The document discusses the major industrial developments in the United States from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes how technological innovations like the Bessemer steel process, use of electricity, and inventions like the light bulb and telephone drove industrial growth. It also discusses the rise of large corporations, growth of cities, labor issues, immigration, and political corruption during this period of rapid industrialization and urbanization in American history.

1. THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY
 At the end of the 19th century, natural
resources, creative ideas, and growing
markets fuel an industrial boom.

2. THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS
 The growth and consolidation of railroads
benefits the nation but also leads to
corruption and required government
regulation.

3. Driving the Golden Spike joining the Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory
Point, Utah

4. RAILROADS SPAN TIME AND SPACE
 Railroads Encourage Growth
New Towns and Markets
 First transcontinental railroad completed,
spans the nation
 Railroad Time: dividing earth’s surface into
24 time zones - U.S. railroads, towns adopt
time zones

6. NATURAL RESOURCES FUEL INDUSTRIALIZATION
 By 1920s, U.S. is world’s leading industrial
power, due to:
wealth of natural resources
government support for business
growing urban population

7. BLACK GOLD
 Native Americans
make fuel, medicine
from oil
 Edwin L. Drake
successfully uses
steam engine to drill
for oil
 Petroleum-refining
industry first makes
kerosene, then
gasoline

8. BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS
 Abundant deposits of coal, iron spur industry
 Bessemer process puts air into iron to
remove carbon to make steel
 Cheap, efficient way to mass produce steel.

9. NEW USES FOR STEEL
 Used in railroads,
barbed wire, farm
machines
 Changes construction:
Brooklyn Bridge; steel-
framed skyscrapers
Flat Iron Building – an early NYC
skyscraper built with steel framework

10. THE POWER OF ELECTRICITY
 Thomas Alva Edison
 Incandescent light bulb
 Creates system for electrical production,
distribution
 Electricity changes business; runs numerous
machines
 Becomes available in homes; encourages
invention of appliances
 Allows manufacturers to locate plants anyplace;
industry grows

11. Edison’s Latent Electric Lamp

12. INVENTIONS CHANGE LIFESTYLES
 Christopher Sholes invents
typewriter
 Alexander Graham Bell -
telephone
 Office work changes;
women are 40% of clerical
workers
 Westinghouse – power
generation and appliances

13. CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY (ROBBER BARONS)
 John Rockefeller –
Standard Oil
 Andrew Carnegie –
Carnegie Steel (U.S. Steel)
 J.P. Morgan – Banking and
Finance
 “Commodore” Cornelius
Vanderbilt – shipping and
railroads.

14. American Industrialist leaders including Carnegie (center), JP Morgan (left of
Carnegie) and Henry C Frick (right of Carnegie)

15. Caption reads: History repeats itself – Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber
Barons of Today

16. GROWTH AND CONSOLIDATION
 Businesses try to control industry with
mergers - buy out competitors
 Form monopolies - control production,
wages, prices – get rid of competition, prices
go up
 Holding companies buy all the stock of other
companies
 Trusts exchange companies’ stock for trust
certificates.
trustees run separate companies as if one

17. CARNEGIE’S INNOVATIONS
 New Business Strategies:
Carnegie searches for ways to make better
products more cheaply
 Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers
to control materials, price and quality
 Drives out the competition and controls
almost entire steel industry

18. ROCKEFELLER’S INNOVATIONS
 Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Trust
 Used the strategy of Horizontal Consolidation
Merge, buy out or drive out the competition
 Standard Oil once controlled 90% of oil in
U.S.

19. Artist’s view of the Standard Oil Trust

20. SOCIAL DARWINISM AND BUSINESS
 Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the
best-adapted survive
 Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based
on Darwin’s theory; only the strongest
businesses survive
 Economists use Social Darwinism to justify
doctrine of laissez faire

21. A NEW DEFINITION OF SUCCESS
 Idea of survival, success of the most capable
appeals to wealthy
 Notion of individual responsibility in line with
Protestant ethic
 See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must
be lazy, inferior
 Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth – it is the duty
of those with money to help the less
fortunate.

22. Carnegie’s Gospel of
Wealth – it is the duty
of those with money to
help the less fortunate

23. SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
 Government thinks
expanding corporations stifle
free competition
 Sherman Antitrust Act: trust
is illegal if it interferes with
free trade
 Prosecuting companies
difficult; government stops
enforcing act

24. Trusts – the Main
Issue

25. BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR
 The expansion of industry results in the
growth of big business and prompts laborers
to form unions to better their lives.
Better pay, better hours, better conditions.

