A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Flu Vaccination Dr Sharda Jain
Contents
What is Influenza
Influenza outbreaks and pandemics
Impact of Influenza
Influenza vaccine: Rationale
Influenza vaccine safety & effectiveness
When, whom & how to vaccinate?
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
I think this vaccine should be known for the people who are not familier for the health.
What is Vaccine.?
How many type of Influrenza flu.?
I will be happy for the knowledge....Neon Mg Mg
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Flu Vaccination Dr Sharda Jain
Contents
What is Influenza
Influenza outbreaks and pandemics
Impact of Influenza
Influenza vaccine: Rationale
Influenza vaccine safety & effectiveness
When, whom & how to vaccinate?
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
I think this vaccine should be known for the people who are not familier for the health.
What is Vaccine.?
How many type of Influrenza flu.?
I will be happy for the knowledge....Neon Mg Mg
There are many misconceptions about the flu shot that make the rounds each year. Internal Medicine Physician, Dr. Charles Schwartz, sets the record straight.
Vaccines work by boosting the defence system of your body.
They protect your body from infection without letting you suffer any symptoms related to that particular disease.
Human bodies are equipped with their own kind of immunity system to counteract the attack of different infectious viruses, bacteria and fungi.Know more by visiting www.plus100years.com
H1N1 is an influenza A virus which is the causative pathogen for swine flu. There have been seasonal outbreaks every year. The reason being, it is contagious, and mutations in the virus strain put everyone at risk every season. Awareness about this disease and its transmission, prevention, and management is critical to control the spread of the disease. We also need to clarify few myths associated with this disease
https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/swine-flu-everything-you-need-to-know
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
8. I’m a healthy person, I never get the flu, I don’t need the
flu shot , I think that natural immunity is better than
vaccine immunity , I want to fight it off on my own …
Is it better to get sick than get vaccinated ?
9. Just because you’ve been fortunate in the past doesn’t
mean you’ll be so this year.
Remember “Millions of people have never gotten into car
accidents. They still wear seat belts and carry insurance.”
25. Unfortunately, a flu-free history does not guarantee a flu-free
future. Flu strains evolve and change over time, which means
you are at risk every year you avoid getting vaccinated.
In addition, when you skip your shot you can still carry and pass
flu germs to others.?
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. What is the difference between trivalent and quadrivalent
flu vaccine? And Why was quadrivalent flu vaccine
developed?
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. Since 1985, 2 antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses
(Victoria and Yamagata) have been co-circulating globally.
Trivalent influenza vaccines contain only one B-strain; therefore,
mismatch can occur between the recommended lineage for TIV
and the circulating B-strain.
56. Vaccine mismatch for circulating B strain was noted in 5 of
the 10 previous influenza seasons (2001–2002 through
2010–2011).
QIV with 4 influenza virus strains potentially offers a wider
protection in case of vaccine strain mismatch.
57. Quadrivalent influenza vaccines offer broader protection than
trivalent influenza vaccines since they contain four strains of
the influenza virus, 2 influenza A strains and 2 B strains.
The trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines provide similar
protection against the three strains they share in common.
58. If I got a flu vaccination last year, do I need one
again this year?
59.
60. Why the Flu Vaccine Is Reformulated Every Year?
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. How do yearly epidemics occur?
• Answer: A process called antigenic DRIFT.
• Imperfect “manufacturing” of virus
Small changes in H and N
Partial immunity in population
• Incomplete protection; still get sick
• Need new flu vaccine every year
H3N2 H3N2
Immune
System: “Do I
know you? You
look vaguely
familiar!”
66.
67. As a virus replicates, its genes undergo random “copying errors” (i.e. genetic mutations).
Over time, these genetic copying errors can, among other changes to the virus, lead to
alterations in the virus’ surface proteins or antigens.
68. In influenza viruses, genetic mutations accumulate and cause its antigens to “drift”— meaning the surface of the mutated virus
looks different than the original virus.
When influenza virus drifts enough, vaccines against old strains of the virus and immunity from previous influenza virus
infections no longer work against the new, drifted strains. A person then becomes vulnerable to the newer, mutated flu viruses.
69.
70. Why does flu vaccine change every year?
Whether the strains change or not, it’s important to get a flu
vaccine every year since immunity decreases over time..
