This document discusses the factors that led to the industrialization of America in the late 19th century and its impacts. Key factors included natural resources, immigration, government policies encouraging business, and an entrepreneurial culture. Industrialization resulted in urbanization, new inventions, economic growth, and the rise of large corporations dominating industries. However, it also led to issues like poverty, poor working conditions, and inequality that sparked labor movements fighting for workers' rights.

1. The Triumph ofThe Triumph of
IndustryIndustry
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
What factors led to theWhat factors led to the
Industrialization of America, and whatIndustrialization of America, and what
impact did Industrialization have onimpact did Industrialization have on
society?society?

2. TERMS AND PEOPLETERMS AND PEOPLE
 Thomas EdisonThomas Edison
 Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
 John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
 Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism
 Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth
 MonopolyMonopoly
 Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
 AFLAFL

3. Causes of IndustrializationCauses of Industrialization
 Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
 New Immigrants from Europe and AsiaNew Immigrants from Europe and Asia
 Government policies that encouraged businessGovernment policies that encouraged business
 A culture that favored entrepreneursA culture that favored entrepreneurs

4. Effects of IndustrializationEffects of Industrialization
 Growth of citiesGrowth of cities
 New inventionsNew inventions
 Rise in the standard of livingRise in the standard of living
 More railroads and industryMore railroads and industry
 Large corporations dominatedLarge corporations dominated

5. Technological Advances of theTechnological Advances of the
1890s1890s
 ZipperZipper
 Steel Framed SkyscraperSteel Framed Skyscraper
 Vacuum Cleaner/DishwasherVacuum Cleaner/Dishwasher
 SubmarineSubmarine
 RadioRadio
 Rubber Tires/Diesel Engine/Gas powered carRubber Tires/Diesel Engine/Gas powered car
 Aspirin/X-RayAspirin/X-Ray
 Pencil SharpenerPencil Sharpener
 Motion Picture Camera/Hershey BarMotion Picture Camera/Hershey Bar

6. The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business
 Capitalism expanded in the late 1800s. (80-90s)Capitalism expanded in the late 1800s. (80-90s)
 Laissez-Faire government approachLaissez-Faire government approach
 Social Darwinism used to explain inequalitiesSocial Darwinism used to explain inequalities
under this capitalismunder this capitalism
 Corporations formed trusts or monopoliesCorporations formed trusts or monopolies
 Mass marketing helped retailers maximizeMass marketing helped retailers maximize
profitsprofits
 Department stores/mail order revolutionizedDepartment stores/mail order revolutionized
shopping for consumers.shopping for consumers.

7. FAMOUS STRIKES/UNIONSFAMOUS STRIKES/UNIONS
 Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike
 Great Railroad StrikeGreat Railroad Strike
 Haymarket Square RiotHaymarket Square Riot
 AFL (American Federation of Labor) 1886AFL (American Federation of Labor) 1886
founded by Samuel Gompers.founded by Samuel Gompers.

9. Transformation and TransitionTransformation and Transition
 New cultural formsNew cultural forms
 Music (ragtime)Music (ragtime)
 New dancesNew dances
 Different literatureDifferent literature
 Mass magazines, advertisingMass magazines, advertising
 Film (Nickelodeons)Film (Nickelodeons)
 Mass amusementsMass amusements

10. MusicMusic
 Enrico CarusoEnrico Caruso
 RagtimeRagtime
 Keep the Home Fires BurningKeep the Home Fires Burning
 I Didn’t Raise My Son to be a SoldierI Didn’t Raise My Son to be a Soldier

11. LiteratureLiterature
 Carl SandburgCarl Sandburg Chicago PoemsChicago Poems
 Robert FrostRobert Frost Mountain IntervalMountain Interval
 EinsteinEinstein RelativityRelativity
 Frank BaumFrank Baum 1010thth
Oz bookOz book
 Edgar Rice BurroughsEdgar Rice Burroughs The Beasts of TarzanThe Beasts of Tarzan
 Ring LardnerRing Lardner You Know MeYou Know Me

12. LiteratureLiterature
 Henri BarbusseHenri Barbusse Under Fire: The Story of a SquadUnder Fire: The Story of a Squad
 Adrienne BertrandAdrienne Bertrand L'Appel du solL'Appel du sol

13. MoviesMovies
 Growing in importance and cultural appealGrowing in importance and cultural appeal
 Some tackling difficult issues (i.e.,Some tackling difficult issues (i.e., Intolerance)Intolerance)
 Movie technology improvingMovie technology improving

