This document provides information about trivalent inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine (TIV) for 2015-2016. It discusses the types and subtypes of influenza viruses, how they change and cause annual epidemics, as well as pandemics. The global burden of influenza is estimated at 1 billion cases annually with 3-500,000 deaths. Vaccination is recommended for everyone over 6 months of age as the best way to prevent influenza. The vaccine contains inactivated influenza A and B viruses and must be administered via intramuscular injection annually due to antigenic drift.
Influenza types A and B are responsible for annual epidemics and can cause illness ranging from mild to severe or deadly. Each year, the WHO recommends updated influenza vaccine strains to protect against the viruses likely to circulate that season, based on global surveillance. Although the recommended strains remained the same from 2010-2012, annual vaccination is still recommended since immunity declines over time.
The document provides information about seasonal influenza and inactivated influenza vaccines. It discusses what influenza is, how influenza viruses change over time through antigenic drift and shift, the composition and manufacturing of seasonal influenza vaccines, recommendations around who should receive the vaccine, and answers frequently asked questions about the vaccine. The document is written by Dr. Ashraf El-Adawy and provides a comprehensive overview of seasonal influenza vaccines.
The document discusses seasonal influenza viruses and influenza vaccines. It provides details on:
- The types and subtypes of influenza viruses (A, B, C) and their surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase).
- How influenza viruses mutate through antigenic drift, requiring annual vaccine formulation updates.
- The global surveillance process used to determine the influenza strains included in seasonal vaccines for each hemisphere.
- Populations recommended to receive seasonal influenza vaccines, including pregnant women, young children, elderly adults, and those with chronic medical conditions.
- Evidence that seasonal influenza vaccines are safe, provide moderate protection even in mismatched seasons, and help prevent severe outcomes.
- Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness that causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, with the 1918 pandemic resulting in an estimated 21 million deaths worldwide.
- Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C, with types A and B responsible for seasonal epidemics. Type A viruses can undergo antigenic shifts or drifts, resulting in pandemics or epidemics respectively.
- Influenza vaccination is recommended for many high-risk groups to reduce hospitalizations and deaths from influenza. Both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available, with inactivated vaccines recommended for young children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is more pathogenic and causes pandemics by mutating into new subtypes. The virus attaches to respiratory cells using hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. Complications can include pneumonia. Antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptoms if taken early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups annually.
Influenza is comonly referred to as flu is an infectious viral disease caused by RNA Virus of the family Ortho-Myxoviridae (the Influenza Virus), that affect bird and mammals.
Common symptoms are Chills, fever, sorethroat, muscle pain, severe headache, coughing, fatigue and general discomfort.
Although confused with other influenza like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease.
The document summarizes information about influenza (flu) including:
1. Flu symptoms are usually more severe than a cold and include fever, muscle aches, and cough. Flu can make people feel quite ill for days or weeks.
2. High risk groups for flu include those over 50, young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses.
3. Flu spreads through droplets from coughs or sneezes and has an incubation period of 1-3 days. Proper hygiene and avoiding contact can help prevent spread.
Influenza types A and B are responsible for annual epidemics and can cause illness ranging from mild to severe or deadly. Each year, the WHO recommends updated influenza vaccine strains to protect against the viruses likely to circulate that season, based on global surveillance. Although the recommended strains remained the same from 2010-2012, annual vaccination is still recommended since immunity declines over time.
The document provides information about seasonal influenza and inactivated influenza vaccines. It discusses what influenza is, how influenza viruses change over time through antigenic drift and shift, the composition and manufacturing of seasonal influenza vaccines, recommendations around who should receive the vaccine, and answers frequently asked questions about the vaccine. The document is written by Dr. Ashraf El-Adawy and provides a comprehensive overview of seasonal influenza vaccines.
The document discusses seasonal influenza viruses and influenza vaccines. It provides details on:
- The types and subtypes of influenza viruses (A, B, C) and their surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase).
- How influenza viruses mutate through antigenic drift, requiring annual vaccine formulation updates.
- The global surveillance process used to determine the influenza strains included in seasonal vaccines for each hemisphere.
- Populations recommended to receive seasonal influenza vaccines, including pregnant women, young children, elderly adults, and those with chronic medical conditions.
- Evidence that seasonal influenza vaccines are safe, provide moderate protection even in mismatched seasons, and help prevent severe outcomes.
- Influenza is a highly infectious viral illness that causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, with the 1918 pandemic resulting in an estimated 21 million deaths worldwide.
- Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C, with types A and B responsible for seasonal epidemics. Type A viruses can undergo antigenic shifts or drifts, resulting in pandemics or epidemics respectively.
- Influenza vaccination is recommended for many high-risk groups to reduce hospitalizations and deaths from influenza. Both inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are available, with inactivated vaccines recommended for young children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. There are three main types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) with Type A causing the most severe illness. Influenza viruses are constantly evolving through antigenic drift and antigenic shift, allowing them to evade host immunity. Vaccines aim to induce antibodies against predicted circulating strains, but the viruses' evolution requires continuous surveillance and vaccine updates. Influenza poses a significant disease burden, with estimated annual deaths ranging from 3,000 to 48,000 in the US alone.
Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is more pathogenic and causes pandemics by mutating into new subtypes. The virus attaches to respiratory cells using hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Symptoms include fever, cough, and sore throat. Complications can include pneumonia. Antiviral drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir can reduce symptoms if taken early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups annually.
Influenza is comonly referred to as flu is an infectious viral disease caused by RNA Virus of the family Ortho-Myxoviridae (the Influenza Virus), that affect bird and mammals.
Common symptoms are Chills, fever, sorethroat, muscle pain, severe headache, coughing, fatigue and general discomfort.
Although confused with other influenza like illnesses, especially the common cold, influenza is a more severe disease.
The document summarizes information about influenza (flu) including:
1. Flu symptoms are usually more severe than a cold and include fever, muscle aches, and cough. Flu can make people feel quite ill for days or weeks.
2. High risk groups for flu include those over 50, young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses.
3. Flu spreads through droplets from coughs or sneezes and has an incubation period of 1-3 days. Proper hygiene and avoiding contact can help prevent spread.
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
This document provides information about the 2016/2017 inactivated influenza vaccine for Kuwait. It discusses the types and characteristics of influenza viruses, how the viruses can change through antigenic drift and shift, how the vaccine is made to match circulating strains, and recommendations for its composition and use to protect against seasonal influenza.
- Influenza viruses are divided into types A, B, and C. Type A is further divided into subtypes based on the H and N surface proteins, with 16 H and 9 N combinations possible.
- Wild birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Antigenic drift causes small changes in circulating strains over time, necessitating annual vaccine updates. Antigenic shift involves genetic reassortment between human and animal viruses and can cause pandemics.
- Seasonal influenza causes annual epidemics that typically infect 10-20% of the population. While most recover without treatment, influenza can cause severe illness or death in high-risk groups. Avian influenza viruses usually do not
Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, body aches, and respiratory symptoms. It spreads easily and can cause severe illness especially in young children, elderly adults, and those with weakened immune systems. The influenza virus is classified into types A, B, and C. Type A causes the most serious disease. Symptoms are diagnosed through viral testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, which is especially dangerous for high-risk groups. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs that target the virus's neuraminidase or M2 proteins.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further divided into subtypes based on two surface proteins and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and fatigue. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat influenza.
- Avian influenza, or bird flu, is caused by influenza A viruses that naturally infect wild birds and can infect domestic poultry and occasionally humans.
