The document summarizes key aspects of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era in the United States, including immigration patterns and issues immigrants faced, the rise of factories and related labor issues, union organizing efforts, muckraking journalism, and the responses of Progressive reformers and presidents like Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson. It covers topics such as political machines and corruption, trustbusting, and women's suffrage.

1. U.S. History: Goals 5 and 7

2. The Gilded Age
A. Gilded Age: Coined by
Mark Twain. Golden period
for industrialists covering
dark times of poverty and
corruption.

3. Immigration: Types and Where
B. Old Immigrants: Those who were
English speaking and had a history of
voting. Central and Northwest
Europe.
C. New Immigrants: Immigrants
from Southern and Eastern Europe.
D. Ellis Island: Most came through
“Golden Door” in New York City.
E. Angel Island: Asian immigrants
came through in San Francisco.

4. Immigrants: Housing
F. Urban Areas: Often settled
in urban areas established by
settlers from their homeland.
G. Ghettos: Areas were one
ethnic or racial group
dominated. Familiar language
and traditions.

5. Immigrants: Issues
H. Piecework System:
Paid by how much could
be produced not by the
hour.
I. Sweatshops:
Employees worked for
long hours for low
wages in poor
conditions.

6. Immigrants: Issues
J. Chinese
Exclusion Act:
Excludes Chinese
from work force.

7. Migrants
K. Great Migration: Many
African Americans move
North after Reconstruction.
South suppressed rights and
jobs.

8. Factories
Immigrants, Migrants, and
other citizens work in
factories. Assembly and
products no longer done in
homes or shops.

9. Factories: Positives
L. Assembly Line: Each worker
does a specialized task in the
construction of a final product.
Henry Ford makes more
efficient.
Ford pays employees $5 a day
and enrolls foreign workers in
schools to assimilate.
M. Model T: Marketable lightweight, gas powered car.

10. Factories: Other Positives
N. Kodak Camera: Takes still
pictures.
O. Movie Camera: Takes moving
pictures.
P. Wright Brothers: Take first
successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC.
Q. Mail Order Catalogs: Rise in
goods being purchased through
mail.

11. Factories: Negatives
R. Pay: Workers overworked
and underpaid.
S. Child Laborers: 20% of
children between 10 and 16
employed. Sometimes as
young as 6 or 7.
T. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire:
146 young girls killed when
fire break out in factory.
Pushed people to reform.
U. Slaughterhouses: Poor
conditions for workers,
contaminated meats .

12. Factories: Negatives
V. Alcohol: Alcoholism
soars and people begin
drinking more.
Especially after long
hours in the factories.

13. Labor
Workers want better working conditions,
increased wages, and shorter hours.
W. Knights of Labor: Organized all
working men (black and white) to reform
for equal pay, 8 hour work day, end to
child labor.
X. American Federation of Labor:
Allowed only skilled workers to join and
used collective bargaining. Samuel
Gompers.
Y. Yellow Dog Contracts: workers had to
promise to never join a union or go on
strike.

14. Labor
Many unions and workers
resorted to striking or refusing to
go to work to reform.
Z. Great Railroad Strike: Workers
strike when B&O Railroad
announce wage cuts of 10%.
Workers and military clash. 1877.
A1. Haymarket Riot: Strikers
demand 8 hour work day. Fight
breaks out and a bomb is thrown,
police dies. Unionists and
Anarchists named heroes.

15. Labor
Many unions and workers
resorted to striking or refusing to
go to work to reform.
B2. Homestead Strike: Wages
cut at Carnegie Steel. Strike
begins and anarchist attempts to
assassinate Carnegie’s partner.
Publics stops supporting Unions.
C3. Pullman Strike: Pullman lays
off workers and cuts pay by 25%.
American Railway Union led by
Eugene V. Debs goes on strike.
Grover Cleveland breaks strike.

16. Progressives
People who sought to
protect social welfare, moral
improvements, economic
reforms, and promote
efficiency.
Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the
corruption of business and public life in the 20 th
century.
Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to
reform the government.
Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted
change.

17. Progressive Response: Labor, Food,
Alcohol
Labor:
D4. Florence Kelley: Advocate for
improving the lives of women and children.
E5. Scientific Management: Studies to
make the workplace more efficient.
Food:
F6. Upton Sinclair: Writes The Jungle
exposing the harsh treatment of workers in
the meat packing industry. Muckraker.
G7. Pure Food and Drug Act: Halted sale of
contaminated foods and drugs. Created
labeling. 1906.
Alcohol:
H8. Carrie Nation: Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU). Entered
saloons, singing, praying.
I9. 18th Amendment (Volstead Act): Banned
the production, sale, or import of alcohol. –
Prohibition.

18. Urbanization
Cities began to grow rapidly
and increase in size and
population.

19. Urbanization: Positives
J10. Transportation:
Trains, cable cars, electric trolleys,
and automobiles make transportation
easier.
K11. Suburbs:
Transportation allows people to live
outside of cities and commute.
M12. Bessemer Process:
Makes it possible to mass produce
steel – Skyscrapers are created.
N13. Elevator: Allowed for building
of high-rises in cities.

20. Urbanization: Positives
O14. Indoor Electricity:
Invented by Thomas Edison,
1865.
P15. Oil: Used for power,
discovered by Edwin L. Drake.
R16. Phone: Alexander
Graham Bell. By 1900, 1.5
million in use.
S17. Typewriter: Creates jobs
for women.