76. All 2022 -2023 seasonal influenza vaccines available
for use in Egypt are quadrivalent influenza vaccines.
77.
78. The following quadrivalent vaccines will be available on the private
market for 2022:
1) Influvac Tetra for children aged 6 months and older
2) Vaxigrip Tetra for children aged 6 months and older
For both Influenza vaccine doses for all ages is 0.5 mL
86. Peak influenza activity generally occurs in the Northern
Hemisphere in January or February.
Providers should continue vaccinating patients throughout the
influenza season, including into the spring months, as long as they
have unexpired vaccine in stock and unvaccinated patients in their
office.
87. Flu vaccination should ideally be offered during September or
October. However, vaccination should continue throughout the
season as long as influenza viruses are circulating.
Continue to vaccinate throughout the season until you run out of
vaccine, or it expires.
88. While protection is generally expected to last throughout the
year, the highest level of protection occurs in the first 3 to 4
months after vaccination.
Vaccination should continue to be offered as long as influenza
viruses are circulating and a valid vaccine (before expiration
date) is available.
89. If a person had a 2021 influenza vaccine in late 2021 or
early 2022, they are still recommended to receive a 2022
formulation of influenza vaccine when it becomes available.
97. The effectiveness of influenza vaccine depends primarily on:
1 . The age and health status of the person getting the vaccine .
2 . The similarity or "match" between the viruses in the vaccine and
those in circulation
Vaccine effectiveness is not 100%, and some people can still
get the flu after being vaccinated.
98.
99. How effective is flu vaccine?
While the vaccine won’t prevent every case of flu, it is the most
specific tool we have against the flu.
Even in years when efficacy is low, influenza vaccination prevents
severe disease and death..
100. How effective is flu vaccine?
Although, there is no guarantee that you won’t get it ,The flu
vaccination protects around five to six adults out of every
ten from flu viruses.
It also makes you more likely to have a milder version of the
flu in the event that you develop it.
101.
102. How long does immunity from influenza vaccine last?
For how long does protection last?
103.
104. Protection from influenza vaccine is thought to persist for at least
6 months.
Protection declines over time because of waning antibody levels
and because of changes in circulating influenza viruses from
year to year.
105. Because flu vaccines' effectiveness starts to wane after about six
months, it's not a good idea to get it too early, such as in July or
August.
You want to make sure you're protected through the winter months
and into spring.
116. I had influenza infection recently, do I still need to
get the influenza vaccine?
117. “Yes even if you have had influenza infection recently, you
should get the influenza vaccine as it can lower your risk
of becoming ill from other strains of the influenza virus.
118. Because more than one type or subtype of influenza virus can
circulate in any given influenza season, providers should offer
influenza vaccination to unvaccinated people throughout the
influenza season, including people who may have had an
influenza illness already in the season...
122. Should people being evaluated for TB also be tested
for COVID19 and vice-versa?
123.
124.
125. Some of my patients refuse influenza vaccination because
they insist they "got the flu" after receiving the injectable
vaccine in the past…What can I tell them?
126. Less than 1% of people who are vaccinated with the flu shot
develop flu-like symptoms, such as mild fever and muscle aches,
after vaccination. .
These side effects are not the same as having influenza, but people
confuse the symptoms.
127. Since it takes about two weeks to build protective antibodies
after receiving the flu shot, it is possible for someone to become
infected in that time period or shortly before getting vaccinated.
You may be exposed to a to a flu virus strain not included in the
vaccine and develop illness.
128. Respiratory pathogens that are not related to influenza viruses
can cause “flu-like” symptoms (such as rhinovirus).
The influenza vaccine does not protect you against these pathogens.
129. Unfortunately, some people can remain unprotected from flu
despite getting the vaccine, this is more likely to occur among
people that have weakened immune systems,
However, even among people with weakened immune systems,
the flu vaccine can still help prevent influenza complications.
130. For flu shots. Protection is never 100%, , especially in older
persons and some people can still get the flu after being
vaccinated...
131.
132. What is the preferred anatomic site for administration
of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) influenza vaccine?
133.
134.
135.
136. The preferred sites for intramuscular injection are the anterolateral
aspect of the thigh (or the deltoid muscle if muscle mass is adequate)
in children 6 months through 35 months of age, or the deltoid muscle
in children from 36 months of age and adults....
141. Place three fingers from the top of the shoulder. Have the patient
lift their arm (you should be able to see and feel the deltoid muscle
contract).