14. Challenges Facing NationChallenges Facing Nation
 High infant mortality rateHigh infant mortality rate
 PovertyPoverty
 SlumsSlums
 Unassimilated immigrantsUnassimilated immigrants
 Class animosityClass animosity
 Labor issuesLabor issues
 Urban-rural issues, including food systemUrban-rural issues, including food system

15. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Lack of preparedness for warLack of preparedness for war
 Controversy:Controversy:
 Some groups (Women’s Peace Party, some ProgressiveSome groups (Women’s Peace Party, some Progressive
interests) didn’t want to prepareinterests) didn’t want to prepare
 National Security League wanted to prepare (banking,National Security League wanted to prepare (banking,
commercial interests, big capitalists – conservativecommercial interests, big capitalists – conservative
interests)interests)

16. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Some preparedness proponents like NSL didn’tSome preparedness proponents like NSL didn’t
lobby for war, but did push for measure tolobby for war, but did push for measure to
militarize American societymilitarize American society
 Bigger Army/NavyBigger Army/Navy
 System for universal military trainingSystem for universal military training
 Promoting patriotic education and nationalPromoting patriotic education and national
sentimentsentiment

17. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Some saw work of NSL preparedness campaignSome saw work of NSL preparedness campaign
as veiled attack on Progressive reform effortsas veiled attack on Progressive reform efforts
 Wilson began to shift to concept of “reasonableWilson began to shift to concept of “reasonable
preparedness” in 1915preparedness” in 1915
 Wilson did submit proposals in 1915 to Congress toWilson did submit proposals in 1915 to Congress to
expand military…said there was “no imminentexpand military…said there was “no imminent
threat” but America must be ready to survive in athreat” but America must be ready to survive in a
world being transformed by warworld being transformed by war

18. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Reaction quick: Leading Progressives form American UnionReaction quick: Leading Progressives form American Union
Against MilitarismAgainst Militarism
 Some viewed preparedness movement as “dangerous expressionSome viewed preparedness movement as “dangerous expression
of class and national aggression”of class and national aggression”
 Lost traction by early 1917 – some saw war as idealistic crusadeLost traction by early 1917 – some saw war as idealistic crusade
and opportunity to pursue reform policies (home and abroad)and opportunity to pursue reform policies (home and abroad)
 Some thought it would forge a stronger sense of nation,Some thought it would forge a stronger sense of nation,
American community, elevate political and social life, unifyAmerican community, elevate political and social life, unify
(Lippmann,(Lippmann, New Republic…New Republic…Federation of the World)Federation of the World)
 Others abandoned effort – lesser of two evilsOthers abandoned effort – lesser of two evils
 Those who stayed veered to more radical organizationsThose who stayed veered to more radical organizations

19. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 War did “wither” the reform spirit – one of anti-War did “wither” the reform spirit – one of anti-
preparedness movement concernspreparedness movement concerns
 Neutrality not easy for U.S. politicallyNeutrality not easy for U.S. politically
 Neutrality great for business (war in EuropeNeutrality great for business (war in Europe
lifted U.S. out of recession in 1913-14, corporatelifted U.S. out of recession in 1913-14, corporate
profits unprecedented, Golden Age of ag)profits unprecedented, Golden Age of ag)

20. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Lack of military preparednessLack of military preparedness
 U.S. Military Power April 1916U.S. Military Power April 1916
 127,588 Enlisted (133,000)127,588 Enlisted (133,000)
 6,000 officers in Army, 14,000 in National6,000 officers in Army, 14,000 in National
Guard….200,000 neededGuard….200,000 needed
 80,446 National Guard80,446 National Guard
 By 11/1918, 4.5 million + deployedBy 11/1918, 4.5 million + deployed
 23.9 million registered; 2.8 million drafted (ages 21-30)23.9 million registered; 2.8 million drafted (ages 21-30)

21. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 War Department looking for standard gun to adoptWar Department looking for standard gun to adopt
as early as 1916…May 1918 before significantas early as 1916…May 1918 before significant
shipments began to arrive at the frontshipments began to arrive at the front
 1916 – National Defense Act passed authorizing1916 – National Defense Act passed authorizing
expansion of Army to 175,000-286,000 in event ofexpansion of Army to 175,000-286,000 in event of
warwar

22. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Lack of manufacturing readinessLack of manufacturing readiness
 Munitions production slightly geared up (supplyingMunitions production slightly geared up (supplying
mostly Allies with gunpowder/high explosives sincemostly Allies with gunpowder/high explosives since
1914)1914)
 All powder being exported – how to supplyAll powder being exported – how to supply
American troopsAmerican troops

23. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 Wilson creates a War Industries Board summer 1917Wilson creates a War Industries Board summer 1917
($1/year men – example of public-private($1/year men – example of public-private
partnerships – institutional development outside ofpartnerships – institutional development outside of
formal institutions)formal institutions)
 War Dept. draws up agreements with DuPont, et al,War Dept. draws up agreements with DuPont, et al,
to build new plantsto build new plants
 By Armistice (1918), U.S. explosives manufacturingBy Armistice (1918), U.S. explosives manufacturing
capacity barely 1/3 of what had been projectedcapacity barely 1/3 of what had been projected

24. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 DemographicsDemographics
 From 1870-1920, nearly 25 million immigrants came to theFrom 1870-1920, nearly 25 million immigrants came to the
U.S.U.S.
 From 1900 to 1920, southeastern Europe provided 3,522,000From 1900 to 1920, southeastern Europe provided 3,522,000
immigrants. Italy: 3,156,000 immigrants, while Russia andimmigrants. Italy: 3,156,000 immigrants, while Russia and
Poland supplied 2,519, 000 people. Japan: 213,000. MexicoPoland supplied 2,519, 000 people. Japan: 213,000. Mexico
(270,000) than from France (136,000), the Netherlands(270,000) than from France (136,000), the Netherlands
(167,000) and Switzerland (158,000). Canada (921,000)(167,000) and Switzerland (158,000). Canada (921,000)
supplied more immigrants than England (867,000).supplied more immigrants than England (867,000).
 From 1908 to 1914, officials recorded about 6,800,000From 1908 to 1914, officials recorded about 6,800,000
arrivals.arrivals.

25. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 In 1910 foreign-born men and women comprisedIn 1910 foreign-born men and women comprised
about 53% of the national industrial labor force.about 53% of the national industrial labor force.
 In 1910 75% of the populations of New York,In 1910 75% of the populations of New York,
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Boston were madeChicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Boston were made
up of immigrants and their children.up of immigrants and their children.
 In 1916 in San Francisco, 75% of the populationIn 1916 in San Francisco, 75% of the population
regarded a foreign language as a primary tongue.regarded a foreign language as a primary tongue.

26. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 LaborLabor
 Rural labor shortagesRural labor shortages
 Men deploying – 4 millionMen deploying – 4 million
 1918 – Wilson forms National War Labor Board1918 – Wilson forms National War Labor Board
 War Labor Board allocates labor among variousWar Labor Board allocates labor among various
industries, strikes to be avoidedindustries, strikes to be avoided

27. Challenges Facing the NationChallenges Facing the Nation
 AgricultureAgriculture
 Much being exportedMuch being exported
 Not locally sustainable systemsNot locally sustainable systems
 Railroad limitationsRailroad limitations
 LaborLabor
 OverproductionOverproduction
 Large acreage marginally farmedLarge acreage marginally farmed
 Tension over pricesTension over prices

28. PopulationPopulation
 About 100 millionAbout 100 million
 2.5 million immigrants from Germany2.5 million immigrants from Germany
 Close to 15% of overall population immigrantsClose to 15% of overall population immigrants
 Lack of unified national purpose, social cohesionLack of unified national purpose, social cohesion
 FearFear

29. American Census 1910American Census 1910

30. Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
 Elected 1912, 28Elected 1912, 28thth
presidentpresident
 Intellectual and idealistIntellectual and idealist
 History professor and political scientistHistory professor and political scientist
 President of PrincetonPresident of Princeton
 Thoroughly incorruptible, reform-mindedThoroughly incorruptible, reform-minded
Governor of New JerseyGovernor of New Jersey

31. Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
 Elected on platform of Progressive reform…Elected on platform of Progressive reform…
and deliveredand delivered
 Introduced income tax, lowered protectionistIntroduced income tax, lowered protectionist
tariffs, enacted Fed Reserve Act, reformedtariffs, enacted Fed Reserve Act, reformed
currency and banking law, strengthened anti-currency and banking law, strengthened anti-
trust legislationtrust legislation
 Regulated working conditions for sailorsRegulated working conditions for sailors
 Created Fed Farm Loan ActCreated Fed Farm Loan Act
 Labor reformLabor reform

32. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 Committed U.S. to policy of absolute neutralityCommitted U.S. to policy of absolute neutrality
 U.S. participated indirectly in war (trade)U.S. participated indirectly in war (trade)
 Germany’s unprovoked declarations of war onGermany’s unprovoked declarations of war on
France and Russia impossible to justifyFrance and Russia impossible to justify
 Germany’s violation of Belgian neutrality hard toGermany’s violation of Belgian neutrality hard to
swallow (and propaganda inflamed publicswallow (and propaganda inflamed public
opinion against Germany)opinion against Germany)

33. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 Germans now portrayed as “Huns”Germans now portrayed as “Huns”

37. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 Trade begins to really focus on Allies (moralTrade begins to really focus on Allies (moral
revulsion, cultural affinity, good businessrevulsion, cultural affinity, good business
sense…high demand, gold, favorable shipping,sense…high demand, gold, favorable shipping,
geography)geography)
 Germany continues to outrage U.S.Germany continues to outrage U.S.
 Bombs civilian LondonBombs civilian London
 Poison gas at YpresPoison gas at Ypres
 Unrestricted submarine warfare against commercialUnrestricted submarine warfare against commercial
shipping!!!shipping!!!

38. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 Rights as neutral nation was freedom of the seasRights as neutral nation was freedom of the seas
– War of 1812– War of 1812
 American firms had done $2B in business withAmerican firms had done $2B in business with
Allies; U.S. banks made 2.5B in loans…fate ofAllies; U.S. banks made 2.5B in loans…fate of
American economy tied to Allied victory!American economy tied to Allied victory!
 LusitaniaLusitania sinking May 1915 – Wilson protestssinking May 1915 – Wilson protests
 ArabicArabic sunk in Augustsunk in August

39. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 Kaiser orders some restrictions on subKaiser orders some restrictions on sub
operations to avoid pulling U.S. into conflictoperations to avoid pulling U.S. into conflict
 London sends Edward House to Europe toLondon sends Edward House to Europe to
pursue idea of U.S. mediation to end warpursue idea of U.S. mediation to end war
 Wilson offers to mediate again – GermansWilson offers to mediate again – Germans
suspect collusion between U.S. and Allies –suspect collusion between U.S. and Allies –
peace overtures collapsepeace overtures collapse

40. Wilson’s Neutrality PolicyWilson’s Neutrality Policy
 ““Peace Without Victory”Peace Without Victory”
 Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfareGermany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
2/1/19172/1/1917
 Wilson severs diplomatic relations withWilson severs diplomatic relations with
Germany 2/3 after U.S. warshipGermany 2/3 after U.S. warship HousatonicHousatonic isis
torpedoed and sunktorpedoed and sunk

41. Moving Toward WarMoving Toward War
 2/26/1917 – Wilson asks Congress for authority2/26/1917 – Wilson asks Congress for authority
to arm U.S. merchant vessels (“armedto arm U.S. merchant vessels (“armed
neutrality”)neutrality”)
 1917 – Zimmerman Telegram1917 – Zimmerman Telegram
 German gamble that time to mobilize AmericanGerman gamble that time to mobilize American
troops would enable them to win wartroops would enable them to win war
 Germany underestimated American will andGermany underestimated American will and
industrial/economic capacityindustrial/economic capacity

42. Moving Toward WarMoving Toward War
 German Foreign Minister Alfred ZimmermanGerman Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman
 Pull America into war with Mexico and Japan,Pull America into war with Mexico and Japan,
diversiondiversion
 Capitalize on breach between U.S./MexicoCapitalize on breach between U.S./Mexico
 Telegram falls into hands of British, give it toTelegram falls into hands of British, give it to
Wilson, who publishes itWilson, who publishes it

43. Safe for DemocracySafe for Democracy
 German refusal to respect U.S. neutrality and theGerman refusal to respect U.S. neutrality and the
Zimmerman telegram make it impossible forZimmerman telegram make it impossible for
Wilson to avoid war.Wilson to avoid war.
 Other reasons, as well.Other reasons, as well.
 Business interestsBusiness interests
 Feeling/affinity for France/EnglandFeeling/affinity for France/England
 Popular opinionPopular opinion

44. Safe for DemocracySafe for Democracy
 4/2/1917 – visits Congress to ask for4/2/1917 – visits Congress to ask for
Declaration of WarDeclaration of War
 Approved 4/6/1917Approved 4/6/1917
 Idealistic speech – “partnership of democraticIdealistic speech – “partnership of democratic
nations” against a “natural foe to liberty”…”anations” against a “natural foe to liberty”…”a
fight for…the ultimate peace of the world.”fight for…the ultimate peace of the world.”
 ““The world must be made safe for democracy.”The world must be made safe for democracy.”

45. Safe for DemocracySafe for Democracy
 ““We desire no conquest, no dominion.”We desire no conquest, no dominion.”
 Held true to that ideal.Held true to that ideal.
 ““Think what they are applauding. My messageThink what they are applauding. My message
today was a message of death to our youngtoday was a message of death to our young
men.”men.”