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Goal 5 Industrialization and the Gilded Age
- 1. THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel an industrial boom.
- 2. THE AGE OF THE RAILROADS The growth and consolidation of railroads benefits the nation but also leads to corruption and required government regulation.
- 3. Driving the Golden Spike joining the Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah
- 4. RAILROADS SPAN TIME AND SPACE Railroads Encourage Growth New Towns and Markets First transcontinental railroad completed, spans the nation Railroad Time: dividing earth’s surface into 24 time zones - U.S. railroads, towns adopt time zones
- 6. NATURAL RESOURCES FUEL INDUSTRIALIZATION By 1920s, U.S. is world’s leading industrial power, due to: wealth of natural resources government support for business growing urban population
- 7. BLACK GOLD Native Americans make fuel, medicine from oil Edwin L. Drake successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil Petroleum-refining industry first makes kerosene, then gasoline
- 8. BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS Abundant deposits of coal, iron spur industry Bessemer process puts air into iron to remove carbon to make steel Cheap, efficient way to mass produce steel.
- 9. NEW USES FOR STEEL Used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel- framed skyscrapers Flat Iron Building – an early NYC skyscraper built with steel framework
- 10. THE POWER OF ELECTRICITY Thomas Alva Edison Incandescent light bulb Creates system for electrical production, distribution Electricity changes business; runs numerous machines Becomes available in homes; encourages invention of appliances Allows manufacturers to locate plants anyplace; industry grows
- 11. Edison’s Latent Electric Lamp
- 12. INVENTIONS CHANGE LIFESTYLES Christopher Sholes invents typewriter Alexander Graham Bell - telephone Office work changes; women are 40% of clerical workers Westinghouse – power generation and appliances
- 13. CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY (ROBBER BARONS) John Rockefeller – Standard Oil Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel (U.S. Steel) J.P. Morgan – Banking and Finance “Commodore” Cornelius Vanderbilt – shipping and railroads.
- 14. American Industrialist leaders including Carnegie (center), JP Morgan (left of Carnegie) and Henry C Frick (right of Carnegie)
- 15. Caption reads: History repeats itself – Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber Barons of Today
- 16. GROWTH AND CONSOLIDATION Businesses try to control industry with mergers - buy out competitors Form monopolies - control production, wages, prices – get rid of competition, prices go up Holding companies buy all the stock of other companies Trusts exchange companies’ stock for trust certificates. trustees run separate companies as if one
- 17. CARNEGIE’S INNOVATIONS New Business Strategies: Carnegie searches for ways to make better products more cheaply Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to control materials, price and quality Drives out the competition and controls almost entire steel industry
- 18. ROCKEFELLER’S INNOVATIONS Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Trust Used the strategy of Horizontal Consolidation Merge, buy out or drive out the competition Standard Oil once controlled 90% of oil in U.S.
- 19. Artist’s view of the Standard Oil Trust
- 20. SOCIAL DARWINISM AND BUSINESS Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-adapted survive Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on Darwin’s theory; only the strongest businesses survive Economists use Social Darwinism to justify doctrine of laissez faire
- 21. A NEW DEFINITION OF SUCCESS Idea of survival, success of the most capable appeals to wealthy Notion of individual responsibility in line with Protestant ethic See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must be lazy, inferior Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth – it is the duty of those with money to help the less fortunate.
- 22. Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth – it is the duty of those with money to help the less fortunate
- 23. SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT Government thinks expanding corporations stifle free competition Sherman Antitrust Act: trust is illegal if it interferes with free trade Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops enforcing act
- 24. Trusts – the Main Issue
- 25. BIG BUSINESS AND LABOR The expansion of industry results in the growth of big business and prompts laborers to form unions to better their lives. Better pay, better hours, better conditions.