- There are different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two surface proteins (H and N), with H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 having caused human infections. These viruses usually do not transmit easily between people but can cause severe disease.
- Symptoms of avian influenza in humans are similar to seasonal influenza but can also cause severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, multi-organ failure and death. Human cases have occurred primarily after unprotected contact with infected birds.
This document discusses seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It provides a timeline of 20th century influenza pandemics. It then discusses the 2015 swine flu epidemic in India, noting over 33,000 cases and 2,000 deaths reported. It also provides data on cases and deaths from swine flu at Dayanand Medical College & Hospital in Ludhiana, with 71 cases and 11 deaths. The document compares H1N1 to seasonal influenza and discusses epidemiology, virology and clinical presentation of influenza.
Influenza - History, Vaccination, and Public HealthLouise O' Flynn
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. Major influenza pandemics in the early 20th century like the 1918 Spanish Flu killed millions worldwide. Influenza outbreaks have occurred regularly in Ireland since the early 1900s. Public health measures to control influenza transmission have included vaccination programs and the wearing of masks. Monitoring of influenza is conducted through surveillance systems. Public policies aim to increase vaccination rates through health education campaigns.
This document summarizes key information about influenza, including its symptoms, transmission, at-risk groups, past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish Flu, and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It describes influenza as a viral respiratory infection causing fever, cough, and sore throat. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and has caused pandemics when new strains emerge. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic began in Mexico and spread globally within months, ultimately causing over 150,000 deaths worldwide.
General description of infectious diseases with droplet mechanism of transmission. Influenza is caused by RNA viruses that affect birds and mammals. Common symptoms include fever, chills, sore throat, cough and fatigue. It spreads through direct contact, airborne droplets, or surfaces. Treatment focuses on rest, fluids, and medications like acetaminophen while antiviral drugs can treat some strains if given early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups.
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research based pharmaceutical corporation that discover, develops, manufactures and markets branded health care products. GSK mission is to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer
- The document discusses the epidemiology of the H1N1 influenza pandemic in India, including transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
- It describes H1N1 as a flu virus that was first detected in 2009 and caused a global pandemic. Transmission is via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing of infected individuals.
- Clinical features can range from mild to severe illness including pneumonia. At risk groups include young children, pregnant women and those with underlying health conditions. Diagnosis is via RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment involves oseltamivir or zanamivir antivirals and vaccination is available for prevention.
Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with segmented, single-stranded RNA genomes that cause influenza in humans and some animals. There are four main types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Types A and B cause seasonal epidemics in humans. Influenza A viruses bind to host cells using hemagglutinin and release from cells using neuraminidase. They replicate in the nucleus and bud from the cell surface. Seasonal epidemics are driven by antigenic drift, while pandemics arise through antigenic shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes fever, cough, and muscle aches. Diagnosis is through viral culture, rapid tests, or PCR. Vaccination and antiv
The document summarizes key information about influenza virus. It belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is a segmented, single-stranded RNA virus. It causes the highly contagious disease influenza, or flu. There are three main types - A, B, and C - with Type A being the most virulent and causing pandemics through antigenic drift and shift. Symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. Treatment involves antiviral drugs and vaccination, while prevention focuses on hand washing and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mutate frequently, sometimes resulting in global pandemics. The document discusses three pandemics from the 20th century caused by the H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. The deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic may have killed over 50 million people. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and cough. While similar to the common cold, influenza onset is usually more sudden. Antiviral drugs and vaccines can help prevent and treat influenza, but drug resistance is a growing problem due to the virus's frequent mutations.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is the most virulent in humans and causes pandemics through antigenic drift or shift. It commonly infects the respiratory tract causing symptoms like cough, fever and sore throat. Treatment involves antivirals, supportive care and antibiotics for secondary infections. Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus are other common respiratory viruses that often infect children and cause croup or pneumonia.
This document discusses avian influenza viruses and their role in inter-species transmission. It notes that influenza A viruses can infect multiple species including humans, birds, pigs, and other animals. These viruses are classified into subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins HA and NA. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected bird secretions or contaminated surfaces. It also discusses how low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic forms, and how pigs may serve as an intermediate host for genetic reassortment between avian and human viruses, increasing pandemic potential in humans.
Role of laboratory services in tb control Ashraf ElAdawy
The document discusses sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. It provides details on:
1. Sputum smear microscopy using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is a reliable, simple and inexpensive method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis under a microscope.
2. It is recommended that laboratories examine three sputum samples per patient, with at least one early morning sample, to optimize detection of infectious tuberculosis cases.
3. Sputum smear microscopy has limitations in sensitivity, typically only detecting cases with at least 10,000 bacilli per ml of sputum. Examining multiple sputum samples helps improve the sensitivity of diagnosis.
Infectious disease epidemiology describes influenza as an acute viral infection typically causing abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms like cough and sore throat. Complications can include primary viral or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza viruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions when people cough, sneeze or talk. There are annual epidemics in winter months in temperate regions that vary in severity each year. Pandemics occur less frequently and represent major antigenic shifts in influenza virus subtypes. Surveillance, vaccines, antiviral drugs, rest, and handwashing help prevent and treat influenza.
This document provides information about the 2016/2017 inactivated influenza vaccine for Kuwait. It discusses the types and characteristics of influenza viruses, how the viruses can change through antigenic drift and shift, how the vaccine is made to match circulating strains, and recommendations for its composition and use to protect against seasonal influenza.
- Influenza viruses are divided into types A, B, and C. Type A is further divided into subtypes based on the H and N surface proteins, with 16 H and 9 N combinations possible.
- Wild birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Antigenic drift causes small changes in circulating strains over time, necessitating annual vaccine updates. Antigenic shift involves genetic reassortment between human and animal viruses and can cause pandemics.
- Seasonal influenza causes annual epidemics that typically infect 10-20% of the population. While most recover without treatment, influenza can cause severe illness or death in high-risk groups. Avian influenza viruses usually do not
Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, body aches, and respiratory symptoms. It spreads easily and can cause severe illness especially in young children, elderly adults, and those with weakened immune systems. The influenza virus is classified into types A, B, and C. Type A causes the most serious disease. Symptoms are diagnosed through viral testing of respiratory samples. Complications can include pneumonia, which is especially dangerous for high-risk groups. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs that target the virus's neuraminidase or M2 proteins.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A is further divided into subtypes based on two surface proteins and can undergo antigenic drift or shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat and fatigue. Vaccination and antiviral drugs can help prevent and treat influenza.
- Avian influenza, or bird flu, is caused by influenza A viruses that naturally infect wild birds and can infect domestic poultry and occasionally humans.
- There are different subtypes of avian influenza viruses based on two surface proteins (H and N), with H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 having caused human infections. These viruses usually do not transmit easily between people but can cause severe disease.
- Symptoms of avian influenza in humans are similar to seasonal influenza but can also cause severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, multi-organ failure and death. Human cases have occurred primarily after unprotected contact with infected birds.
This document discusses seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It provides a timeline of 20th century influenza pandemics. It then discusses the 2015 swine flu epidemic in India, noting over 33,000 cases and 2,000 deaths reported. It also provides data on cases and deaths from swine flu at Dayanand Medical College & Hospital in Ludhiana, with 71 cases and 11 deaths. The document compares H1N1 to seasonal influenza and discusses epidemiology, virology and clinical presentation of influenza.
