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- 1. Things to think about… 1) What considerations should guide the development of American foreign policy? 2) When should the United States go to war? 3) What responsibilities do people with power have to those people who have less power? 4) Did America’s emergence as a world power move it closer or further away from its founding ideals?
- 2. Part 1 - Imperialism America as a World Power
- 3. Key Terms Isolationism Collective Security Internationalism Imperialism Protectorate – Area protected and partially controlled by another nation
- 4. Reasons For U.S. Imperialism 1) Global Competition 2) Cultural Superiority 3) Military Power 4) New Markets
- 5. 1) Global Competition Competition with European countries Africa and Asia seen as main targets Only two African countries remain independent Theodore Roosevelt’s desire to be a world power This is what world powers do “As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of the line of march.” ~ U.S. Senator What does this mean???
- 7. 2) Cultural superiority Social Darwinism racial superiority America’s duty to “Christianize and Civilize” Idea that God had willed the United States to be greater than all other nations (Manifest Destiny) Rudyard Kipling’s, “White Man’s Burden” Josiah Strong’s, “Our Country”
- 8. Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. According to Kipling, what is the “white man’s burden?”
- 9. 3) Naval Bases Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build its naval power (compete with world powers) Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia Need for naval bases for fuel stations throughout the world Throughout the Pacific
- 10. 4) New Markets Surplus of goods creating need for new markets throughout the world (raw materials and foreign trade) New investment
- 11. Our Acquisitions: Alaska Purchased in 1867 William Seward, U.S. Secretary of State Called “Seward’s Folly” U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Equates to 2 cents / acre Rich in natural resources The Inflation Calculator
- 12. Our Acquisitions: Hawaii Vital for food (sugar), supplies, and fuel (Pearl Harbor) Spread Christianity Issues of “duty free” status Queen Liliuokalani – wanted to rid American influence (“Hawaii for the Hawaiians”) Becomes a territory until 1959 (50th state)
- 14. Our Acquisitions: Samoa Important for refueling U.S. promises to help with disputes among other countries Divided among Germany and the United States (almost led to war)
- 15. Part 2: Spanish American War America as a World Power
- 16. Events Leading up to War U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain Cuban War for Independence Led by Jose Marti (Cuban poet) American opinion split Spanish Response Valeriano Weyler (Spanish General) beats rebellion and imprisons thousands of Cubans
- 17. Causes of the War Major Causes 1) Yellow Journalism 2) De Lome Letter 3) Sinking of the ‘U.S.S. Maine’ Minor Causes 1. Support of Monroe Doctrine 2. Desire for Empire 3. Belief in American Superiority
- 18. Yellow Journalism Sensational stories about Spanish atrocities towards the Cubans “Butcher Weyler” Stories of poisoned wells and killing children William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fuel the war “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.” ~ Hearst
- 19. “Remember the Maine” Like Pearl Harbor during WWII, this slogan is at the center of American public support over the Spanish- American War
- 20. Click to edit the outline text format Second Outline Level - Third Outline Level Fourth Outline Level -Fifth Outline Level -Sixth Outline Level -Seventh De Lome Letter Enrique Dupuy de Lome Spanish minister to the U.S. Letter criticized the President Called him “weak” and insulted greatly Letter is stolen and leaked to New York Journal De Lome is forced to resign, Spanish embarrassed and Americans angry
- 21. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine Battleship sent in to escort American citizens and protect property Feb. 15, 1898 ship blows up in Havana Harbor (260 men killed) Debate over the reason for the ship exploding still exists (newspapers blame the Spanish angering Americans more) April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain
- 22. Before After
- 23. The Pacific The Caribbean Theaters of War
- 24. War in the Philippines First battle in the Philippines Commodore George Dewey attacks the Spanish fleet
- 25. War in the Philippines Spanish are easily defeated U.S. receives help from Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo Spanish surrender at Manila Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo
- 26. War in the Caribbean Rough Riders cavalry group led by Theodore Roosevelt Gain fame at Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill (Cuba) Spanish easily defeated in Cuba Soon after they are defeated in Puerto Rico
- 27. Treaty of Paris December 10, 1898 Terms Cuba is given independence Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S. Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20 million Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks 361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning and disease Sec. of State John Hay calls the war, “a splendid little war.”
