick, stone, or concrete blocks laid with mortar, and timber framed walls with a wood framework covered by other materials. Masonry walls are constructed using small units like bricks or larger units like blocks laid in mortar in a cellular pattern to provide strength. Cavity walls have an inner and outer leaf separated by a gap to prevent rain from penetrating the building.
Cavity walls are constructed with an inner and outer leaf separated by an air gap, usually filled with insulation. Cavity wall ties connect the two leaves and prevent dampness penetration that can occur in solid walls. Potential problems include weakness of the two thin leaves, but ties strengthen the wall by binding the leaves together. Proper installation of ties and sealing around openings is important to prevent moisture from bridging the air cavity.
1. The document outlines the basic elements of emergency preparedness and response management. It discusses identifying hazards, developing response plans and procedures, organizing response teams, training personnel, and conducting drills and exercises.
2. The levels of an emergency range from level 1 which is within the organization's capabilities, to level 3 which is a state of national disaster. The goals of emergency response are to control the situation, limit damage, and allow for quick recovery.
3. Key parts of the emergency management system include an emergency management committee to oversee planning and response, an incident command organization to control response operations, and detailed plans, manuals and training to guide personnel in their roles.
Glass partition walls can be constructed of either glass sheets or hollow glass blocks. Glass sheet partitions use a wooden frame with glass sheets fixed into panels divided by vertical and horizontal posts. Hollow glass blocks are translucent units available in different sizes, shapes, and thicknesses that are laid with mortar. Glass partition walls provide architectural effect while being soundproof, fireproof, and heatproof. Steel partition walls can be single or double-skinned and are used to create enclosed work areas in offices and industrial environments.
The document discusses underpinning, which is strengthening and stabilizing an existing building's foundation. Reasons for underpinning include an insufficient original foundation, changed building usage or soil properties, or nearby construction requiring soil excavation. Underpinning extends the foundation deeper or wider to bear on stronger soil or distribute load. Common methods are micropiles, jet grouting, and soil grouting. Types of underpinning include mass concrete, beam and base, and mini-piled underpinning. Mass concrete involves digging boxes and pouring concrete sequentially. Beam and base uses a reinforced concrete beam supported by mass concrete bases. Mini-piles are used for deep foundations on variable soils.
Week 1 meteorological hazard and risk assessmentsfreelance
Cyclone Nargis caused catastrophic damage when it struck Myanmar in 2008. Over 138,000 people were killed and millions were left homeless. Disaster preparedness was extremely weak with no early warning system, shelters, or evacuation plans. Warnings underestimated the storm's strength. Relief efforts were slowed initially as Myanmar's military government resisted international aid. The ASEAN-led coordinating mechanism, including the Tripartite Core Group, helped bridge this and set up an effective response, issuing visas for aid workers and coordinating rebuilding efforts. This model provided lessons for coordinating responses where politics complicate relief operations.
Flood Risk Management in Australia | Research reportNeil Dufty
Australia faces coastal, riverine, and urban flooding risks that are increasing due to population growth, development, and climate change. Flood risk management is led by state and territory governments, which often delegate responsibilities to local councils. Key components of Australia's flood risk management system include flood risk mapping and communication led by local governments, risk reduction projects, flood insurance availability through the private market, and a focus on "building back better" in reconstruction. However, funding imbalances prioritize disaster response over prevention, and capacity varies across local councils. Ongoing challenges include improving flood risk understanding, coordination across levels of government, and allocating sufficient resources for prevention.
This document discusses various concepts related to hazards, disasters, vulnerability, exposure, and risk. It provides examples, definitions, and explanations for different terminology. Some key points covered include:
- A hazard only becomes a disaster when it negatively impacts human lives and properties. Vulnerability, defined as characteristics that make something susceptible to hazards, determines the level of impact.
- Factors like physical exposure, socioeconomic status, and demographics contribute to a community's overall vulnerability. Marginalized groups are especially at risk due to lack of resources and ability to respond.
- Structures can be engineered, non-engineered, or owner-built, and factors like location, design complexity, and height influence
This document provides an overview of a report on insurance and risk landscape in the Southern Cape of South Africa produced by a research partnership. It discusses how climate change is increasing risks of extreme weather events and long-term changes. Insurance plays an important role in adapting to these risks by transferring financial risks. However, those most vulnerable to climate impacts often lack access to affordable insurance. The report examines case studies on risks in the region and provides recommendations on how insurers can work with governments and communities to develop solutions to build climate resilience.
Climate change strategic plan for disasterThành Nguyễn
With this Strategic Plan for Disaster Management, Cambodia aims to develop towards a green, low-carbon, climate-resilient, equitable, sustainable, and knowledge-based society. The strategic plan has the following goals: Reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts on people, in particularly the population who are most vulnerable, and on critical systems (natural and societal); Shifting towards a green development path by promoting low-carbon development and technologies; Promoting public awareness and participation in climate change response actions. To achieve these goals the CCCSP 2014-2023 has set out a number of actions structured in three phases; immediate term (2013-2014), medium term (2014-2018), and long term (2019-2023).
The Learner is introduced to the following terms in this unit.
Hazard * Vulnerability *Risk * Disasters *Disaster management
* Early Warning System * Preparedness * Response * Relief
* Recovery * Mitigation & DRR * Coping & Resilience
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It defines disaster management as dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, rebuilding after disasters occur, and supporting society. The document outlines the types, characteristics, phases and principles of disaster management. It also discusses disaster impact, recovery, and future directions for improving disaster management in India.
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It defines disaster management as dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, rebuilding after disasters occur, and supporting society. The document outlines the types, characteristics, phases and principles of disaster management. It also discusses disaster impact, recovery, and future directions for improving disaster management in India.
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It defines disaster management as dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, rebuilding after disasters occur, and supporting society. The document outlines the types, characteristics, phases and principles of disaster management. It also discusses disaster impact, recovery, and future directions, including the roles of various government agencies and NGOs in India.
This document provides an analysis of the Mansfield Crisis Manual, which outlines procedures for responding to various emergency situations at Mansfield schools. The manual covers responses to people crises like medical emergencies or deaths, physical plant failures involving utilities or infrastructure, and natural disasters. However, some contact information in the manual is outdated. While the layout is clear, the analyst was unfamiliar with the specific manual or any previous emergency plans for the district. The handbooks provide shortened versions of key procedures but lack the depth of information in the full manual.
The document provides information about disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. It defines key terms like hazard, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, risk, and disaster. It describes the country's risk profile as being located in the Pacific Ring of Fire and being prone to earthquakes, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. It discusses Republic Act 10121 which established the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system with councils at the national, regional, provincial, city, and barangay levels. It emphasizes the importance of developing strategies and taking proactive measures to reduce risks and prepare for disasters.