21. Urbanization: Positives
T18. Coney Island’s Luna
Park: Amusement Park.
U19. Sports: Spectator
sports such as baseball,
basketball, and football.

22. Urbanization: Negatives
V20. Tenements: Low cost
apartment buildings housed as many
families as the owner could pack in.
W21. Great Chicago Fire: 1871,
18,000 buildings burn, 250 people
died, 100,000 homeless.
X22. Dumbbell Tenements: Created
to let every room have a window and
allow air flow.

23. Progressives
People who sought to
protect social welfare, moral
improvements, economic
reforms, and promote
efficiency.
Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the
corruption of business and public life in the 20 th
century.
Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to
reform the government.
Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted
change.

24. Progressive Response: Housing
Housing
Y23. Jacob Riis: wrote “How the Other
Half Lives.” Hoped to gain support to
reform tenement houses. Muckraker.
Z24. Settlement Houses: Homes for the
poor that provided housing, childcare,
and education.
25. Jane Addams: Hull House. Built to
improve urban slums/ghettos.

25. New Business Ventures
26. Industrialization: the building
up of industries, cities, and
factories.
27. Vertical Integration: Owning
every phase of production of a
product.
28. Horizontal Integration:
Taking over an industry by owning
all of the businesses on the same
level.
Used by industrialists of the
1800’s.

26. New Business Ventures
29. Oligopoly: market dominated
by a few large companies.
30. Monopoly: One company has
complete control over the
market.
31. Trust: Trusts allowed
companies to come together
under board of trustees but not
officially merge.
Businessmen of the 1800’s
typically used these.

27. Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry
32. Robber Barons:
Someone who steals their
money from the public.
Drives competitors into
ground. Paid workers
meager wages.
33. Captains of Industry:
Served nation in positive
way. Raised productivity,
created jobs, established
museums, libraries, etc .

28. Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry
34. John D. Rockefeller: Created Standard Oil
Company. Questionable practices but gave $500
million to charities.
Vertical integration
35. Andrew Carnegie: Steel Tycoon. Preached
“Gospel of Wealth” – make as much money as
possible but give some away.
36. Social Darwinism: Wealthy most valuable
group in society. Survival of the fittest.
Horizontal integration

29. Progressives
People who sought to protect
social welfare, moral
improvements, economic
reforms, and promote
efficiency.
Muckrakers: Journalists who wrote about the
corruption of business and public life in the 20 th
century.
Politicians/Presidents: Those who sought to
reform the government.
Citizens: Concerned Americans who wanted
change.

30. Progressive Response - Industry
Industry:
37. Ida Tarbell: The History of the
Standard Oil Company. Investigated
and unveiled corruption in Standard
Oil.
38. Sherman Antitrust Act:
Outlawed any combo of companies
that restrained interstate commerce.
1890.
39. Clayton Anti-Trust Act:
Strengthens Sherman Antitrust Act.
1914.
40. Federal Trade Act: Federal Trade
Commission, investigated possible
violation of regulation.

31. Political Bosses
Clashing interests between
different community groups
led to the rise of political
machines.
41. Political Machine:
Unofficial Organization set
up to keep a group in power.
Run by a boss who worked
for favors.
42. William “Boss” Tweed:
Most notorious boss in NYC.
Illegally used money from
treasury for building.

32. Progressives

33. Progressive Response: Political Bosses
43. Thomas Nast:
Political cartoonist who
exposed Boss Tweed
through political
cartoons.

34. Political Corruption
44. Laissez-Faire: Hands off
approach to the economy.
45. Credit Mobilier:
Stockholders in Union
Pacific create construction
company and jack up prices
on railroad building.
Pocketed money.
46. Whiskey Ring Scandal:
Tax collectors accepted
bribes from whiskey
distillers who wanted to
avoid paying taxes.

35. Political Corruption
47. Spoils System:
President Garfield
killed by unhappy
office seeker.

36. Progressive Response: Political
Corruption
48. Lincoln Steffens: Uncovered political
corruption in St. Louis and other cities.
49. Pendleton Civil Service Act: Must pass
exam to become a worker in the national
government. Ended Spoils System Jackson
had created.
50. Direct Primary: People voted for
nominees in upcoming election.
51. Initiatives: propose a new law directly on
ballot.
52. Referendums: Citizens reject law passed
by legislature.
53. Recall: Voters can remove officials from
office.

37. Progressive Response: Political
Corruption
54. 16th Amendment:
Allowed federal government
to collect income taxes.
55. 17th Amendment: Direct
election of senators.
56. Federal Reserve Act:
Created Federal Reserve
System of banks to
supervise private banks.

38. Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt
57. Bull Moose Party: Direct
election, initiatives, referendum,
recall, women’s rights, 8 hour
work day, etc.
58. Roosevelt: Saw presidency as
“bully pulpit” and influenced
media and news.
59. Square Deal: programs to
protect people from big business.
60. Elkins Act: Illegal for railroad
officials to give rebates. 1903.

39. Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt
61. Civil Rights: Invited
Booker T. Washington to
White House.
62. W.E.B. DuBois:
founded National
Association for the
Advancement of
Colored People
(NAACP).

40. Progressive Presidents – Taft
63. Payne-Aldrich Tariff:
Set tax regulations. Failed
to significantly reduce
tariffs on manufactured
goods.
64. Republican Party:
splits after disagreements
with Taft’s administration.

41. Progressive Presidents – Wilson
65. New Freedom:
stronger anti-trust
legislation, banking
reform, reduced
tariff.
66. 19th
Amendment:
Women gain right to
vote.