26. LABOR UNIONS EMERGE
 Long Hours, Danger, Exploitation, unsafe
conditions
 Most workers have 12 hr days, 6 day
workweeks
 perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks
 no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation
 To survive, families need all members to work,
including children
 Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only
jobs for women, children
 require few skills; pay lowest wages

27. Child laborer in textile factory

28. EARLY LABOR ORGANIZING
 National Labor Union—first large-scale
national organization
 Local chapters reject blacks; Colored
National Labor Union forms
 Knights of Labor open to women, blacks,
unskilled
 Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay,
arbitration

29. Colored National Labor Union

30. CRAFT UNIONS
 Craft unions include
skilled workers from one
or more trades
 Samuel Gompers helps
found American
Federation of Labor
(AFL)
 AFL uses collective
bargaining for better
wages, hours, conditions
 AFL strikes successfully,
wins higher pay, shorter
workweek

31. INDUSTRIAL UNIONS
 Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled
workers in an industry
 Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway
Union; uses strikes

32. SOCIALISM AND THE IWW
 Some labor activists turn to
socialism:
 government control of
business, property
 equal distribution of wealth
 Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW), or Wobblies
 Organized by radical unionists,
socialists; include African
Americans
 Industrial unions give unskilled
workers dignity, solidarity

33. THE GREAT STRIKE OF 1877
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to
other lines
 Governors say impeding interstate
commerce; federal troops intervene

34. Federal Troops intervene in Great Strike of 1877

35. THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR
 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket
Square, protest police brutality
 Violence ensues; bomb is thrown into police
 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted
 Public opinion turns against labor movement
 Marks beginning of end for Knights of Labor

36. 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality – violence
erupts

37. THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE
 Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts
 Win battle against Pinkertons; National
Guard reopens plant
 Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years

38. The Carnegie Steel Company locked workers out of its Homestead Works in
June of 1892. The lockout touched off the deadliest labor battle in U.S. history.

39. COMPANY TOWNS
 George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on
Illinois prairie
 Provides for workers: housing, doctors,
shops, sports field
 Company tightly controls residents to ensure
stable work force

40. THE PULLMAN COMPANY STRIKE
 Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not
rents; workers strike
 Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues;
federal troops sent
 Debs jailed, most workers fired, many
blacklisted

41. Pullman Strike of 1894

42. GOVERNMENT SIDES WITH EMPLOYERS
 Management and Gov’t Pressure Unions
 Employers forbid unions; turn Sherman
Antitrust Act against labor
 Gov’t sends troops to break up strikes
 Legal limitations cripple unions, but
membership rises

43. THROUGH THE “GOLDEN DOOR”
 1870–1920, about 20 million Europeans
arrive in U.S.
 Some immigrants seek better lives; others
temporary jobs
 Many flee religious persecution: Jews driven
from Russia by pogroms
 Flee war, famine, drought, criminal behavior,
etc.

44. OTHER IMMIGRANTS
 About 300,000 Chinese arrive; earliest attracted
by gold rush
 work in railroads, farms, mines, domestic
service, business
 Japanese work on Hawaiian plantations, then
go to West Coast (more than 200,000)
 About 260,000 immigrants from West Indies;
most seek industrial jobs
 Mexicans flee political turmoil; after 1910,
700,000 arrive

45. Chinese Immigrants arrive in San Francisco Looking for Work

46. COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC
 Almost all immigrants travel by steamship,
most in steerage
 Ellis Island—chief U.S. immigration station,
in New York Harbor
physical exam by doctor; seriously ill not
admitted
Inspector checks documents to see if
meets legal requirements
 1892–1924, about 17 million immigrants
processed at Ellis Island

47. European Immigrants arrive at NYC’s Ellis Island

48. COMING ACROSS THE PACIFIC
 Angel Island - immigrant processing station
in San Francisco Bay
 Immigrants endure harsh questioning, long
detention for admission

49. Immigrants are tested for disease on Angel Island

50. IMMIGRATION BEFORE/AFTER 1880
OLD IMMIGRANTS NEW IMMIGRANTS
 N and W Eur.
 Fair hair and skin
 Some education
 Some resources
 Protestant
 S and E Eur., Asia,
Mexico
 Darker hair and skin
 More illiterate
 Poorer
 Mostly Catholic, Jews
and Orthodox.

51. A NEW LIFE
 Cooperation for Survival
 Immigrants must create new life: find work,
home, learn new ways
 Many seek people who share cultural values,
religion, language
ethnic communities (enclave) form
 Friction develops between “hyphenated”
Americans, native-born

52. EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS
 Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be
Americanized
 Some resent suppression of their native
languages
 Many public school systems have readings
from Protestant Bible
 Catholics have parochial schools

53. THE RISE OF NATIVISM
 Melting pot—in U.S. people blend by
abandoning native culture
immigrants don’t want to give up cultural
identity
 Nativism—hatred of immigrants -- favoritism
toward native-born Americans
 Nativists believe Anglo-Saxons superior to
other ethnic groups

54. Nativists believe
Anglo-Saxons
superior to other
ethnic groups

55. ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENT
 Nativist -- fear Chinese
immigrants who work
for less
political pressure to
restrict Asian
immigration
 Chinese Exclusion Act
bans entry to most
Chinese