This document outlines Concern Universal's experience and lessons learned from community-managed disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation work globally. It discusses the guiding principles behind effective DRR planning, which include making DRR community-owned and managed, ensuring infrastructure is disaster resilient, integrating livelihoods, partnering with stakeholders, seeing disasters as long-term issues, including gender and youth, and incorporating advocacy. Case studies from various countries demonstrate programs applying these principles in reducing conflict-related risks, building disaster-resilient water and sanitation, integrating DRR and livelihoods, supporting government DRR planning, linking emergency response to long-term recovery, building capacity, and using advocacy to improve DRR work.
This presentation aims at communicating knowledge about the management of disasters in the best possible way. I have explained all the basic elements of disaster in the simplest form.
This document provides an overview of disaster management. It defines disaster management as dealing with both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, response, recovery and rebuilding after disasters occur. It outlines the different types of disasters, phases of disaster management, principles of management, and roles of various government and non-government agencies. Future directions for disaster management in India include establishing authorities at national, state and district levels, strengthening early warning systems, and increasing preparedness, community participation and training.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT- A presentation about some disasters and the ways of disaster mangement. It gives and idea abou what a disaster is, its types, causes and about the strategies of disaster management. facts about the national and international agencies involved in disaster management ae included.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in disaster management including definitions of disaster management, vulnerability, risk, and capacity from various organizations. It discusses the disaster management cycle including prevention, preparedness, relief and recovery. frameworks for action like the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework are summarized. Types of vulnerabilities like physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities are outlined. Gender differences in disaster impacts are noted. Risk is defined as the probability of potential losses from hazards given vulnerabilities. Different approaches to risk like acceptance, avoidance and transfer are covered. Other terms like resilience and coping capacity are also defined.
This document is a project report submitted by Hemant Dhanraj Sonawane for his Masters in Commerce degree. It discusses disaster management, strategic alliances, and the corporate strategy of Mahindra Company. The report includes sections on disaster management organizations and emergency planning ideals in India, New Zealand, Canada, and Australia. It also discusses the phases of emergency management including prevention, mitigation, and recovery on personal and national levels. The report will analyze Mahindra's sales promotion strategy, strategic alliances, and corporate social responsibility practices.
This document is a project report on disaster management and a case study submitted by Akash Rana for his M.Com degree. It includes an introduction to disasters, types of disasters, disaster management phases, and a case study on the Uttarakhand disaster. The document contains acknowledgements, a declaration, table of contents, and references disaster management concepts and strategies. It provides information on an academic project analyzing disaster management approaches and a specific case.
This document provides information on disaster nursing and disaster response. It begins with definitions of "disaster" from various organizations and discusses the etymology and key features of disasters. It then discusses disaster classification systems including natural vs. man-made disasters and slow vs. sudden onset disasters. The document outlines the anatomy of a disaster including pre-impact, impact, and post-impact phases. It discusses mass casualty incident response and triage systems used to prioritize patient care. It provides goals and principles of disaster nursing as well as the roles and qualities of nurses during disasters. Overall, the document serves as an introductory module on disaster nursing concepts and response.
Development approaches to disaster management and risk managementbarasa odula elias
India faces increasing natural disasters that threaten lives and development. Disaster management aims to reduce impacts through preparedness, mitigation and risk reduction. At national and state levels, contingency plans coordinate response to natural disasters across relevant ministries and agencies. While relief has traditionally focused on post-disaster aid, greater priority is now given to pre-disaster prevention and risk assessment to strengthen resilience against both natural and man-made disasters.
2. PARTNERS:
SUPPORT:
Cover Images, from left:
Richard Bugg, Ambulance Tasmania.
Department of Police, Fire & Emergency Management.
Warren Frey, Tasmania Fire Service.
Nigel King, Tasmania State Emergency Service.
Department of Police, Fire & Emergency Management.
David Reilly, ACE CRC.
5. Executive summary
This report will help the Tasmanian community be better prepared for, respond to and recover from natural
disasters through an updated understanding and awareness of the natural hazards that have the most
potential to impact the State.
The information contained in this summary report, together with the risk register and risk treatment
options provided in the accompanying risk assessment report, can be used by stakeholders and practitioners
throughout the emergency management sector to inform emergency management planning.
This report assesses the State level risks posed by Bushfire, Flood, Severe Storm, Landslide, Tsunami,
Earthquake, Heatwave, Coastal Inundation and Pandemic Influenza ‘by sector’.
Bushfire remains the greatest aggregated risk to Tasmania. It is a ‘High’ or ‘Extreme’ risk across all
sectors of society, often with catastrophic consequences expected every 30 years (i.e. ‘Unlikely’ likelihood).
This likelihood is expected to become more frequent with climate change.
Land-use planning and building systems are strong and effective controls for each of the hazards apart from
Pandemic Influenza. Limiting future development and vulnerability in known ‘at risk’ areas is considered to be
the most effectve way of protecting life and property while limiting future government liability.
A ‘multi-hazards’ approach to exercises and business continuity planning within government was agreed
to be an important treatment option, with hazard-specific training recommended for key incident
management personnel (e.g. incident controllers) as well as formalising the arrangements to guide
decision-makers in times of crisis to ensure rapid decision.
Executive summary
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Executive summary iii
6. Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 2
1.2 What are Tasmania’s priority hazards? 2
2 Hazard summaries by sector 3
2.1 Summary of Tasmania’s natural disaster risks 4
2.2 All hazard comparison 4
2.3 Additional findings 6
2.3.1 Common issues and themes 6
2.3.2 A note on vulnerable populations 7
2.4 Impact of all hazards on each sector 8
2.4.1 People 8
2.4.2 Economic 11
2.4.3 Environment 14
2.4.4 Public Administration 17
2.4.5 Social Setting 19
3 Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 22
3.1 Participants 23
3.2 Figures interpretation guide 23
3.3 All hazards comparison with TSNDRA 2012 23
3.3.1 People 23
3.3.2 Economic 26
3.3.3 Environment 28
3.3.4 Public Administration 30
3.3.5 Social Setting 32
4 Conclusions 34
References 36
iv 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Contents
Contents
8. 1.1 Overview
This report is the all hazard summary of the 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment (TSNDRA
2016) report that was completed in alignment with both the Australian National Strategy for Disaster Resilience
2011 and with the Tasmania State Emergency Management Committee Strategic Directions Framework 2013.