Influenza - History, Vaccination, and Public HealthLouise O' Flynn
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. Major influenza pandemics in the early 20th century like the 1918 Spanish Flu killed millions worldwide. Influenza outbreaks have occurred regularly in Ireland since the early 1900s. Public health measures to control influenza transmission have included vaccination programs and the wearing of masks. Monitoring of influenza is conducted through surveillance systems. Public policies aim to increase vaccination rates through health education campaigns.
This document summarizes key information about influenza, including its symptoms, transmission, at-risk groups, past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish Flu, and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It describes influenza as a viral respiratory infection causing fever, cough, and sore throat. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and has caused pandemics when new strains emerge. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic began in Mexico and spread globally within months, ultimately causing over 150,000 deaths worldwide.
General description of infectious diseases with droplet mechanism of transmission. Influenza is caused by RNA viruses that affect birds and mammals. Common symptoms include fever, chills, sore throat, cough and fatigue. It spreads through direct contact, airborne droplets, or surfaces. Treatment focuses on rest, fluids, and medications like acetaminophen while antiviral drugs can treat some strains if given early. Vaccination is recommended for high-risk groups.
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research based pharmaceutical corporation that discover, develops, manufactures and markets branded health care products. GSK mission is to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer
- The document discusses the epidemiology of the H1N1 influenza pandemic in India, including transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
- It describes H1N1 as a flu virus that was first detected in 2009 and caused a global pandemic. Transmission is via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing of infected individuals.
- Clinical features can range from mild to severe illness including pneumonia. At risk groups include young children, pregnant women and those with underlying health conditions. Diagnosis is via RT-PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment involves oseltamivir or zanamivir antivirals and vaccination is available for prevention.
Influenza viruses are enveloped viruses with segmented, single-stranded RNA genomes that cause influenza in humans and some animals. There are four main types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Types A and B cause seasonal epidemics in humans. Influenza A viruses bind to host cells using hemagglutinin and release from cells using neuraminidase. They replicate in the nucleus and bud from the cell surface. Seasonal epidemics are driven by antigenic drift, while pandemics arise through antigenic shift. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes fever, cough, and muscle aches. Diagnosis is through viral culture, rapid tests, or PCR. Vaccination and antiv
The document summarizes key information about influenza virus. It belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is a segmented, single-stranded RNA virus. It causes the highly contagious disease influenza, or flu. There are three main types - A, B, and C - with Type A being the most virulent and causing pandemics through antigenic drift and shift. Symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. Treatment involves antiviral drugs and vaccination, while prevention focuses on hand washing and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mutate frequently, sometimes resulting in global pandemics. The document discusses three pandemics from the 20th century caused by the H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. The deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic may have killed over 50 million people. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and cough. While similar to the common cold, influenza onset is usually more sudden. Antiviral drugs and vaccines can help prevent and treat influenza, but drug resistance is a growing problem due to the virus's frequent mutations.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A, B, and C. Type A is the most virulent in humans and causes pandemics through antigenic drift or shift. It commonly infects the respiratory tract causing symptoms like cough, fever and sore throat. Treatment involves antivirals, supportive care and antibiotics for secondary infections. Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus are other common respiratory viruses that often infect children and cause croup or pneumonia.
This document discusses avian influenza viruses and their role in inter-species transmission. It notes that influenza A viruses can infect multiple species including humans, birds, pigs, and other animals. These viruses are classified into subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins HA and NA. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected bird secretions or contaminated surfaces. It also discusses how low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate into highly pathogenic forms, and how pigs may serve as an intermediate host for genetic reassortment between avian and human viruses, increasing pandemic potential in humans.
Role of laboratory services in tb control Ashraf ElAdawy
The document discusses sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. It provides details on:
1. Sputum smear microscopy using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique is a reliable, simple and inexpensive method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis under a microscope.
2. It is recommended that laboratories examine three sputum samples per patient, with at least one early morning sample, to optimize detection of infectious tuberculosis cases.
3. Sputum smear microscopy has limitations in sensitivity, typically only detecting cases with at least 10,000 bacilli per ml of sputum. Examining multiple sputum samples helps improve the sensitivity of diagnosis.
Avian Flu H5N1 Pandemic Type Public Health & Integrative Medical Carebrighteyes
The document discusses the growing threat of an H5N1 avian flu pandemic based on factors over the past two years. It notes that newer H5N1 strains have increased pathogenicity and spread to wild birds. Public health measures and antiviral/immune-supporting nutraceuticals are recommended to help reduce the risk and impact of a potential pandemic. The inevitable nature of a pandemic is discussed given the virus's ability to undergo genetic recombination in various animal reservoirs in Asia.
1. Avian influenza, or bird flu, is a zoonotic disease caused by influenza A viruses that infect various bird species as well as humans on rare occasions.
2. The H5N1 strain of avian influenza has caused severe economic losses to poultry industries worldwide and poses a pandemic risk to humans due to a lack of immunity.
3. While vaccination and culling of infected flocks are used to control outbreaks, the spread of the disease is difficult to prevent due to migratory bird movements and lack of rapid detection in some countries including India.
Avian influenza virus vaccines: the use of vaccination in poultry productionHarm Kiezebrink
This document discusses avian influenza virus vaccines. It describes the ideal characteristics of avian influenza vaccines and factors that can limit vaccine protection in the field. Common vaccine types include inactivated whole virus vaccines and attenuated live vaccines, with various limitations discussed. Newer vaccine approaches explored include vector vaccines using viruses like fowlpox virus or infectious laryngotracheitis virus to deliver avian influenza antigens, as well as replication-competent vaccines using these virus vectors. The development of reverse genetics has enabled generation of recombinant attenuated vaccines, though live H5/H7 vaccines still carry risks and limitations.
This document discusses the potential for a dental caries vaccine. It begins by defining dental caries and explaining why it is a major public health problem. It then covers how the immune system works and classifications of immunity. Key aspects of the microbiology of dental caries are explained, focusing on Streptococcus mutans and its antigenic determinants. The document discusses the need for a caries vaccine, potential routes of administration including mucosal and systemic routes, and advantages and disadvantages of passive immunization approaches. It concludes by considering the public health perspective on a potential caries vaccine and analyzing whether it could help reduce the global burden of dental caries.
This document summarizes information about avian influenza, including its epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention/control measures. It discusses the recent outbreak in Kerala, India in 2014 where around 200,000 birds were culled. Surveillance efforts in Kerala examined over 900,000 people from 256,575 houses but found no human cases, demonstrating effective control measures in response to the avian influenza outbreak.
Influenza is caused by RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that come in three main types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most common cause of epidemics and pandemics as it has multiple subtypes that can reassort. Wild aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Seasonal epidemics are caused by antigenic drift while pandemics arise due to antigenic shift involving genetic reassortment between human and avian viruses. The prerequisites for an influenza pandemic are a new virus that humans have little immunity to which can spread efficiently between people. Egypt has reported increased human infections of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus
Bird flu, or avian influenza, is caused by influenza viruses that infect birds. While it primarily affects domestic poultry like chickens and turkeys, some strains can infect humans through close contact with infected birds. The H5N1 strain is currently a concern as it can be fatal in humans. Health organizations are working to prevent its spread and have treatment plans in place using antiviral drugs like Tamiflu. With proper food handling and thorough cooking of poultry, the risk of transmission to humans is low.
El documento presenta un resumen sobre la gripe. Describe que la gripe es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus de la influenza que afecta principalmente las vías respiratorias y se transmite de persona a persona a través de gotas en el aire por la tos o los estornudos. También menciona que los síntomas comunes son fiebre, dolor de cabeza, tos, dolores musculares y de articulaciones.