- 26. LABOR UNIONS EMERGE Long Hours, Danger, Exploitation, unsafe conditions Most workers have 12 hr days, 6 day workweeks perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation To survive, families need all members to work, including children Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women, children require few skills; pay lowest wages
- 27. Child laborer in textile factory
- 28. EARLY LABOR ORGANIZING National Labor Union—first large-scale national organization Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National Labor Union forms Knights of Labor open to women, blacks, unskilled Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration
- 29. Colored National Labor Union
- 30. CRAFT UNIONS Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor (AFL) AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours, conditions AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek
- 31. INDUSTRIAL UNIONS Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes
- 32. SOCIALISM AND THE IWW Some labor activists turn to socialism: government control of business, property equal distribution of wealth Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies Organized by radical unionists, socialists; include African Americans Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity, solidarity
- 33. THE GREAT STRIKE OF 1877 Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines Governors say impeding interstate commerce; federal troops intervene
- 34. Federal Troops intervene in Great Strike of 1877
- 35. THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality Violence ensues; bomb is thrown into police 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted Public opinion turns against labor movement Marks beginning of end for Knights of Labor
- 36. 3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality – violence erupts
- 37. THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts Win battle against Pinkertons; National Guard reopens plant Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years
- 38. The Carnegie Steel Company locked workers out of its Homestead Works in June of 1892. The lockout touched off the deadliest labor battle in U.S. history.
- 39. COMPANY TOWNS George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on Illinois prairie Provides for workers: housing, doctors, shops, sports field Company tightly controls residents to ensure stable work force
- 40. THE PULLMAN COMPANY STRIKE Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not rents; workers strike Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues; federal troops sent Debs jailed, most workers fired, many blacklisted
- 41. Pullman Strike of 1894
- 42. GOVERNMENT SIDES WITH EMPLOYERS Management and Gov’t Pressure Unions Employers forbid unions; turn Sherman Antitrust Act against labor Gov’t sends troops to break up strikes Legal limitations cripple unions, but membership rises
- 43. THROUGH THE “GOLDEN DOOR” 1870–1920, about 20 million Europeans arrive in U.S. Some immigrants seek better lives; others temporary jobs Many flee religious persecution: Jews driven from Russia by pogroms Flee war, famine, drought, criminal behavior, etc.
- 44. OTHER IMMIGRANTS About 300,000 Chinese arrive; earliest attracted by gold rush work in railroads, farms, mines, domestic service, business Japanese work on Hawaiian plantations, then go to West Coast (more than 200,000) About 260,000 immigrants from West Indies; most seek industrial jobs Mexicans flee political turmoil; after 1910, 700,000 arrive
- 45. Chinese Immigrants arrive in San Francisco Looking for Work
- 46. COMING ACROSS THE ATLANTIC Almost all immigrants travel by steamship, most in steerage Ellis Island—chief U.S. immigration station, in New York Harbor physical exam by doctor; seriously ill not admitted Inspector checks documents to see if meets legal requirements 1892–1924, about 17 million immigrants processed at Ellis Island
- 47. European Immigrants arrive at NYC’s Ellis Island
- 48. COMING ACROSS THE PACIFIC Angel Island - immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay Immigrants endure harsh questioning, long detention for admission
- 49. Immigrants are tested for disease on Angel Island
- 50. IMMIGRATION BEFORE/AFTER 1880 OLD IMMIGRANTS NEW IMMIGRANTS N and W Eur. Fair hair and skin Some education Some resources Protestant S and E Eur., Asia, Mexico Darker hair and skin More illiterate Poorer Mostly Catholic, Jews and Orthodox.