Whilst the TSNDRA 2016 report presented results ‘by hazard’ (comparing how each sector is affected by a single
hazard), this summary report provides an opportunity to present the results ‘by sector’ (comparing the risk of each
hazard to a single sector). This responds to the diverse needs of the community when using these results.
This summary report also presents the 2016 results in comparison to those from the TSNDRA 2012, providing
an opportunity to describe how the understanding and awareness of natural hazard risks affecting Tasmania may
have changed through time.
The main aim of this summary report is to help the Tasmanian community to be better prepared for, respond
to and recover from natural disasters through an updated understanding and awareness of the natural disasters that
have the most potential to impact the State.
1.2 What are Tasmania’s priority hazards?
Natural disasters are defined by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) as being:
“...caused by the impact of a naturally-occurring rapid onset event that threatens or causes death, injury
or damage to property or the environment and which requires significant and coordinated multi-agency
and community response”
This report assesses the state-level risks posed by Bushfire, Flood, Severe Storm, Landslide, Tsunami, Earthquake,
Heatwave, Coastal Inundation and Pandemic Influenza.
These natural hazards are considered a priority for Tasmania because they have the most potential to cause
significant impacts for the State. This is supported by the historical events that are reviewed in the individual
hazard summaries provided in the TSNDRA 2016 report.
1 Introduction
2 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Introduction
Section One Introduction
10. 2016 2012
Maximum Risk Level: Extreme Extreme*
Maximum Consequence: Catastrophic Catastrophic*
Maximum Likelihood: Almost Certain Likely*
Average Confidence: High N/A^
* The 2012 values have been re-calibrated following changes in methodology under NERAG 2015
^ No average confidence values were provided inTSNDRA 2012
2.1 Summary of Tasmania’s natural disaster risks
The TSNDRA 2016 reassessed the risk of bushfire, earthquake, flood, landslide, severe storm and tsunami and
incorporated the first assessments of coastal inundation, heatwave and pandemic influenza. The relative likelihood
and consequence each of these hazards would have on various sectors of society in a worst-case scenario were
assessed. The sectors (and sub-sectors) were: People (Death; Injury); Economy (General; Industry); Environment
(Species; Value); Public Administration; Social (Community Wellbeing; Cultural Significance). The overall findings
of the risk assessment process and the regular themes identified across all hazards are summarised below.
2.2 All hazard comparison
Although each hazard presents its own unique profile of risks to the State, an overall assessment and comparison
of the total perceived risk from each hazard was requested from the stakeholders and practitioners throughout
the emergency management sector.
Bushfire remains the greatest aggregated risk to Tasmania. It is a ‘High’ or ‘Extreme’ risk across all sectors of society,
often with catastrophic consequences expected every 30 years (i.e. ‘Unlikely’ likelihood). This likelihood is expected
to become more frequent with climate change, based on anecdotal evidence from experts and the most recent
climate projections1 2
, transitioning at least into the ‘Likely’ category by 2100 (and possibly into ‘Almost Certain’).
Earthquake is the lowest risk hazard due to the ‘Extremely Rare’ likelihood and the ‘Moderate’ level consequences
across the sectors, given the anticipated magnitude of an event. The major/catastrophic impacts are dependent
on an earthquake-induced major dam failure that was deemed by experts even less likely than the earthquake
itself. Interestingly, participants perceived that if the seismic monitoring system throughout Tasmania were
decommissioned, all consequence and likelihood estimates would be substantially increased due to increased
uncertainty in the knowledge of the hazard. It was identified that the seismic monitoring system is in urgent need
of review and management as it is mostly operated by the private sector with no obligation to continue. This system
ensures high confidence surrounding the likelihood of geological events, and the absence of this system would
increase the risk level and priority of treatments for these hazards in future risk assessments.
2 Hazard summaries by sector
4 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
11. An overall summary of the risk estimated for each hazard was requested and is presented in Figure 2.1. The overall
average positions within the risk matrix do not reflect the most operationally important components of the risk
profile across the hazards and within each sector. The range of risk as presented in this aggregated way is often so
wide it is no longer useful for decision-making. Overall assessments require reference to a particular sector
to provide context and, therefore, the remainder of the findings are presented by sector.
Figure 2.1 Summary of the risk posed by each hazard as assessed in the TSNDRA 2016.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard.
Average Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 5
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
12. 2.3 Additional findings
2.3.1 Common issues and themes
During data collection, the integration of expertise and confidence into a single value of ‘Confidence’ was
limiting. In some cases, experts in the field can be certain of a ‘Very Low Confidence’ rating due to either a lack
of knowledge, or an understanding of complexities. Similarly, those with limited knowledge can be unaware
of complexities and overestimate their confidence. This was identified as a limitation of the NERAG process.
It is recommended future iterations explicitly rate the expertise of different working groups separate to confidence.
With respect to controls, land-use planning, building codes/controls and settlement planning schemes/codes were
identified as strong and effective controls for each of the hazards apart from pandemic influenza. Limiting future
development and vulnerable uses in known at-risk areas is considered to be the most effective way of protecting life
and assets and limiting future government liability at least cost.
With respect to treatments, a ‘multi-hazards’ approach to exercises and business continuity planning within
government was agreed to be important, with hazard-specific training recommended for key incident management
personnel (e.g. incident controllers) as well as formalising the arrangements to guide decision-makers in times
of crisis to ensure rapid decision. Governments typically make decisions slowly following lots of expert advice.
During times of crisis, decisions need to be made quickly and decision-makers may struggle to commit to a decision.
Programs that may encourage or support similar activities within the private sector were also mentioned.
A multi-hazards approach to household prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery (PPRR)
was also identified as a potential new treatment, such as a ‘hazard response plan’ rather than a specific household
plan for each kind of hazard.
Complementary to the multi-hazards approach, the frequency and severity of coincident events was identified
as a knowledge gap, with broad support for further research in this area across all hazards. It was identified that
hazard events do sometimes co-occur, stretching emergency response capacity statewide. Some hazards, such
as heatwave and bushfire, are likely to co-occur, but this is not currently incorporated into the exercise scenarios.
However, others such as bushfire and flood (as experienced in January 2016) are less obvious, with the expected
likelihood of such an occurrence poorly understood, especially under the influence of climate change. It was
recognised coincident events should be incorporated into the cross-agency exercise regime to ensure statewide
capacity is regularly assessed under different situations to identify areas for improvement.
It was noted that environmental damage from natural hazards can be substantial and control activities should
consider the opportunities for maintaining a robust ecosystem, spatially distributed, which is capable of withstanding
shocks. This may involve improved protection of existing forest, or active regeneration of targeted areas to improve
spatial coverage of a particular kind of habitat.