Water Star Inc. specializes in manufacturing precious metal coated titanium anodes, including mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes. They coat titanium substrates with MMO, which stabilizes the anodes across operating conditions and provides lower voltage than lead metal anodes. Water Star can pair the proper coating to applications based on individual specifications to improve quality and life cycle. They offer consulting, anode design/manufacturing, recoating services, and cell assembly.
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Carbodeon presented on their nanodiamond materials and applications. Their nanodiamond products include suspensions, dispersions, and powders with varying surface chemistries and particle sizes down to 4-6 nm. When added to coatings, plating solutions, and polymers, nanodiamonds can significantly improve properties like hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity. Testing showed that as little as 0.05-1% nanodiamond content increased wear resistance by over 100% and reduced friction by up to 66% in coatings. In electroplating, nanodiamonds densified coatings and increased hardness and corrosion resistance by 20-50%. Carbodeon aims to work
James Kloeckener is a creative and energetic business development professional with over 20 years of experience achieving sales results through teamwork. He has expertise in product innovation, technical partnerships, and motivating sales teams. Kloeckener is a proven leader with strong communication skills who can effectively train, evaluate, and present winning programs. His recent achievements include commercializing a process that reached $1 million in sales within 18 months and turning around a $5 million market to increase sales by $700,000.
This document discusses influenza and influenza vaccines. It defines influenza as a highly contagious viral infection that typically causes seasonal outbreaks. There are three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C) that are classified into different strains. Influenza A and B cause seasonal epidemics and are included in vaccines. The flu spreads through respiratory droplets and surfaces. It can cause severe illness especially in young, old, and those with underlying conditions. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended to prevent infection. There are two main types of vaccines - inactivated and live attenuated. Both work to induce immune responses but have different safety and effectiveness profiles.
Seasonal influenza is caused by influenza viruses, mainly affecting the respiratory system. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes based on two surface proteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Wild birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Antigenic drift, or small changes in the HA or NA proteins, causes yearly seasonal influenza epidemics as it allows the virus to evade immunity from prior infection or vaccination. Antigenic shift, or major changes in these proteins, has the potential to cause global pandemics by introducing a novel virus to which no one is immune. Public health experts work to predict the strains likely to circulate each flu season and develop vaccines
Seasonal influenza is a highly contagious airborne disease that occurs annually, causing mild to severe illness and sometimes death. It is caused by influenza A and B viruses. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. While most people recover within a week, those at high risk like the elderly and very young are more likely to develop severe complications. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy and is recommended annually for high risk groups.
- Wild birds are the natural reservoir for all influenza A subtypes. Seasonal influenza viruses circulate worldwide and can cause disease in humans every year.
- The current subtypes causing seasonal flu in humans are influenza A(H1N1) and influenza A(H3N2). Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes but can be categorized into lineages.
- Seasonal flu vaccines must be updated each year to match circulating strains. They provide moderate protection on average but vaccination lessens severity and complications, especially in high risk groups.
Influenza is a serious public health problem that spreads easily and causes annual epidemics worldwide. There are three main types of influenza viruses - A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are included in seasonal flu vaccines. Signs of influenza include fever, cough, sore throat and body aches. High risk groups include young children, elderly adults, and those with underlying health conditions. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the most effective prevention method. Avian influenza primarily affects birds and can be mild or highly lethal depending on the strain. Some avian influenza viruses can infect humans but do not usually spread between people.
This document discusses the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It describes how in April 2009, a novel H1N1 virus was detected in two unrelated children in Southern California, which had a unique combination of genes not previously seen in swine or human influenza viruses. This triggered increased surveillance and testing, which found retrospective evidence of outbreaks in Mexico in February/March. By June 2009 the WHO declared it a global pandemic of this novel H1N1 virus.
The lesson plan aims to teach students about influenza. Key objectives include defining influenza, discussing its incidence, epidemiological determinants, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention. Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses types A, B, or C. It spreads through droplet infection and has an incubation period of 18-72 hours. Clinical features include fever, chills, cough, and weakness. Diagnosis involves viral isolation or serology. Prevention includes vaccination, good ventilation, and avoiding crowded spaces during epidemics.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally the lungs. It is caused by influenza viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, muscle pains, coughing and fatigue. While similar to other influenza-like illnesses like the common cold, influenza is typically more severe. Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B and C, with types A and B causing seasonal epidemics. The virus enters respiratory tract cells and causes inflammation. Complications can include pneumonia. Diagnosis involves virus isolation from nasal secretions or serological testing. Prevention is through annual flu vaccines that target the predicted circulating strains for
The document discusses influenza pandemics and provides information about the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. It outlines the background of influenza viruses and past pandemics. Details are given about the 2009 H1N1 virus, its impact, vulnerable groups, preparations being made, and measures to limit spread including hand washing, coughing etiquette, vaccines, and antiviral medications. Guidelines are also discussed for schools and colleges during the pandemic.
The document discusses pandemics that have impacted India, specifically smallpox in 1974 and the swine flu pandemic of 2009. It notes that both pandemics slowed India's economic growth and caused the country to impose restrictions on movement to curb the spread of disease. The cultural response was that people united across cultural barriers to fight the pandemics as the population of the nation.
Influenza vaccine is new medicine for prevent influenza infections. Source from <a href=”http://www.uimedic.com/2019/03/flu-vaccination.html”>Influenza vaccine</a>
Seasonal influenza - current perspective with special reference to India - au...Gaurav Gupta
This document discusses influenza disease and vaccination, with a focus on India. It provides an overview of influenza viruses and infection, influenza outbreaks and pandemics throughout history, and an analysis of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It defines populations at high risk of influenza complications and analyzes influenza vaccine data from Chandigarh, India. Recommendations for influenza vaccines for the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 seasons in India are also presented. Clinical studies on the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in reducing influenza-like illness among children in India are summarized.
Seasonal influenza viruses in tropical regions may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks and epidemics more regularly in humans. There are four types or large groupings of seasonal influenza viruses; Influenza A, B, C, and D, but only influenza A and B viruses cause clinically important human disease and seasonal epidemics. It can cause mild to severe illnesses and even deaths, particularly in high-risk individuals. Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing influenza and its complications. Among healthy adults, influenza vaccine provides protection, even when circulating viruses may not exactly match the vaccine viruses. In elderly, it reduces severity of disease and incidence of complications and deaths. Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of serious influenza complications, and for people who live with, care for, high risk individuals.
This document provides an overview of influenza (the flu) including:
- Differences between colds and flu in terms of symptoms and severity
- Types of influenza viruses (A, B, C) and their characteristics including ability to cause pandemics
- Structure and proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) of influenza viruses
- Seasonal flu, pandemic flu, avian flu, and potential complications of flu infection
- Methods of prevention including vaccination and hygiene practices
- Treatments including antiviral medications
This document discusses the causes of pig influenza, also known as swine flu. It begins by providing context about a swine flu outbreak in humans a few years ago. It then discusses that swine flu is caused by influenza viruses that normally cause regular outbreaks in pigs. The document notes that people do not usually get swine flu, but human infections can occur. It further explains that there are several subtypes of influenza A viruses that cause swine flu in pigs. The document then discusses the Black Death plague from 1347 to 1354 as the first major outbreak caused by pig influenza viruses transmitting to humans. It describes the devastating impacts the Black Death had on society, religion, families and the overall hope of European people at
Influenza general intro. (symptoms and prevention ) Reema Choudhary
Influenza, or the flu, is caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract. There are three main types of influenza viruses that affect humans: A, B, and C. Type A is the most severe and can cause pandemics, while type B primarily affects children. The flu spreads through respiratory droplets when infected people cough or sneeze. Symptoms include fever, body aches, fatigue, and cough. Prevention methods include an annual flu vaccine and good hygiene practices. While the flu is usually self-limiting, high-risk groups like the elderly are more prone to developing complications.