Once you have located the middle of the muscle, have the patient
relax their arm and give the injection at a 90-degree angle at that
point.
147. 147
Vaccine Storage
Store vaccine between 2º and 8º C in a refrigerator at all times.
Vaccine should be placed on the middle shelves of the refrigerator.
Influenza vaccine should never be exposed to freezing temperature!.
Store the product in the original package in order to protect from light.
The vaccine effectiveness can be decreased by exposure to light
148. 148
Note: Influenza Vaccine must not be frozen.
It should never come into direct contact with ice.
Transporting Vaccine
Use insulated containers with a temperature monitoring
device and appropriate cooling agents
Keep vaccine in insulated bags – do not carry it in your pocket!
149.
150.
151.
152. Which children will need 2 doses of influenza vaccine
in this influenza season?
158. No… The dose of influenza vaccines for all ages is 0.5mL. It is
safe for children to receive the full dose (0.5ml) of an age
appropriate influenza vaccine.
The 0.25mL dose that was previously recommended for young
children is no longer available/recommended.
159. For children, 2 vaccines are available from 6 months and over,
Influvac Tetra and Vaxigrip Tetra.
The dose of influenza vaccines for all ages is 0.5 mL.
160. Influvac Tetra® is a quadrivalent influenza vaccine that was
previously registered for use in children and adults from 3 years
of age.
The age indication for this vaccine has now been extended to
include children from 6 months of age.
163. Children that require two doses should get the first dose when
the vaccine becomes available to allow the second dose (which
must be administered ≥4 weeks later) to be received ideally by
the end of October..
164. For children aged 8 years who require 2 doses, both doses should
be administered even if the child turns age 9 years between dose
1 and dose 2.
Children aged ≥9 years need only one dose.
165.
166. Can a child age 6–35 months who needs 2 doses of
influenza vaccine this season receive a combination
of 2 different Quadrivalent vaccines?
167. Yes. The two doses do not have to be the same brand. It is
important to make sure they are receiving the correct dosage
for their age....
168. Can a child who needs 2 doses of flu vaccine this season
receive a combination of 2 different products for their
shots?
169. Yes. The two doses do not have to be the same brand. It is
important to make sure they are receiving the correct dosage
for their age....
170. If a child age 8 years or younger has had one dose
of trivalent and one dose of quadrivalent influenza
vaccine in the past, do they need one or two doses
for the upcoming season?
171. They need just one dose of any appropriate influenza
vaccine annually....
172. A 1-year-old was inadvertently given a 0.25 mL dose
of vaxigrip tetra rather than the recommended 0.5 mL
dose. What should we do?
173. If the error is discovered on the same clinic day you can
administer the other "half" of the vaxigrip Quadrivalent dose.
If the error is discovered the next day or later, the dose should
not be counted......
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184. It is safe for pregnant women to get a quadrivalent flu
vaccine? At what stage of pregnancy should women
receive the flu shot ?
196. Pregnant women may receive any inactivated or recombinant
influenza vaccine.
They should not be given Flumist Quadrivalent because it is
a live-attenuated virus vaccine..
197. ACIP does not state a preference for one influenza vaccine
over another for people for whom more than one vaccine
is recommended..
198. Can a pregnant woman receive two influenza
vaccines in the same pregnancy?
199. Women who received the previous year's seasonal influenza
vaccine early in their pregnancy can receive the current
seasonal influenza vaccine (when it becomes available) later
in the same pregnancy.
200. Should a woman who was pregnant at the end of the 2021-22
campaign, who received influenza vaccine then, and who has
not yet delivered her baby receive 2022-2023 influenza vaccine ?
201. Pregnant women who received an influenza vaccine at the
end of the 2021-22 campaign, should receive a 2022-2023
influenza vaccine if it becomes available before the end of
pregnancy..
202. If a patient was vaccinated earlier in the influenza season
and later becomes pregnant during the same season,
should she be revaccinated due to her pregnancy?
203. No. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
does not routinely recommend more than one dose of influenza
vaccine per season, except for certain children being vaccinated
for the first time..
204. I had the influenza vaccine while I was pregnant,
does my baby still need the vaccine?
205. All pregnant women are recommended to have the influenza
vaccine during their pregnancy.