6 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
13. 2.3.2 A note on vulnerable populations
The emergency risk management sector has traditionally approached the identification of population vulnerability
from a demographic perspective, using data that reveals those most likely to suffer poorer health outcomes
relative to other population groups in the wake of a disaster.
These data suggest groups such as the elderly, young people, those from low socio-economic backgrounds
and those with chronic health conditions are more likely to be over-represented in mortality rates and
experience greater negative impact as a result of a natural disaster.
While this definition is simple in approach and based on evidence, it does not necessarily capture the full
picture of population vulnerability. Everyone has the potential to be vulnerable in particular circumstances and,
conversely, individuals from identified vulnerable population groups can be particularly resilient. For example, an
otherwise healthy individual may become vulnerable in a bushfire as they remain in danger to protect livestock
and infrastructure, while an elderly individual may use their strong existing networks within the community to
assist them.
Alongside the recognition of identified vulnerable groups, an individual’s adaptive capacities also need to
be considered. Overall health and wellbeing, the strength of connections and networks, the ability to recover
with financial security, and the knowledge of how to make informed decisions all contribute to an individual’s
vulnerability in preparedness (as well as recovery) from a disaster.
Vulnerability and resilience are driven by context rather than definition, and are fluid and complex concepts.
Agencies working in emergency management need to be aware of these issues and adapt strategies accordingly.
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 7
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
14. 2.4 Impact of all hazards on each sector
2.4.1 People
The risk of each hazard to the sub-sectors of ‘People – Deaths’ and ‘People – Injury’ are presented in Figures 2.2
and 2.3.
The highest risk hazards to people are pandemic influenza, heatwave and bushfire respectively. Seasonal influenza
is a contributing factor to more than 50 deaths a year, which are routinely managed within the day-to-day capacity
of the State’s health system. A pandemic influenza would be expected to increase mortality and morbidity rates
to between 500 to 5,000 cases. Based on the experience of the relatively mild 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza,
it is very likely it would be a significant challenge for the health system to manage a future pandemic of similar
or greater clinical severity.
Similarly, heatwave has been linked to greater demand on health resources (including increased ambulance callouts)
and increased morbidity and mortality in other jurisdictions. Known as the ‘silent killer’, heatwave lacks the visible
cues of other hazards, which limits the public awareness around heatwave risks for both when and how individuals
can or should take steps to manage themselves. Furthermore, extreme heat specifically impacts the elderly, those
from low socio-economic groups and those with existing chronic conditions, populations that are over-represented
in the Tasmanian community when compared to other jurisdictions. This increases the exposure of Tasmanians
to heatwave hazards and the impact of the hazard.
Bushfire is a highly visible, provocative hazard that has been well studied, with dedicated public awareness campaigns
across the PPRR spectrum that experts believe are empowering Tasmanians to make good decisions when faced
with the threat.
In decreasing likelihood, landslide (debris flow), flood (major dam failure) and tsunami were all also identified
as ‘Catastrophic’ risks to people. All occur rapidly within tightly constrained areas and with limited capacity
for authorities to provide sufficient warnings. However, as the area affected would be constrained, it is possible
for individuals to escape the hazard during the event.
Storm, coastal inundation and earthquake were each assessed on the basis that some people may inadvertently
put themselves in harm’s way, or that a certain level of death or severe injury cannot be avoided during dangerous
situations associated with these events.
8 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
15. Figure 2.2 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector People – Deaths.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. People Deaths
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
HS
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 9
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
16. Figure 2.3 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector People – Injury.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. People Injury
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
HS
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
10 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
17. 2.4.2 Economic
The risk of each hazard to the sub-sectors of ‘Economic – General’ and ‘Economic – Industry’ are presented in
Figures 2.4 and 2.5.
In general, the economy is expected to experience ‘Catastrophic’ losses by bushfire, tsunami and earthquake,
although with very different likelihoods. Coastal inundation and flood were deemed to have ‘Major’ to
‘Catastrophic’ consequences mostly related to loss of infrastructure. Severe storm and heatwave were expected
to have ‘Moderate’ to ‘Major’ impacts on agricultural yields or quality, while landslide was expected to have highly
localised impacts on infrastructure. Pandemic influenza was expected to impact workers’ productivity through
protracted periods of greater than normal absenteeism.
Bushfires, floods and severe storms were all identified as ‘High’ or ‘Extreme’ risks to industries statewide.
Tasmania’s economy can be significantly impacted by natural hazards. It was identified that some of the large
resource or agricultural industries are unlikely to recover if negatively impacted by environmental hazards,
choosing to cease operations in Tasmania.
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 11
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
18. Figure 2.4 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Economic – General.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. Economic General
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
12 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
19. Figure 2.5 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Economic – Industry.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. Economic Industry
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 13
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
20. 2.4.3 Environment
The risk of each hazard to the sub sectors of ‘Environment – Species’ and ‘Environment – Value’ are presented
in Figures 2.6 and 2.7.
Bushfire, flood and heatwave are the largest risks to species loss in Tasmania. Evidenced by the January 2016 fires
throughout the north-west and central plateau, Tasmania is home to unique fire-intolerant ecosystems and species
that are actively protected by each of the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment
(DPIPWE), the Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS), the Tasmania Fire Service (TFS) and Forestry Tasmania
(FT). Similarly, there a number of plant species that, due to their distribution and abundance, are at risk of extinction
from relatively minor flooding events, let alone the very large events considered in these scenarios. Where bushfire
and flood are usually discrete areas of impact, heatwave is very broad, possibly even statewide. The broad nature
of the impact can mean significant areas of vegetation can be affected in a single event. Little is known about how
heatwaves can influence particular species, or how widespread death or damage to species can be. Anecdotal
evidence suggests impact is highly heterogeneous, depending on soil moisture and/or groundwater availability.
Coastal inundation, tsunami and earthquake could all have some impact, with known endangered species within
the areas that may be affected by each hazard; however, limited evidence exists to understand the impact of any
single event. Coastal inundation may result in permanent loss of habitat. Tsunami – and earthquake-induced major
dam failure may be an environmental disturbance that initiates ecosystem shifts, resulting in loss of species and value.
Landslide and storm are both considered to have negligible impact on the environment.
Environmental values are most at risk from bushfire, coastal inundation and flooding. While bushfire can deform
and destroy fire sensitive ecosystems or organo-rich soils (such as peat-bogs), coastal inundation and flooding can
result in permanent destruction of habitat substrates and subsequently the attached ecosystems.
14 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
21. Figure 2.6 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Environment – Species.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. Environment Species
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 15
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
22. Figure 2.7 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Environment – Value.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard.