Kathleen Harriman, PhD, MPH, RN
Kathy has worked in the healthcare and public health fields for the past 35 years as a pediatric emergency room nurse, a hospital infection control practitioner, and as an infectious disease epidemiologist. For the last two years, Kathy has been Chief of the Vaccine Preventable Disease Epidemiology Section in the Immunization Branch of the California Department of Public Health. Prior to joining CDPH, she worked for 15 years at the Minnesota Department of Health in a number of public health areas, including HIV/AIDS and the Emerging Infections Program. During her last five years there she supervised the Infection Control Unit where she worked on community-associated MRSA and a variety of infectious disease issues, including many community and healthcare-associated outbreaks. Kathy has an MPH from the University of Sydney (Australia) and a PhD from the University of Minnesota.
This document discusses influenza (flu), including types of influenza viruses, disease burden, transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods. The main points are:
- Influenza is caused by influenza viruses and can range from mild to severe/fatal illness. The most common types are A, B, and C.
- Seasonal flu epidemics generally occur during winter and can result in 3,000-49,000 deaths annually in the US. Pandemics caused by new influenza A subtypes like the 1918 Spanish flu can kill millions worldwide.
- The flu spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs/sneezes and direct contact. At-risk groups face higher risk of severe illness or death from
Similar to Trivalent Inacivated Seasonal Influenza Vaccine(TIV) (20)
How to get your taste and smell back after covid-19?Ashraf ElAdawy
- 30-80% of COVID patients experience loss of smell (anosmia) and taste, which usually recover within 1-4 weeks as the virus damages supporting cells in the nose rather than sensory neurons directly.
- For most, smell and taste return fully within 6 months but 5-10% experience long-term issues. Olfactory training over 12 weeks can help 30-50% of these patients and is recommended.
- The loss of smell is generally milder in patients with mild COVID cases versus moderate-severe cases and anosmia is often the first symptom, with smell usually returning as the infection clears.
This document discusses several topics related to influenza vaccination:
1. It explains that even healthy individuals who have avoided the flu in the past are still at risk each year and should get vaccinated, as flu strains evolve over time.
2. It describes the difference between trivalent and quadrivalent flu vaccines, with quadrivalent vaccines protecting against two influenza A strains and two B strains.
3. It notes that yearly flu vaccines are needed because immunity decreases over time and flu viruses can drift, requiring reformulation of the vaccine each season to match circulating strains.
Brain fog, insomnia, and stress: Coping after COVIDAshraf ElAdawy
Brain fog is difficulty thinking and concentrating that can worsen with fatigue. It's important to recognize these issues and manage them through pacing activities, minimizing distractions, and using memory aids and reminders. Relaxation techniques can help control anxiety from brain fog and conserve limited energy during recovery.
1. The document discusses fatigue experienced by some COVID patients, known as "Long COVID". It describes physical and mental fatigue and strategies to manage it.
2. It recommends activity pacing and graded exercise therapy. Activity pacing involves structuring activities with rest periods to avoid excessive mental or physical fatigue. Graded exercise therapy slowly increases the amount or intensity of exercise over time.
3. The strategies aim to help patients pace themselves and prioritize tasks based on their energy levels, taking rest breaks as needed to avoid running their "battery" flat and worsening their symptoms.
1. The document provides guidance for managing breathlessness after recovering from COVID-19, including breathing techniques and exercises to build strength gradually.
2. It recommends starting physical activity slowly and pacing oneself to avoid exacerbating breathlessness. Specific positions, breathing exercises, and home exercises are outlined.
3. Pacing activities by breaking them into smaller, achievable parts and alternating with rest is emphasized as an effective strategy for managing breathlessness and making steady progress.
Long COVID, also known as post-COVID syndrome, refers to symptoms that persist for weeks or months after the initial COVID-19 infection. It is estimated that 10-30% of COVID patients experience long COVID symptoms even if their initial infection was mild. Anyone who has had COVID, regardless of severity, can potentially develop long COVID. Symptoms may include fatigue, brain fog, muscle pain and other issues affecting multiple systems. The exact causes are unknown but may involve direct organ damage from the initial infection or an immune response. There are currently no treatments, only management of symptoms, and vaccination may help prevent long COVID by preventing initial COVID infection.
This document discusses the link between COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB). It notes that COVID-19 disruptions have severely impacted TB treatment and care. It discusses whether TB increases risk for COVID-19 or vice versa, and notes that lung damage from TB may increase COVID-19 risk. The use of corticosteroids for COVID-19 could increase risk of reactivating latent TB infections. Screening for both diseases is recommended. Managing both diseases simultaneously may require continued TB treatment. Vaccines for both are generally safe and should not be delayed. Certain drug interactions between TB and COVID-19 treatments are also discussed.
COVID-19 : A look at possible future Scenarios? Ashraf ElAdawy
This document outlines 3 possible scenarios for the future course of the COVID-19 pandemic over the next 18-24 months according to medical experts: 1) alternating smaller peaks and valleys gradually diminishing over time, 2) a large second wave in fall/winter followed by smaller waves in 2021 similar to the 1918 flu, or 3) a "slow burn" of ongoing low-level transmission. The worst case scenario is a massive second wave exceeding the initial outbreak, overwhelming healthcare systems. Ongoing social distancing measures may be needed intermittently into 2022. Lifting lockdowns does not mean the end of COVID-19, which could remain for months or years until a vaccine is developed.
Asthma, COPD with COVID-19: What should HCPs need to know?Ashraf ElAdawy
People with asthma and lung conditions are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19. While asthma alone may not increase risk of contracting the virus, poorly controlled asthma can lead to worse outcomes. It is important for those with asthma to continue controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and use oral steroids for exacerbations. Nebulizers should be avoided outside the home due to increased risk of transmission. Symptoms of asthma exacerbation can mimic COVID-19, but fever is more indicative of the virus. Face masks may be difficult for some with severe asthma but provide protection if able to be tolerated.
Novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) What we need to know?Ashraf ElAdawy
By February 11, 2020, there were over 44,000 confirmed cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) globally, with the vast majority in China. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can infect humans and animals and cause respiratory illnesses. This particular strain was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and is believed to have originated in bats. Researchers recommend collecting respiratory samples like sputum, as well as serum samples, from suspected cases to test for the virus. As of February 15, 2020, over 1,400 people had died from the virus.
The document provides background information on coronaviruses and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that began in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It discusses coronaviruses in general, describing their structure and how some have evolved to infect humans. It then summarizes details about the initial 2019-nCoV outbreak cases linked to a seafood market, the virus's origins in bats and possible intermediate hosts, its spread between humans, and global responses to the outbreak.
The document discusses reasons for poor asthma control and strategies for improving inhaler technique and medication adherence. Some key points include:
- Poor asthma control can be due to incorrect diagnosis, improper inhaler technique, smoking, comorbid rhinitis, nonadherence to treatment, or inadequate treatment.
- Healthcare providers need proper training to effectively educate patients on correct inhaler use.
- Factors like particle size, inspiratory flow, and inhaler technique affect lung deposition and treatment effectiveness.
- Common inhaler devices include pressurized metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and soft mist inhalers. Proper priming, shaking, exhal
Asthma Medications in Clinical Practice - Part 2Ashraf ElAdawy
1. Montelukast (Singulair) is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used as a maintenance treatment for asthma. It comes in several formulations including chewable tablets and oral granules.