- 51. A NEW LIFE Cooperation for Survival Immigrants must create new life: find work, home, learn new ways Many seek people who share cultural values, religion, language ethnic communities (enclave) form Friction develops between “hyphenated” Americans, native-born
- 52. EDUCATION FOR IMMIGRANTS Immigrants encouraged to attend school, be Americanized Some resent suppression of their native languages Many public school systems have readings from Protestant Bible Catholics have parochial schools
- 53. THE RISE OF NATIVISM Melting pot—in U.S. people blend by abandoning native culture immigrants don’t want to give up cultural identity Nativism—hatred of immigrants -- favoritism toward native-born Americans Nativists believe Anglo-Saxons superior to other ethnic groups
- 54. Nativists believe Anglo-Saxons superior to other ethnic groups
- 55. ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENT Nativist -- fear Chinese immigrants who work for less political pressure to restrict Asian immigration Chinese Exclusion Act bans entry to most Chinese
- 56. THE GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT Nativist fears extend to Japanese, most Asians in early 1900s San Francisco segregates Japanese schoolchildren Gentlemen’s Agreement - Japan limits emigration in return, U.S. repeals segregation
- 57. Nativist fears extend to Japanese, most Asians in early 1900s
- 58. RAPID URBANIZATION Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities Three groups who move to the cities to find jobs: Immigrants Displaced Farmers - technology decreases need for laborers Southern Blacks: move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence find segregation, discrimination in North too competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension
- 59. THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION The rapid growth of cities force people to contend with problems of: housing, transportation, water, and sanitation. crime, fire, disease, lack of jobs
- 61. URBAN OPPORTUNITIES Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture Ethnic communities provide social support
- 62. URBAN PROBLEMS Housing Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses Later, row houses built for single families Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house Dumbbell Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary
- 63. Dumbbell Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary
- 64. TRANSPORTATION Mass transit— move large numbers of people along fixed routes – allows people to move out from the city center Electric trolleys are the most efficient
- 65. PROBLEMS OF OVERCROWDING Water -- inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare Sanitation Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses often do not do job properly
- 67. PROBLEMS OF OVERCROWDING Crime: As population grows, thieves flourish Early police forces too small to be effective Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
- 68. REFORMERS MOBILIZE Social Gospel movement—preaches salvation through service to poor The Settlement House Movement Settlement houses—community centers in slums, help immigrants Social welfare reformers work to relieve urban poverty provide educational, cultural, social services send visiting nurses to the sick help with personal, job, financial problems Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago
- 69. Hull House in Chicago
- 70. AMERICAN LEISURE Amusement Parks Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides Bicycling and Tennis Early bicycles dangerous; at first, bicycling is male-only sport Tennis imported from Britain; becomes popular
- 71. Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides
- 72. SPECTATOR SPORTS Americans become avid fans of spectator sports Boxing and baseball become profitable businesses
- 74. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE Local and national political corruption in the 19th century leads to calls for reform.
- 75. THE EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL MACHINES Political machine—organized group that controls city political party Give services to voters and businesses for political/financial support Immigrants and the Machine Machines help immigrants with naturalization, jobs, housing
- 77. THE ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS Whether or not city boss serves as mayor, he: controls access to city jobs, business licenses influences courts, municipal agencies arranges building projects, community services Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence
- 78. Bosses like Boss Tweed, were paid by businesses, got voters’ loyalty, extended their influence
- 79. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL Election Fraud and Graft Machines use electoral fraud to win elections Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain Machines take kickbacks and bribes to allow legal/illegal activities
- 80. THE TWEED RING SCANDAL William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall in NYC Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage Tweed Ring broken, Tweed sent to prison
- 81. Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage against Boss Tweed
- 82. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE Patronage Spurs Reform Patronage—government jobs to those who help candidate get elected Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs Some appointees not qualified; some use position for personal gain Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service
- 83. REFORM UNDER HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR Stalwart Chester A. Arthur is vice-president Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law Pendleton Civil Service Act—appointments based on exam score
- 84. CRÉDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL Wish for profit leads some railroad magnates to corruption Union Pacific stockholders form construction company, Crédit Mobilier overpay for laying track, pocket profits Republican politicians implicated; reputation of party tarnished
- 85. TECHNOLOGY AND CITY LIFE Skyscrapers: Invention of elevators, internal steel skeletons lead to skyscrapers Skyscrapers solve urban problem of limited, expensive space Electric Transit: Before Civil War, horse-drawn streetcars run on iron rails Electric streetcars (trolleys) run from suburbs to downtown
- 86. Early skyscrapers – Bowling Green building in NYC & Home Insurance building Chicago
- 87. ENGINEERING AND URBAN PLANNING Steel-cable suspension bridges link city sections Need for open spaces inspires science of urban planning Frederick Law Olmstead spearheads movement for planned urban parks helps design Central Park
- 88. Manhattan Steel Cable Suspension Bridge