Environment Value
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
16 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
23. 2.4.4 Public administration
The risk of each hazard to Public Administration is presented in Figure 2.8.
Public Administration is most at risk of catastrophic failure from bushfire, pandemic influenza and flooding.
Bushfire is the greatest risk of power failure to a major centre. Flooding is the greatest risk of water supply failure.
Both have the potential to destroy critical infrastructure such as roads and bridges that would require additional
resources from the commonwealth to rebuild. Pandemic influenza has the greatest risk of personnel being
temporarily unavailable to perform duties.
Tsunami and earthquake have the potential to destroy public infrastructure such as wharves, roads and bridges.
No significant risks to public administration were expected from heatwave, storm, coastal inundation or landslide.
Impacts from these hazards would be localised emergencies where any loss of roads or bridges would have
alternative routes available, and government is expected to have capacity to deal with additional loads experienced
during these events. It must be noted ‘Landslide – Deep-Seated’ is already considered to be impacting on public
administration more than once per year, increasing its likelihood from ‘Likely’ to ‘Almost Certain’.
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 17
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
24. Figure 2.8 The risk of each natural hazard to the sector Public Administration.
The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and likelihood.
The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors for
each hazard. Public Administration
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
18 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
25. 2.4.5 Social setting
The risk of each hazard to the sub sectors of ‘Social Setting – Community Wellbeing’ and ‘Social Setting – Cultural
Significance’ are presented in Figures 2.9 and 2.10.
Social community wellbeing is most at risk from bushfire. Bushfires have the capacity to take lives, destroy homes,
livelihoods and industries. They are a major risk to the continuation of small rural communities, with many complex
ongoing social and psychological issues in play during the recovery phase (which may last years). All other hazards
pose a low to moderate risk to communities, with limited long-term impacts on the existing community, certainly
far less impact than changes observed and expected in human movements and demographics.
Social cultural significance relates to events, locations or artefacts that are of importance to a community’s identity
(and possibly related to their economic viability). The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, the Taste of Tasmania, AgFest,
Dark MOFO, MONA FOMA and large music festivals were all explicitly mentioned in these discussions. No hazards
were expected to cancel an event indefinitely, but many were believed to have the capacity to cancel the events
for a single year, or force the relocation of the event. Severe storms were deemed to be the most significant hazard
to this sector, presenting a ‘Likely’, ‘Major’ risk to outdoor events. Historically there have been many examples of
cancellations and even more serious disasters, such as the 1998 Sydney to Hobart where six deaths initiated a
permanent change to the governing systems. Bushfire has the capacity to cause cancellation of events, as human
movement around the State can be impeded, or locations can be deemed unsafe due to both fire and/or smoke
risk. For example: emissions from the 2013 south-east bushfires were closely monitored when coinciding with the
Cadbury Marathon; the Rowing Tasmania Regatta at Lake Barrington was cancelled due to smoke in 2016; and
the Overland Track Run was cancelled due to bushfire risk in 2016. The threat of coastal inundation or flooding
to many events given their location on beaches or river banks was identified as unlikely. As tsunami is likely to
impact Salamanca Place and this location is regularly hosting events (Salamanca Market, exhibitions, music events)
it was thought that if an event occurred, it was possible to have some short-to-medium term impact on the
Salamanca precinct. Heatwave is likely to occur during the festival season in Tasmania, when greater numbers of
people congregate and alcohol is often consumed. This may increase risky behaviour and the likelihood of heat-
stress illness.
Earthquake, pandemic influenza and landslide pose a ‘Low’ risk to cultural significance, with communities considered
flexible enough to either relocate or reschedule, or robust enough to endure the consequences expected.
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 19
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
26. Figure 2.9 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Social Setting – Community
Wellbeing. The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and
likelihood. The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors
for each hazard.
Social Community Wellbeing
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
20 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
27. Figure 2.10 The risk of each natural hazard to the sub-sector Social Setting – Cultural
Significance. The central position is the average across sectors for both consequence and
likelihood. The whiskers represent the minimum and maximum ratings across all sectors
for each hazard.
Social Cultural Significance
Risk of Each Hazard
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
H
S
F
T
C
E
L
P
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
Results Range Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Coastal Inundation (C)
Earthquake (E)
Flood (F)
Heatwave (H)
Landslide (L)
Pandemic (P)
Severe Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Hazard summaries by sector 21
Section Two Hazard summaries by sector
29. 3.1 Participants
Following recommendation from the author of TSNDRA 2012, the TSNDRA 2016 process made a deliberate effort
to engage a larger number of experts, with a broader range of expertise than was possible for TSNDRA 2012.
3.2 Figures interpretation guide
The results from TSNDRA 2012 were not reported with ‘sub-sectors’; as such the 2016 results were aggregated
to the average value across the sector where necessary (e.g. People = (Deaths + Injury)/2).
The TSNDRA 2012 results were only reported as true categorical values; therefore, for this comparison, the
TSNDRA 2016 results were converted into true categorical values. This means many values directly overlay each
other, impeding interpretation. For visualisation purposes, the exact locations of each symbol were slightly adjusted
to improve user interpretation (with some loss of the precision when compared to Figure 2.10). As such, symbols
inside the same matrix cell (e.g. ‘Major’ consequence – ‘Unlikely’ likelihood) should be interpreted as having exactly
the same value (e.g. ‘High’ risk). TSNDRA 2012 values that cross the boundary between cells were rated as halfway
between two categories and should still be interpreted as such.
As the hazards heatwave, coastal inundation and pandemic influenza were not assessed in TSNDRA 2012,
a comparison cannot be made and they have been excluded from this section.
3.3 All hazards comparison with TSNDRA 2012
3.3.1 People
Bushfire: In the 2016 process, experts agreed the scenario considered would result in ‘Major Consequences’
(<50 deaths), which is a reduction from catastrophic (>50 deaths) in 2012. Experts believe the general public are
more aware of the risk and are also more contactable than ever before, reducing the number of people expected
to be exposed. However, the likelihood of a catastrophic event is increasing, changing from ‘Unlikely’ in 2012 to
‘Likely’ in 2016. This was believed to be mostly due to broad scale climate change.
Earthquake – City Epicentre: A risk level of ‘Medium’ remained unchanged. For the scenario considered, experts
in building collapse expected a large number of structural failures at any location in Tasmania. As a result, more than
five deaths were expected, but less than 50 deaths. This is an increase from ‘Moderate’ in 2012 to ‘Major’ in 2016.
However, the likelihood of such an event was decreased from ‘Rare’ in 2012 to ‘Very Rare’ in 2016.