56. THE GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT
 Nativist fears extend to Japanese, most
Asians in early 1900s
San Francisco segregates Japanese
schoolchildren
 Gentlemen’s Agreement - Japan limits
emigration
in return, U.S. repeals segregation

57. Nativist fears extend to
Japanese, most
Asians in early 1900s

58. RAPID URBANIZATION
 Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth
of cities
 Three groups who move to the cities to find
jobs:
 Immigrants
 Displaced Farmers - technology decreases
need for laborers
 Southern Blacks:
 move to cities in North, West to escape racial
violence
 find segregation, discrimination in North too
 competition for jobs between blacks, white
immigrants causes tension

59. THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION
 The rapid growth of cities force people to
contend with problems of:
housing, transportation, water, and
sanitation.
crime, fire, disease, lack of jobs

60. NYC tenement slums

61. URBAN OPPORTUNITIES
 Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap
housing, factory jobs
 Americanization movement—assimilate
people into main culture
 Ethnic communities provide social support

62. URBAN PROBLEMS
 Housing
 Working-class families live in houses on
outskirts or boardinghouses
 Later, row houses built for single families
 Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3
families per house
 Dumbbell Tenements - multifamily urban
dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary

63. Dumbbell Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary

64. TRANSPORTATION
 Mass transit—
move large
numbers of people
along fixed routes
– allows people to
move out from the
city center
 Electric trolleys
are the most
efficient

65. PROBLEMS OF OVERCROWDING
 Water -- inadequate or no piped water, indoor
plumbing rare
 Sanitation
 Streets: manure, open gutters, factory
smoke, poor trash collection
 Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect
garbage, clean outhouses
often do not do job properly

67. PROBLEMS OF OVERCROWDING
 Crime:
As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective
 Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses,
candles, kerosene heaters
 Most firefighters volunteers, not always
available

68. REFORMERS MOBILIZE
 Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation
through service to poor
 The Settlement House Movement
 Settlement houses—community centers in slums,
help immigrants
 Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban
poverty
 provide educational, cultural, social services
 send visiting nurses to the sick
 help with personal, job, financial problems
 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago

69. Hull House in Chicago

70. AMERICAN LEISURE
 Amusement Parks
 Cities begin setting aside green space for
recreation
 Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic
grounds, rides
 Bicycling and Tennis
 Early bicycles dangerous; at first, bicycling is
male-only sport
 Tennis imported from Britain; becomes
popular

71. Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides

72. SPECTATOR SPORTS
 Americans become avid fans of spectator
sports
 Boxing and baseball become profitable
businesses

74. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE
 Local and national political corruption in the
19th century leads to calls for reform.

75. THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL MACHINES
 Political machine—organized group that
controls city political party
 Give services to voters and businesses for
political/financial support
 Immigrants and the Machine
 Machines help immigrants with naturalization,
jobs, housing

77. THE ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
 Whether or not city boss serves as mayor,
he:
 controls access to city jobs, business licenses
 influences courts, municipal agencies
 arranges building projects, community services
 Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’
loyalty, extend influence

78. Bosses like Boss
Tweed, were paid by
businesses, got voters’
loyalty, extended their
influence

79. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL
 Election Fraud and Graft
 Machines use electoral fraud to win elections
 Graft—illegal use of political influence for
personal gain
 Machines take kickbacks and bribes to allow
legal/illegal activities

80. THE TWEED RING SCANDAL
 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads
Tammany Hall in NYC
 Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions
of dollars
 Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public
outrage
 Tweed Ring broken, Tweed sent to prison

81. Cartoonist Thomas Nast
helps arouse public
outrage against Boss
Tweed

82. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE
 Patronage Spurs Reform
 Patronage—government jobs to those who
help candidate get elected
 Civil service (government administration) are
all patronage jobs
 Some appointees not qualified; some use
position for personal gain
 Reformers press for merit system of hiring for
civil service

83. REFORM UNDER HAYES, GARFIELD, AND
ARTHUR
 Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is
vice-president
 Garfield gives patronage
jobs to reformers; is shot
and killed
 As president, Arthur urges
Congress to pass civil
service law
 Pendleton Civil Service
Act—appointments based
on exam score

84. CRÉDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL
 Wish for profit leads some railroad magnates
to corruption
 Union Pacific stockholders form construction
company, Crédit Mobilier
 overpay for laying track, pocket profits
 Republican politicians implicated; reputation
of party tarnished

85. TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE
 Skyscrapers:
 Invention of elevators, internal steel skeletons
lead to skyscrapers
 Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited,
expensive space
 Electric Transit:
 Before Civil War, horse-drawn streetcars run on
iron rails
 Electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs
to downtown

86. Early skyscrapers – Bowling Green building in NYC & Home Insurance building Chicago

87. ENGINEERING AND URBAN PLANNING
 Steel-cable suspension bridges link city
sections
 Need for open spaces inspires science of
urban planning
 Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads
movement for planned urban parks
 helps design Central Park

88. Manhattan Steel Cable Suspension Bridge