Some of the antibodies that your body makes in response to
the vaccine pass to your baby during your pregnancy, and this
helps protect your baby from influenza in the crucial first few
months of life before they can receive the vaccine themselves..
206. Unfortunately, this protection does not last beyond six months
of age. This is why the influenza vaccine is recommended and
for all children from six months of age...
207.
208.
209. Can a woman who is breastfeeding receive a quadrivalent
flu vaccine ?
211. Pregnant women should get a flu shot; NOT the live attenuated
vaccine (LAIV or nasal spray).
Postpartum women, even if they are breastfeeding, can receive
either type of vaccine.
212. Why do we vaccinate pregnant women against influenza
when it is not recommended to vaccinate infants younger
than age 6 months?
213. Influenza vaccine is not recommended for children younger than
age 6 months because it is not approved for this age group.
However, vaccinating during pregnancy provides maternal antibodies
to the fetus; this helps protect the young infant against influenza
during the first 6 months of life.
214.
215. What if I am breastfeeding, does that mean my baby
doesn’t need the vaccine from six months?
216. No.. Breastfeeding doesn’t provide enough antibodies to your
baby’s system to protect them against influenza after 6 months
of age.
so it’s important to protect them with influenza vaccine from
6 months of age..
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been reduced
circulation of influenza virus and lower levels of influenza
vaccine coverage compared with previous years.
With borders reopening, a resurgence of influenza is expected
in 2022...
232.
233. Co-infection with ILI and COVID-19 increases risk for severe
disease
COVID-19 and influenza co-infections have resulted in higher
mortality rates compared to those who only tested positive for
COVID...
234.
235.
236.
237.
238. Can the influenza vaccine be given to children aged from
6 months to less than 5 years of age at the same time as
other immunisation program vaccines?
239. Yes..inactivated influenza vaccine does not interfere with the
effectiveness of other vaccines.
It can be given at the same time or at any time before or after
administration of other inactivated vaccines (e.g. Hepatitis B
vaccine) or live attenuated vaccines (e.g. Measles, mumps
and rubella vaccine)....
240. For concomitant parenteral injections, different injection sites and
separate needles and syringes should be used...
241. Giving pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and inactivated
influenza vaccine simultaneously to young children may
increase the risk of febrile seizures…
Can we continue to give these two vaccines at the same
time?
242. All influenza vaccines can be administered at the same time as
other childhood recommended vaccines.
There is a small increased risk of fever following administration
of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines at the same time.
Separating the doses by 3 days can be considered to reduce
this risk...
243. Some, but not all, studies have reported increased rates of febrile
seizures among children, especially those age 12 through 23
months, who received simultaneous vaccination with IIV and
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Pfizer) , when
compared with children who received these vaccines separately.
244. The risk of febrile seizure with any combination of these vaccines
is small and ACIP recommends giving these vaccines at the same
visit if indicated and does not recommend administering them at
separate visits ....
245. Can someone who has received the influenza vaccine
early in the season receive an additional (booster) dose
later in the year?
246. Booster doses of flu vaccine during the influenza season do not
provide benefit and are not recommended..
Revaccination in the same year is not routinely recommended,
however some people may benefit due to personal circumstances .
247. Should our practice consider revaccinating our high risk
and older patients a second time during the year due to
concerns with waning immunity?
248. Would giving an older patient 2 doses of standard-dose
influenza vaccine be the same as administering the high
-dose product?
249. No, and this is not recommended, For people who have
already been fully vaccinated, revaccination later in the
season is not recommended...
250. No. The high dose flu vaccine has been specially formulated to
create a greater immune response amongst the elderly, who are
known to have a weaker response to immunisation.
However, if it is not available people aged 65 years and over can
safely receive other standard quadrivalent influenza vaccines...
251.
252.
253.
254.
255. Is it OK to get the flu vaccine more than once in
the same flu season?
256. Who needs to get more than one dose of
influenza vaccine within a year?
257. 1. Children under 9 years old who have not ever been vaccinated
against the flu.
2. People who are having flu vaccination for the first time after a
stem cell transplant or organ transplant.
3. Overseas travellers who are going to the southern hemisphere
winter.
258. 4. Women who received the previous year’s seasonal influenza
vaccine early in their pregnancy can receive the current seasonal
influenza vaccine (when it becomes available) later in the same
pregnancy.
259. How soon after bone marrow transplant do we
start to vaccinate our patients against influenza?