3 Comparison with
TSNDRA 2012
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 23
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
30. Earthquake – Dam Failure: The risk level decreased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016. This decrease is due
to a decrease in both consequence (from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’) and likelihood (from ‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely
Rare’). Consequences were rated lower, as emergency response for a major dam failure at vulnerable locations
around the State had recently been exercised and, given the warning times available, it seemed reasonable that
people could be moved out of the danger zone before rapid inundation occurred.
Flood: The risk of flood to people remained unchanged at ‘Medium’. In 2016, experts agreed the scenario
considered would result in ‘Major’ consequences (>5 deaths), which is an increase from ‘Moderate’ (<5 deaths)
in 2012. This increase is largely due to the expected impact of this scenario on Greater Launceston region, with
many households inundated. Participants estimated there would be more than 5 unavoidable deaths, but less
than 50, due to a general improvement in emergency broadcast systems and public awareness since 1929, despite
the increase in the number of people vulnerable to this hazard. The largest consequences were associated with
cascading dam failure. The likelihood of such an event was expected to decrease substantially, changing from
‘Unlikely’ in 2012 to ‘Very Rare’ in 2016. It was recognised that smaller more frequent, localised events could
result in 1-10 deaths, but they were not considered within the scenarios.
Landslide – Debris Flow: The risk of debris flow to people remained unchanged at ‘High’. Despite the expected
consequences increasing from ‘Major’ to ‘Catastrophic’, driven by recent research informing the speed of onset,
a steady expectation of likelihood resulted in no change in the overall risk.
Landslide – Deep-Seated: The risk of deep-seated landslide to people remained unchanged at ‘Medium’.
Although consequences were increased from ‘Moderate’ to ‘Major’, the likelihood of such consequences was
decreased substantially from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Very Rare’. Even rapidly moving deep-seated landslides are often
preceded by numerous physical warnings that encourage those in the area to evacuate, reducing the likelihood
of worst-case impacts.
Landslide – Rockfall: The risk of rockfall to people remained ‘Medium’, despite a decrease in the likelihood from
‘Unlikely’ to ‘Rare’. The scenario dictated a particular consequence, which must be at least ‘Moderate’; however,
experts were aware that these incidents happen occasionally and are part of the core business of emergency
services and DSG.
Severe Storm: The risk of severe storm to people increased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘High’ in 2016 due to
an increase in likelihood from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Likely’. Experts believed the scenario was more likely than previously
considered, although the consequences were generally unchanged.
Tsunami: The risk of tsunami to people was increased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘High’ in 2016 due to an increase
in consequence from ‘Major’ to ‘Catastrophic’, despite a decrease in likelihood to ‘Extremely Rare’. Experts believed
that the rapid onset of this event (less than 3 hours warning in best-case conditions) limited the capacity of the
emergency services to inform all vulnerable areas or people and as such it seemed realistic to expect more than
50 deaths or serious injuries. As the region of greatest vulnerability includes the Hobart waterfront, a busy place
at regular times throughout the week and year, the evacuation during a large event was also considered. The
likelihood of the event was decreased based on the annual exceedance probability defined in the scenario.
24 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
31. Figure 3.1 The change in the risk profile of the Sector – People, from 2012 to 2016.
People: change in risk
of each hazard between 2012 and 2016
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
BFS
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
e.g. 2012
Results
e.g. 2016
Results
Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Earthquake City Epicentre (ECE)
Earthquake Dam Failure (EDF)
Flood (F)
Landslide Debris flow (LDF)
Landslide Deep Seated (LDS)
Landslide Rock fall (LRF)
Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 25
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
32. 3.3.2 Economic
Bushfire: In 2012, the economic impact of the scenario considered would result in ‘Moderate/Major’ consequences.
This was upgraded to ‘Catastrophic’ consequences in 2016, with the inclusion of potential loss of an entire industry,
mostly attributed to an improvement in the expertise engaged. Lower resource (e.g. minerals, timber, woodchips)
prices in 2016 relative to those in 2012 have affected the profitability of Tasmanian primary industries, making many
of them vulnerable to operational interruptions of any kind. Experts had an appreciation of private assets at risk
from bushfire, or protocols that force operational shutdowns during bushfire, that if experienced could force the
cessation of Tasmanian operations. However, as particular conditions are required, these were considered less likely,
hence the reduction from ‘Likely’ to ‘Unlikely’ likelihood.
Earthquake – City Epicentre: The risk level decreased from ‘High’ in 2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016 due to a reduction
in the expected likelihood from ‘Rare’ to ‘Very Rare’.
Earthquake – Dam Failure: A risk level of ‘Medium’ remained unchanged despite a decrease in the expected
likelihood from ‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely Rare’. There was no change in the expected consequences.
Flood: The risk of flood on the economy remained unchanged at ‘High’. Consequences remained ‘Major’, but
likelihood was reduced from ‘Unlikely’ in 2012 to ‘Rare’ in 2016. This change had no impact on the overall risk rating.
Landslide – Debris Flow: The risk of debris flow to the economy remained unchanged at ‘High’, with no changes
to either expected likelihood or consequences.
Landslide – Deep-Seated: The risk of deep-seated landslide on the economy was increased from ‘Low’ in
2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016 due to an increase in likelihood. Recent research has identified more areas at risk of
landslide. Furthermore, aggressive lobbying by property developers has limited the capacity of councils to prevent
development within known landslide zones. Those areas at risk of landslide that have been developed have not
necessarily implemented appropriate engineering and hydrological solutions to limit future damage or impacts.
As such, the risk to the economy is increasing.
Landslide – Rockfall: The risk of rockfall to the economy remained unchanged at ‘Low’, despite an increase in
likelihood from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Likely’. Experts agreed it was reasonable to expect an isolated community to have an
access road cut off by a rockfall about every 10 years. However, they believed the road would only ever be closed
for a short period of time (2-7 days), or alternative access routes would be available so consequences would remain
as insignificant.
Severe Storm: The risk of severe storm to the economy increased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘High’ in 2016 due
to an increase in consequence from ‘Minor’ to ‘Moderate’. A better appreciation for the impact a severe storm can
have on forestry, aquaculture and agricultural produce, as well as the potential to interrupt or cancel large outdoor
festivals, was incorporated into the 2016 assessment, increasing the expected consequences.
Tsunami: The risk of tsunami to the economy remained unchanged at ‘Medium’ despite a decrease in the expected
likelihood from ‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely Rare’.