2. It should be taken once daily in the evening with or without food. Clinical trials show efficacy when taken in the evening, and morning dosing has not been evaluated.
3. The recommended pediatric dose is one 5mg chewable tablet daily for children aged 6-14. Higher doses have not been evaluated for safety in children and are not recommended.
1. The document outlines the GINA treatment steps for asthma management, which involve a stepwise approach to treatment based on asthma severity and control.
2. It begins with Step 1 involving use of a short-acting beta 2 agonist as needed and considers adding regular low-dose inhaled corticosteroids.
3. Steps then involve adding controllers as symptoms are not well controlled, such as low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2 agonists in Step 2, and medium-dose controllers in Steps 3 and 4. Step 5 involves referral to specialist care for add-on treatments.
Updates on pharmacological management of COPD 2020Ashraf ElAdawy
The document summarizes guidelines from the 2019 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report on the diagnosis and management of COPD. It outlines recommendations for initial pharmacological treatment based on a patient's classification into GOLD groups A-D. It also describes a new management cycle approach for follow-up treatment based on symptoms and exacerbations rather than GOLD group. Blood eosinophil counts are also introduced to help guide treatment choices, particularly the use of inhaled corticosteroids.
Asthma Medications in Clinical Practice - Part 1Ashraf ElAdawy
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that cannot be cured but can be controlled. While medications are available to manage asthma, over half of patients still have poor control of their symptoms. Asthma deaths are preventable but still occur due to inappropriate management such as overreliance on reliever medications instead of preventer medications. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease through the stepwise use of controller medications such as inhaled corticosteroids in combination with reliever medications as needed. Proper inhaler technique and medication adherence are important for achieving optimal asthma control.
The document discusses metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). It describes how pMDIs work by mixing active ingredients with propellants in a pressurized canister. When the actuator is pressed, a dose is released into the mouthpiece for inhalation. Key components include the canister, propellants, metering valve, and actuator. The document also covers priming pMDIs, proper inhaler technique, storage, advantages and limitations.
Pneumococcal vaccine in adults “Clinical Scenarios”Ashraf ElAdawy
This document provides information about Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), including its transmission, colonization, clinical syndromes, risk groups, and vaccines for prevention. Some key points:
- Pneumococcus is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the respiratory tract. It has a polysaccharide capsule that helps it evade the immune system.
- Transmission occurs via respiratory droplets from carriers or those infected. Colonization often occurs without symptoms.
- It can cause pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis with varying case fatality rates. Those at highest risk are young children, older adults, and those with underlying conditions.
- The vaccines are PCV13
Pneumococcal vaccine in adults with CKD “Clinical Scenarios”Ashraf ElAdawy
The patient is a 50-year-old man with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who is interested in kidney replacement therapy options. His preference is preemptive kidney transplantation as he has a potential donor undergoing evaluation. If transplantation is not an option, he has decided on peritoneal dialysis. Given his symptoms and worsening kidney function, the doctor recommends starting kidney replacement therapy and referring him for peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion pending the donor's evaluation. The doctor should recommend pneumococcal and influenza vaccines given the patient's risk factors of chronic kidney disease and potential immunosuppression from transplantation or dialysis.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
7. Influenza
Highly infectious viral illness
Epidemics reported since 16th century
Virus first isolated in 1933
Single-stranded RNA virus
3 types: A, B, C
8. Influenza Types – A and B
Type A
(Seasonal, avian, swine
influenza,….)
Type B
(Seasonal influenza)
Can cause significant disease
Generally causes milder
disease but may also cause
severe disease
Infects humans and other
species (e.g., birds; H5N1)
Limited to humans
Can cause epidemics and
pandemics (worldwide epidemics)
Generally causes milder
epidemics
9. Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of
respiratory illness that occur almost every winter.
Influenza type C usually causes either a very mild
respiratory illness or no symptoms at all , it does
not cause epidemics and does not have the
severe public-health impact of influenza
types A and B .
10. Wild birds are “natural” reservoir for all
influenza A subtypes
13. Avian Influenza
A viruses
H1 - H16
N1 - N9
H1 - H3
N1 –N2
Human Influenza
A Viruses
Natural Reservoir for New Human Influenza A Virus
Subtypes: Waterfowl (Aquatic Ducks, Geese)
14. All subtypes of influenza A are maintained in
aquatic birds
In human
H1 to H16 N1 to N9
H1, H2, H3 N1, N2
The current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in
people are
A (H1N1) and A (H3N2).
17. How does influenza virus change ?
●Type A viruses undergo changes in their
surface antigens or proteins
● Minor changes Antigenic drift
● Major changes Antigenic shift
18.
19. How do yearly epidemics occur?
• Answer: A process called antigenic DRIFT.
• Imperfect “manufacturing” of virus
– Small changes in H and N
– Partial immunity in population
• Incomplete protection; still get sick
• Need new flu vaccine every year
H3N2 H3N2
Immune
System: “Do I
know you? You
look vaguely
familiar!”
21. What drives the occurrence of a pandemic ?
Answer:
Instead of antigenic DRIFT occurring,
an antigenic…
…happens.
Immune
System: “Oh
my gosh…I
don’t know you
at all!”
H?N?
24. In developed countries, annual influenza epidemics infect
about 10–20% of the population each season, and cause
febrile illnesses that range in severity from mild to
debilitating and can lead in some instances to
hospitalization and even cause death .
25. Death mostly occur as a consequence of primitive fulminant
influenza virus pneumonia or of secondary respiratory
bacterial infections and are facilitated by underlying
pulmonary or cardiopulmonary pathologies.
The risk of developing serious complications is aggravated
in the very young and in the
elderly.
26. In the average global burden of inter-pandemic influenza
may be on the order of
~1 billion cases of flu
~3–5 million cases of severe illness
~300 000–500 000 deaths annually
27. Anyone can get the flu, Although there are medications
to treat the flu, they are expensive, and need to be
started within 24-48 hours of the start of symptoms.
The single best way to protect against the flu
is to get vaccinated each year
28. Each year, the influenza virus can mutate, or change its
structure, rapidly, leading to new subtypes of the virus,
making the vaccine used in previous years ineffective.
Each year, a new vaccine must be prepared that will be
effective against the expected type of influenza virus.
The trick is to be able to predict which influenza viruses
are going to cause infection and to prepare a vaccine
against those viruses
29. Each year, based on global surveillance data, the World
Health Organization recommends the strains that they
believe will be circulating in the upcoming influenza
season
Currently, 136 national influenza centers in 106 countries
conduct year-round surveillance for influenza viruse and
disease
activity.
How are the vaccines made?
30. Each year, before influenza season starts, one or more
virus strains in the vaccine might be changed on the
basis of global surveillance for influenza viruses&
the emergence and spread of new strains.
31. To ensure optimal vaccine efficacy against prevailing
strains in both the northern and southern hemispheres,
the antigenic composition of the vaccines is revised twice
annually and adjusted to the antigenic characteristics of
circulating influenza viruses.
32. In February, the WHO makes recommendations concerning
the virus strains to be included in vaccine production for
the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere
It takes about 6 months for vaccine manufacturers to grow
the viruses in chicken eggs , Flu vaccine is produced by
private manufacturers, and the timing of availability
depends on when production is completed
Shipments began in August and will continue throughout
September and October until all vaccine is distributed.
33. Reasons for getting a yearly flu
vaccine?