260. Inactivated influenza vaccine or recombinant influenza vaccine
should be administered beginning at least 6 months after bone
marrow transplant and annually thereafter for the life of the
patient. ...
261. A dose of an inactivated influenza vaccine can be given as early
as 4 months after transplant, but a second dose should be
considered in this situation. ...
262. If a patient is undergoing treatment for cancer, is it
safe to vaccinate her or him against influenza?
263.
264. People with cancer need to be protected from influenza, and
and they can and should receive inactivated or recombinant
influenza vaccine (but not live nasal spray vaccine) even if
they are immunosuppressed....
265. How long after COVID-19 infection can I have the
influenza vaccine?
266. CDC recommends deferring vaccination for people with suspected
or confirmed COVID-19 until they have met criteria for no longer
needing quarantine or isolation to avoid exposing healthcare
personnel and others. ....
267. “You need to make a full recovery from a COVID infection before
you have the flu shot; as soon as symptoms have gone and you
feel back to normal, you would present for the flu vaccination,”
For many people, this will be 10 days to two weeks after becoming
infected with COVID..
268.
269. Is the Flu Vaccine Safe for People With Egg
Allergy?
271. Yes. If you have a current or past egg allergy, you can
get the flu vaccine, even if you have had severe allergic
reactions (anaphylaxis) to egg. The same is true for
children..
272. Flu Vaccine Safe for People With Egg Allergy .....This is true
no matter how severe your egg allergy was in the past.
This includes people who have had anaphylaxis (a severe allergic
reaction) to egg.
273. Does the Flu Vaccine Contain Egg?
Most versions of the flu shot can contain a tiny amount of egg
protein.
But studies show that the amount is so small it is unlikely that
you will have a severe allergic reactions to the vaccines if you
have an egg allergy....
277. The following organizations recommend getting the flu shot
shot every year, even if you have an egg allergy:
1. Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA)
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
3. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
4. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI)
5. American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI)
292. Can the influenza vaccine be given to someone who
has had Guillain–Barré syndrome?
293.
294.
295. It’s unlikely you'll redevelop Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms
after a flu shot, but it's possible.
Many people with a history of GBS and some doctors believe that
if they have had GBS, they cannot ever get the influenza vaccine.
However, this assumption is not correct. Here is the story
296. History of GBS within six weeks of getting an influenza vaccine
— These individuals have what is called a “precaution” for
influenza vaccine.
A precaution means that the individual and their doctor should
consider the potential risks and benefits before getting any
future doses of influenza vaccine.
297. A history of GBS unrelated to influenza vaccine — These
individuals can get influenza vaccine, They have neither
contraindication or precaution to influenza vaccination.
GBS within 6 weeks following a previous dose of influenza
vaccine is considered a precaution for use of influenza vaccines.
298. As a precaution, medical guidelines recommend that some patients
who have had GBS avoid flu shots.
If you have previously developed GBS within 6 weeks after receiving
a flu shot or if you are young, healthy, and not at risk for severe
complications from the flu, you should not have the flu vaccine.
299. If a patient developed GBS within 6 weeks after having an
influenza vaccination, the small risk of recurrence of GBS
following revaccination may outweigh the benefit of vaccination.
Repeat vaccination could be considered in special circumstances,
such as presence of risk factors for severe influenza illness,
300. When I was 5 years old, I had Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
unrelated to vaccination. I am now 35 with no residual effects
of the GBS.
I am a nurse and my facility requires employees to receive
influenza vaccine. Is it safe for me to be vaccinated?
301.
302. If my patient previously had a reaction to flu vaccine,
can I split a single dose and administer it over 2
different days?
303. No. It is not an acceptable practice to split a single dose over
different days.
Patients should never receive a “half-dose” for what they are
recommended...
304. Doses of influenza vaccine (or any other vaccine) should never
be split into "half doses ...
" If a "half dose" is administered, it should not be accepted as a
valid dose and should be repeated as soon as possible with a
full age-appropriate dose.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309. 1. Children younger than 6 months of age are too young to get a flu
shot.
2. People with severe, life-threatening allergies to any ingredient in a
flu vaccine (other than egg proteins) should not get that vaccine.
3. People who have had a severe allergic reaction to a dose of
influenza vaccine should not get that flu vaccine again and might
not be able to receive other influenza vaccines..