26 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
33. Figure 3.2 The change in the risk profile of the Sector – Economic, from 2012 to 2016.
Economic: change in risk
of each hazard between 2012 and 2016
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
F
S
LDF
LDSLRF
EDF
ECE
T
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
e.g. 2012
Results
e.g. 2016
Results
Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Earthquake City Epicentre (ECE)
Earthquake Dam Failure (EDF)
Flood (F)
Landslide Debris flow (LDF)
Landslide Deep Seated (LDS)
Landslide Rock fall (LRF)
Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 27
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
34. 3.3.3 Environment
Bushfire: There was no change to the risk level expected for Environment between 2012 and 2016. It must
be noted, the possibility of the loss of habitat/ecosystems/species was considered by the 2016 assessment.
A ‘Catastrophic’ rating was recommended by one of the groups, who explicitly considered it ‘Likely’ the irreversible
loss of alpine habitat, or a species, would occur within the scenario. Unfortunately, this was somewhat prescient
of the event that occurred in January 2016, which resulted in devastating losses within the higher elevations of the
Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area. However, averaging across the 2016 groups resulted in a ‘Major’ rating
(even after weighting by confidence, in the absence of a recorded expertise level). This highlights a limitation within
this process when using multiple working groups: expertise must be explicitly recorded by each group for future
assessments to ensure appropriate weighting of ratings.
Earthquake – City Epicentre: A risk level of ‘Very Low’ remained unchanged. This was due to an increase in
expected consequences from ‘Insignificant’ to ‘Minor coupled with a decrease in expected likelihood from ‘Rare’
to ‘Extremely Rare’.
Earthquake – Dam Failure: The risk level increased from ‘Low’ in 2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016. This was due to an
increase in expected consequences from ‘Moderate’ to ‘Major’, despite a decrease in expected likelihood from
‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely Rare’.
Flood: The risk of flood on the environment saw a dramatic shift from ‘Low’ in 2012 to ‘High’ in 2016. This change
is attributed to an increase in expected consequences from ‘Insignificant/Low’ in 2012 to ‘Major’ in 2016. This large
change is due to engaged experts from DPIPWE who could identify species at risk of local and global extinction
from a flood event hazard at numerous sites around Tasmania.
Landslide – Debris Flow: The risk of debris flow to the environment increased from ‘Very Low’ in 2012 to ‘Low’
in 2016, exclusively due to the increase in likelihood of an event. Recent research has identified many areas around
Tasmania susceptible to debris flow, the vast majority of which are in isolated areas. This increases the expected
occurrence and therefore the expected impact on the natural environment.
Landslide – Deep-Seated: The risk of deep-seated landslide to the environment remained unchanged at ‘Low’
despite an increase in likelihood from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Likely’. Environmental impacts are still considered insignificant
from this hazard as all endangered species are not in at-risk areas (i.e. populated flat areas) or widely dispersed
to escape extinction from a single event (e.g. spotted handfish).
Landslide – Rockfall: The risk of rockfall on the environment remained unchanged at ‘Low’. There was no change
to consequence or likelihood.
Severe Storm: The risk of severe storm to the environment remained unchanged at ‘Low’. An increase in expected
consequences from ‘Insignificant’ to ‘Minor’ was offset by the decreased likelihood of these consequences
from ‘Likely to ‘Unlikely’. This recognises the capacity of severe storms to do significant damage to the natural
environment, but it is relatively uncommon for that damage to be broad scale enough, or destructive enough
to cause ecological shifts.
Tsunami: The risk of tsunami to the environment was increased from ‘Very Low’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016 due to an
increase in expected consequence from ‘Insignificant’ to ‘Moderate’. Experts considered the impact of a tsunami on
28 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
35. the coastal and marine ecosystems and identified a number of potential species and habitats that could be at risk.
Although coastal habitats have evolved in a construction-destruction-construction cycle, some of these constructive
systems have been interrupted by human development or invasive species (both terrestrial and marine). This leaves
the existing ecosystem vulnerable to destructive forces with no expectation it would regenerate. Also, a number
of exceedingly rare species are only found in waters surrounding south-eastern Tasmania.
Figure 3.3 The change in the risk profile of the Sector – Environment, from 2012 to 2016.
Environment: change in risk
of each hazard between 2012 and 2016
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
BF
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDFECE T
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
e.g. 2012
Results
e.g. 2016
Results
Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Earthquake City Epicentre (ECE)
Earthquake Dam Failure (EDF)
Flood (F)
Landslide Debris flow (LDF)
Landslide Deep Seated (LDS)
Landslide Rock fall (LRF)
Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 29
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
36. 3.3.4 Public administration
Bushfire: Experts in the 2016 assessment believe the public administration consequences remain ‘Moderate’,
although the likelihood of the scenario increases from ‘Unlikely’ in 2012, to ‘Likely’ in 2016, driven by the recent
experience of the Dunalley Bushfires, which highlighted the capacity-gaps of Tasmanian Government as a whole
to respond to such a large event.
Earthquake – City Epicentre: The risk level decreased from ‘High’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016. This was due to
a decrease of expected consequences from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’, where the expectation was that government
could continue operations regardless of the impacts. However, the major driver for the decrease in risk is from
a very large decrease in likelihood from ‘Rare’ to ‘Very Rare’.
Earthquake – Dam Failure: The risk level decreased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016. This is due to
a decrease in both expected consequences from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’ as well as a decrease in likelihood from
‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely Rare’.
Flood: The risk of flood on public administration increased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘High’ in 2016. This change
was due to an increase in consequence, despite a decrease in likelihood. Expected consequences increased from
‘Moderate’ to ‘Major’ as recent work informed the impact such a scenario would have on fresh drinking water
supplies. Although this was tempered by a decrease in likelihood from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Rare’, the overall risk still
increased.
Landslide – Debris Flow: The risk of debris flow on public administration was decreased from ‘High’ in 2012
to ‘Medium’ in 2016 due to a decrease in the expected consequences from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’ and no change
in likelihood. Recent work within councils to identify and manage the risk of debris flow has improved the
understanding and impact an event will have on a broad scale. Although such an event would be devastating,
it is expected to be highly localised, with capacity from throughout the State available to assist in response and
recovery activities.
Landslide – Deep-Seated: The risk of deep-seated landslide on public administration was increased from ‘Low’
in 2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016. This was due to a large increase in likelihood, from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Almost Certain’.
Although the expected consequences decreased from ‘Minor’ to ‘Insignificant’, the high likelihood of the event
ensures a ‘Medium’ risk rating. Experts were aware that government is already addressing deep-seated landslide
issues, with the expectation this workload will increase with time. However, it was also believed this was within
existing capability to absorb.