The first reason is that because flu viruses are constantly
changing (Antigenic drift) , which may occur in one or
more influenza virus strains, flu vaccines may be updated
from one season to the next to protect against the most
recent and most commonly circulating viruses.
34. Reasons for getting a yearly flu vaccine
?
The second reason that annual vaccination is recommended
is the body’s immune response from vaccination declines
over time, so an annual vaccine is needed for optimal
protection
Even if the strains have not changed, getting influenza
vaccine every year is necessary to maximize protection.
35. Each seasonal influenza vaccine contains three
influenza viruses ( Trivalent vaccine ) :
● Influenza A (H1N1) virus
● Influenza A (H3N2) virus
● Influenza B virus.
Influenza Virus Vaccine
Strain Selection
43. • The viruses selected for the vaccine remained the same
because they continued to be the main viruses causing
human illness
• It’s uncommon that the same three vaccine virus
strains are the same from one season to the next, but
this has happened before.
• Since 1969, the viruses selected for inclusion in the
influenza vaccine have remained the same eight times
• Each time, CDC has stressed the importance of getting
vaccinated each season worldwide.
Why did the vaccine composition remain
the same in 2011-2012 flu season ?
44. People should get vaccinated every year because even
if the viruses in the vaccine are the same as the year
before, immunity to influenza viruses declines over
time and may be too low to provide protection after
a year
51. How do seasonal influenza
vaccines work?
The seasonal influenza vaccine induces development of
antibodies against influenza virus infection in the body
It takes about two weeks after vaccination for antibodies
to develop in the body and provide protection against
influenza virus infection.
The vaccine is only effective against the strains
of the virus that match the vaccine
53. Flu season can begin in October and last as late as May.
In recent seasons, most infections have occurred in
January and February.
October and November are considered the best times to
receive the vaccination, but it is still effective when
administered later.
Getting vaccinated in December, or even later, will still be
beneficial in most years.
54. CDC recommends that people get vaccinated against
influenza as soon as vaccine becomes available in
their community, but vaccination can take place at
any time throughout the influenza season.
Vaccination before December is best since this timing
ensures that protective antibodies are in place before
flu activity is typically at its highest.
55. What is the duration of protection?
Public Health Agency of Canada October 30, 2009
Seasonal influenza vaccine usually provides
protection from the specific strains included
in it for about six months or longer.
In general, the immunity following seasonal
influenza vaccination rarely lasts longer
than a
year
57. The Seasonal influenza vaccine is about
70 to 90% effective in preventing illness
from seasonal influenza in healthy
adults when the vaccine and
circulating viruses are well-
matched.
58. In years when the vaccine strains are not well matched to
circulating strains, vaccine effectiveness is generally
lower.
The vaccine may also be lower among persons with
chronic medical conditions and among the elderly, as
compared to healthy young adults and children.
It is important to understand that although the vaccine is
not as effective in preventing seasonal influenza
disease among the elderly, it is effective in
preventing complications and death.
.
59. Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy
Adults < 65 years
• 70-90% protection against influenza
Adults > 65 years
• 30 - 40% effective among frail elderly
persons
• 50-60% effective in preventing
hospitalization
• 80% effective in preventing death
60. During seasons when most circulating influenza viruses
are similar to the viruses in the influenza vaccine, the
vaccine can reduce the risk of illness caused by
influenza virus infection by about 60% among the
overall population, for all age groups combined.
.
61. Remember that even when the viruses are not closely
matched, the vaccine can still protect many people and
prevent flu-related complications.
Such protection is possible because antibodies made in
response to the vaccine can provide some protection
(called cross-protection) against different, but
related strains of influenza viruses
.
62. •So even though circulating influenza viruses may “drift”
or change from the time the vaccine composition is
recommended, the vaccine may cross-protect
against circulating viruses.
•The mismatch may result in reduced effectiveness
against the variant viruses, but it still can provide
some protection. .
63. In addition, it's important to remember that the influenza
vaccine contains three virus strains; so the vaccine
would still protect against the other two viruses.
For these reasons, even during seasons when there is a
mismatch, CDC continues to recommend seasonal
influenza vaccination..
64. Seasonal influenza vaccine provides the best protection
available from seasonal flu –even when the vaccine does
not closely match circulating flu strains, and even when
the person getting the vaccine has a weakened immune
system.
Vaccination can lessen illness severity and is particularly
important for people at high risk for serious flu-related
complications and for close contacts of high-risk people
66. Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV)
OR The "flu shot“
• Most commonly used – Given IM (shot)
• Containing killed virus
• Injected into the muscle of the upper arm or thigh.
• It can be used for people 6 months of age or older,
including healthy people, those with chronic
medical conditions, and pregnant women
CDC
67. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)
OR Flu Mist
• Made with live, weakened flu viruses
• Given as a nasal spray.
• Is an option for healthy people 2-49 years of age who
are not pregnant.
• In June 2003, a live virus influenza vaccine was first
licensed
CDC
77. Needle size
- 22 - 25 gauge
Needle length
- anterolateral thigh – 1 inch
- deltoid – 1 inch
Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
IM Injections – Toddlers (1-2 years)
78. For adults and older children, the
recommended site of vaccination
is the deltoid muscle.
The preferred site for infants (< 12
months old ) and young children
(older than 12 months of age with
inadequate deltoid muscle mass)
is the anterolateral aspect of
the thigh.
81. Precautions
• Shake vaccine vial before withdrawing a dose
• Discard vaccine if it contains particulates, appears
discolored
• Do not administer into buttock muscle because of
potential for injection-associated injury to sciatic nerve
• ACIP states that aspiration (i.e., pulling back on the
syringe plunger after needle insertion and before
injection) is not required because large blood vessels
are not present at recommended IM injection sites
• Do not mix with any other vaccine or
solution
82. Vaccine Storage
Store vaccine between 2º and 8º C at all times.
Vaccine should be placed on the middle shelves of
the refrigerator .
Influenza vaccine should never be exposed to
freezing temperature!
The vaccine effectiveness can be decreased by
exposure to light
83. Note: Influenza Vaccine must not be frozen.
It should never come into direct contact with ice.
Transporting Vaccine
Use insulated containers with a temperature
monitoring device and appropriate cooling agents.
Keep vaccine in insulated bags – do not carry it in your
pocket!
84. TIV Dosage and frequency of
administration
• For trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), the
dose is 0.5 mL for all age groups, This information is
now included in all the TIV product monographs.
• Adults & Children who have been previously immunized
with seasonal influenza vaccine are to receive one dose
of influenza vaccine each year.
•
85. TIV Dosage and frequency of
administration
• Children 6 months to <9 years of age receiving seasonal
influenza vaccine for the first time should be given two
doses, with a minimum interval of four weeks between
doses, they are then recommended to receive one dose
per year thereafter.
•
86. • Should I repeat a dose of inactivated influenza vaccine
administered by an incorrect route (such as intradermal
or subcutaneous)?
• If the DOSE (amount) of vaccine was age-appropriate, it
can be counted as valid regardless of the route by which
it was given.
87. • Any vaccination using less than the standard dose
should not be counted as valid, and the person should be
re-vaccinated according to
age.
• The second dose should be administered at least 4 weeks
after the first dose.
88. Can TIV be administered simultaneously
with other vaccines?
• TIV does not interfere with the effectiveness of other
vaccines, it can be given at the same time or at any time
before or after administration of other inactivated vaccines
(e.g. Hepatitis B vaccine) or live attenuated vaccines (e.g.
Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine).