Landslide – Rockfall: The risk of rockfall on public administration was increased from ‘Very Low’ in 2012 to ‘Low’
in 2016 due to an increase in likelihood from ‘Rare’ to ‘Unlikely’. Consequences remain insignificant as they fall within
the core business of all responsible agencies.
Severe Storm: The risk of severe storm to public administration remained unchanged at ‘Low’. An increase
in expected consequences was offset by a decrease in expected likelihood.
Tsunami: The risk of tsunami to public administration remains unchanged at ‘Medium’ despite a decrease
in likelihood from ‘Very Rare’ in 2012 to ‘Extremely Rare’ in 2016.
30 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
37. Figure 3.4 The change in the risk profile of the Sector – Public Administration,
from 2012 to 2016.
Public Administration: change in risk
of each hazard between 2012 and 2016
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B F
S
LDF
LDSLRF
EDF
ECE
T
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDFECE
T
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
e.g. 2012
Results
e.g. 2016
Results
Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Earthquake City Epicentre (ECE)
Earthquake Dam Failure (EDF)
Flood (F)
Landslide Debris flow (LDF)
Landslide Deep Seated (LDS)
Landslide Rock fall (LRF)
Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 31
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
38. 3.3.5 Social setting
Bushfire: The social setting in 2016 was informed by the 2013 bushfires that impacted on the Dunalley township.
This event, being fresh in the minds of participants, improved their ability to rate the social consequences, especially
with regard to the longer-term impacts. Coupled with this, applicable social setting expertise was engaged and in
attendance. As such, consequences increased from ‘Insignificant/Minor’ to ‘Moderate’, although the likelihood was
reduced from ‘Likely’ to ‘Unlikely’.
Earthquake – City Epicentre: A risk level of ‘Medium’ remained unchanged. This is despite an increase in expected
consequences from ‘Moderate’ to ‘Major’ as the knowledge is improved on the social impacts of natural disasters.
However, as likelihood decreases from ‘Rare’ to ‘Very Rare’, the risk level remains the same.
Earthquake – Dam Failure: The risk level decreased from ‘Medium’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016. The expected
consequences decreased from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’ as vulnerable communities are made more aware of the risk,
so the level of preparation is improving. The expected likelihood decreased from ‘Very Rare’ to ‘Extremely Rare’.
Flood: The risk of flood on social setting decreased from ‘High’ in 2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016 due to a decrease in
both consequence and likelihood. Expected consequences were decreased from ‘Major’ to ‘Moderate’. The scenario
was not expected to force the permanent relocation of people away from a community or significantly disrupt any
culturally significant events for more than a single season/year. Likelihood was decreased from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Rare’
due to the required scale of the worst-case scenario for the scope of this statewide assessment.
Landslide – Debris Flow: The risk of debris flow on social setting was reduced from ‘Low/Moderate’ in 2012 to
‘Low’ in 2016 due to a decrease in expected consequences. Any impact of debris flow on a community is expected
to be short-to-medium term, with no permanent displacement of residents or businesses.
Landslide – Deep-Seated: The risk of deep-seated landslide on social setting remained unchanged at ‘Low’ despite
an increase in likelihood from ‘Unlikely’ to ‘Likely’.
Landslide – Rockfall: The risk of rockfall to social setting was increased from ‘Very Low’ in 2012 to ‘Low’ in 2016
due to an increase in likelihood from ‘Rare’ to ‘Likely’. This large change in likelihood is due to the consideration
of a road closure impacting on an isolated community about once every decade, but with consequences expected
to remain as ‘Insignificant’ (i.e. an inconvenience).
Severe Storm: The risk of severe storm to social setting was increased from ‘Low’ in 2012 to ‘Medium’ in 2016.
This was due to a large increase in expected consequences from ‘Insignificant’ to ‘Moderate’. The 2016 participants
placed greater emphasis on the risk to cultural events around the State. Many communities rely on large festivals
as an opportunity to bring the community together as well as to encourage the local economy. Severe storms have
historically been a risk to such events, reducing visitor numbers, or cancelling events completely. This aspect was
incorporated into the assessment in 2016.
Tsunami: The risk of tsunami to social setting remains unchanged at ‘Low’ despite a decrease in likelihood from
‘Very Rare’ in 2012 to ‘Extremely Rare’ in 2016.
32 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
39. Figure 3.5 The change in the risk profile of the Sector – Social Setting, from 2012 to 2016.
Social Setting: change in risk
of each hazard between 2012 and 2016
Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Consequence
Extremely
Rare
Very
Rare
Rare
Unlikely
Likely
Almost
Certain
Likelihood
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
B
F
S
LDF
LDS
LRF
EDF
ECE
T
Risk Level
Very Low
Low
Medium
High
Extreme
e.g. 2012
Results
e.g. 2016
Results
Hazard
Bushfire (B)
Earthquake City Epicentre (ECE)
Earthquake Dam Failure (EDF)
Flood (F)
Landslide Debris flow (LDF)
Landslide Deep Seated (LDS)
Landslide Rock fall (LRF)
Storm (S)
Tsunami (T)
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Comparison with TSNDRA 2012 33
Section Three Comparison with TSNDRA 2012
41. Natural disasters will continue to occur. How we cope as individuals, communities and
governments is reliant upon our knowledge of these hazards and the impacts they may have.
By reviewing TSNDRA 2012 and systematically working through an updated risk assessment and
management process, we can build upon our understanding of the nature and extent of the risks
and therefore improve our control over the impacts of natural disasters.
For governments, this better understanding of risk can help in prioritising the use of limited funds
and resources in the most effective way to lessen the consequences and help build resilience.
For individuals, understanding the nature of the hazards and the potential impacts will allow them
to share in the responsibility for preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters.
Disaster resilience is a joint responsibility of government, business, the non-government sector
and individuals. By working together with a shared sense of responsibility and focus our efforts
will be far more effective.
4 Conclusions
2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / Conclusions 35
Section Four Conclusions
42. 1. Fox-Hughes P, Harris R, Lee G, Grose M and Bindoff N 2014, ‘Future fire danger
climatology for Tasmania, Australia, using a dynamically downscaled regional climate
model’, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 23(3): 309-321, doi: 10.1071/WF13126,
viewed at: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=WF13126
2. Fox-Hughes P, Harris RMB, Lee G, Jabour J, Grose MR, Remenyi TA and Bindoff
NL, 2015, ‘Climate Futures for Tasmania future fire danger: the summary and the
technical report’, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre,
Hobart, viewed at: http://acecrc.org.au/publication/future-fire-danger/
References
References
36 2016 Tasmanian State Natural Disaster Risk Assessment / All Hazard Summary / References