• For concomitant parenteral injections, different injection
sites and separate needles and syringes should be used
•
91. According to CDC Routine influenza vaccination is
recommended for all persons aged 6 months & older
Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk
of serious influenza complications, and for people who
live with or care for high risk individuals.
•
92. WHO recommends annual seasonal influenza vaccine for:
(A) Highest priority group.:
Pregnant women (at any stage of pregnancy)
(B) 4 other priority groups (in no order of priority) are:
Health-care workers
Children aged 6 months to 5 years
Elderly(≥65 years of age)
Individuals with specific chronic medical condition
•
93. Persons with the following chronic illnesses should be
considered for inactivated influenza vaccine
Pulmonary (e.g., asthma , COPD, Bronchiectasis)
Cardiovascular (e.g., CAD,CHF)
Metabolic (e.g., diabetes)
Renal dysfunction
Hepatic dysfunction
Hemoglobinopathy
Immunosuppression, including HIV infection
Chronic neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions
Morbid obesity
94. Health care workers should use every opportunity to give
Inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine to individuals at
risk of serious influenza complications, who have not
been immunized during the current season, even after
influenza activity has been documented in the
community
97. Pregnancy and Influenza
Bad combination
Pregnant women are at higher risk to have severe
complications and death from influenza
Preterm labor
Maternal death
Severe pneumonia
Fetal distress
December 29, 2009 CDC
98. Pregnancy and Influenza
Bad combination
Pregnant women, both healthy pregnant women and those
with chronic health conditions, are at increased risk of
influenza related complications& hospitalization.
The risk increases with length of gestation i.e. it is higher
in the third than in the second trimester)
99. 1.7
2.1
5.1
0
2
4
6
8
1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester
RateRatiosRisk of Hospital Admission for Respiratory Illness during Influenza
Season by Pregnancy Status among Women with No Comorbidity,
Nova Scotia, 1990-2002
Dodds et al., CMAJ 176:463-8, 2007
*Compared to year before pregnancy
100. Statement endorsed by:
March of Dimes
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Academy of Family Physicians
American College of Nurse-Midwives
Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses
Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology
Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
101. Trivalent inactivated Influenza vaccine is considered safe
for use in pregnant women at all stages of pregnancy, in
any trimester , regardless of gestational age
WHO considers pregnant women as a high priority group
and recommends immunization
Pregnant women should receive inactivated vaccine (flu
shot) but should NOT receive the live attenuated vaccine
(nasal spray).
102. FDA
The pregnancy section of the prescribing information for
the licensed influenza vaccines carry either a Category
B or C , this allows influenza vaccines to be given to
pregnant women,as recommended by the ACIP
103. Infants born during influenza season to vaccinated women
are less likely to be premature, small for gestational age
and low birth weight
There is no evidence that influenza vaccine causes any
harm to mother or baby when administered to a pregnant
woman.
The benefit of vaccination far outweighs any possible risk
from the vaccine itself.. The risk is actually in not getting
a flu shot
•
104. Children aged <6 months are not eligible to receive
currently licensed influenza vaccines and should be
protected against influenza through vaccination of their
mothers during pregnancy (via passive transfer of
antibodies across the placenta and through breast milk)..
105. The trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) is also safe for breast
feeding mothers and their babies (via breast milk)
Women who are breast feeding may receive either either
inactivated vaccine or live attenuated vaccine (nasal spray)
106.
107. Reasons for Rejecting Vaccination
Among Health-care Personnel
Reason Physician
%
Nurse
%
Technician
or Aide %
Admin.
Worker
%
Medical
Student %
Other
%
Vaccine
shortage
57 40 58 53 34 48
Concern about
side effects
17 34 36 25 23 28
Never get
influenza
14 25 27 18 23 22
Inconvenience* 26 9 4 7 34 13
Forgot 18 8 5 2 11 8
Christini AB, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:171-7
*Vaccine needs to be made available during all employment shifts.
108. Health-care workers are an important priority group for
influenza vaccination, not only to protect the individual
and maintain health-care services during influenza
epidemics, but also to reduce spread of influenza to
vulnerable patient groups.
Vaccination of HCWs should be considered part of a
broader infection control policy for health-care facilities.
109. In the absence of contraindications, refusal of HCWs who
have direct patient contact,to be immunized annually
against influenza , implies failure in their duty of care to
their patients.”
110.
111. Can people still get influenza if they have
had the influenza vaccine?
112. Since it takes about two weeks to build protective antibodies
after receiving the vaccine, it is possible for someone to
become infected in that time period or shortly before
getting vaccinated.
This can result in someone erroneously believing they
developed the disease from the vaccination
Public Health Agency of Canada October 30, 2009
113. Public Health Agency of Canada October 30, 2009
Respiratory pathogens that are not related to influenza
viruses can cause “flu-like” symptoms (e.g rhinovirus).
The influenza vaccine does not protect you against these
pathogens.
A person may be exposed to an influenza virus that is not
included in the seasonal flu vaccine.
114. Public Health Agency of Canada October 30, 2009
Unfortunately, some people can remain unprotected
from flu despite getting the vaccine.
This is more likely to occur among people that have
weakened immune systems. However, it can still
help to prevent influenza complications
115. Does seasonal influenza vaccine
cause influenza?
No! Neither the injectable (inactivated) vaccine nor the live
attenuated (nasal spray) vaccine can cause influenza..
Fewer than 1% of people who are vaccinated develop
influenza-like symptoms, such as mild fever and muscle
aches, after vaccination.. These side effects are not the
same as having the actual disease
118. Inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine is very safe and
usually well tolerated apart from occasional soreness,
redness or swelling at the injection site.
Some recipients may experience fever, muscle and joint
pains, and tiredness beginning 6 to 12 hours after
vaccination and lasting up to two days.
Experiencing these non-specific side effects does not
mean that you are getting influenza.
Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
Adverse Reactions
119. Life-threatening allergic reactions from TIV are very rare .
It is important to stay in the clinic for 15 minutes after
getting any vaccine because there is an extremely rare
possibility of a life‐threatening allergic reaction called
anaphylaxis, this may include hives, difficulty breathing,
or swelling of the throat, tongue or lips.
This reaction can be treated, and occurs in less than 1 in
a million people who get the vaccine.
Inactivated Influenza Vaccine
Adverse Reactions
121. In very rare instances (a risk of approximately 1 additional
case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS).. per 1 million
persons vaccinated with the seasonal influenza
vaccine
Studies suggest that the risk of developing GBS after
having influenza is higher than the potential risk of
developing GBS after vaccination
The benefit of the vaccine outweighs this theoretical risk
123. ● Influenza vaccine is not approved for use in children
younger than 6 months.
● Persons who had an anaphylactic reaction to a previous
dose of influenza vaccine OR to any vaccine components,
with the exception of egg ( due to changes in vaccine
manufacturing, the amount of egg protein in the majority
of influenza vaccines has been reduced)..
124. ● People with egg allergy, including egg-induced
anaphylaxis, can be vaccinated with influenza vaccines
that have less than 1 μg of residual egg ovalbumin per
dose.
● Persons who had Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) within
six weeks of of a previous influenza vaccine.
● Postpone vaccination in persons with serious acute
illness until their symptoms have resolved (there is no
need to delay vaccination because of minor illness, such
as a cold, with or without fever).
125. ● Flu Vaccines are very safe , effective and have been used
for more than 60 years, It is much safer to get the
vaccine than to get Influenza illness.
● Annual influenza vaccination is the most effective method
for preventing influenza virus infection and its
complications.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136. “Things should be described as
simply as possible – But not
simpler!”
--Albert Einstein