- 28. New U.S. “spheres of influence”
- 29. Effects on new areas Puerto Rico Foraker Act (1900) Set up gov’t where U.S. had a great deal of influence Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S. citizenship Cuba Platt Amendment gives the U.S. far more power in Cuba and right to intervene Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)
- 30. Effects on the Philippines U.S. acts much like the Spanish in the Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebellion against U.S. (guerilla tactics)
- 31. The United States into the 21st Century Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the next century. 1917 = WWI 1941 = WWII 1950 = Korea 1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam 1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait) 2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban) 2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)
- 32. Part 3 - The United States in Asia America as a World Power Unit
- 33. Beginning of Trade China being split by European powers Spheres of Influence – only one nation can trade in a specific area Increased trade w/ the U.S. American missionaries sent to China Chinese workers come to America to work on railroads “The Empress of China” trading goods b/w the U.S. and China
- 34. Conflict Chinese want to preserve traditional culture Mixed perceptions of China exotic, backward and immoral Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) suspends Chinese immigration
- 35. Open Door Notes Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S. John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley) Agreed to by foreign powers, but not happy
- 36. Boxer Rebellion Traditionalist Chinese become angered Attack and murder missionaries, other foreigners, and Chinese converts Hundreds of foreigners die, thousands of Chinese die in fighting Rebellion eventually put down and shaky relations with China continue
- 37. Roosevelt and the Treaty Roosevelt wants both to have open door policy w/ China Roosevelt fears Japanese power Treaty at Portsmouth, NH (1905) Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize “it could possibly mean a struggle between them (Japan) and us in the future” ~ Roosevelt foreshadowing
- 38. Part 4: United States in Latin America America as a World Power
- 40. Click to edit the outline text format Second Outline Level - Third Outline Level Fourth Outline Level -Fifth Outline Level -Sixth Outline Level -Seventh Background Monroe Doctrine – U.S. opposes any European involvement in Western Hemisphere (1823) Interested in protection within own region Concerned about potential canal zone Economic interests
- 41. U.S. Foreign Policy in Latin America Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Dollar Diplomacy (Taft) Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
- 43. Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong military Military sphere of influence The military would provide the “threat” of force in order to protect American interests The threat would allow America to back up its word
- 45. A Latin American Police Force Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in any Latin American country whose stability was in question (get rid of European influence) Military sphere of influence Examples: Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti Mixed Opinions
- 46. Dollar & Moral Diplomacy William H. Taft Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to invest in Latin America Economic sphere of influence Woodrow Wilson Wilson was more an anti-imperialist Thought using money or force would hurt the U.S. and Latin America Promote democratic gov’ts
- 47. Great White Fleet Roosevelt sends U.S. navy on a global cruise 16 white battleships to show that U.S. is a power in the Pacific and the world
- 48. The panama canal 1880 – French company begins work on a canal across Panama Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who built the Suez Canal) After a decade, the canal was canceled (disease and terrain) 20,000 dead in 9 years (French give up)
- 49. American motivations 1) Boost the nation’s economy 2) 2) Shorten journey b/w eastern factories and Asian markets
- 51. Revolution in Panama French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel They want out. Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship (U.S.S. Nashville) With support from U.S., rebellion is successful U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights (eventually pay them $25 million)
- 52. Significance of Canal 50 mile canal Trip was 8,000 miles shorter Gateway between the Atlantic and Pacific “The Land Divided, the World United” One of the two most important canals in the world
- 53. Part 5 - World America aWs a Waorrld PIower Unit
- 54. Europe before War Fewer nations than today All nations have national self-interests hegemony = power Balkan Peninsula is constantly unstable Many nationalities Great reliance on Alliance system Belief that war would be quick and victorious
- 55. Long Term Causes of the War M Militarism A Alliances I Imperialism N Nationalism
- 56. (M)ilitarism Definition – development of armed forces and their use as a diplomatic tool Military spending to defend empires; everybody wanted a stronger military than their competition By 1890 – Great Britain is greatest naval power; Germany is greatest land European competition for the greatest navy and most advanced technology
- 57. (A)lliances Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”) Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central powers”) Purpose was to maintain the balance of power and stop war from occurring The system primarily set up by Otto Von Bismarck (German statesman)
- 58. (I)mperialism Definition - Building of empires economically and politically (not exclusive to the US) Colonies provide raw materials, markets, and extension of power Leads to competition and increased militarism All nations begin to extend their influence throughout the “third world”
- 60. (N)ationalism Definition – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation Social Darwinism and ethnic differences Leads to competition and rivalry among European countries Pan-Slavism A united country of Slavic people protected by Russia (leads to outbreak of war)
- 61. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand & The July Crisis
- 62. Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary Nephew of the current king – Franz Joseph
- 63. Dangerous to Serbia Would have granted Southern Slavs autonomy (self-rule) but couldn’t let them be independent Ended possible revolution in Bosnia and reunification with Serbia
- 64. June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo, Bosnia on a goodwill tour 200th anniversary of A-H’s rule over Bosnia
- 65. Bad Choice… Gavrilo Princip and “Black Hand” gang shot Ferdinand while he visited Sarajevo
- 66. Gavrilo Princip: Facts: (1) Wanted to free Bosnia from the rule of Austria-Hungary and make it part of Serbia once again (2) Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife Sophia (3) His purpose was to send a message to Austria-Hungary and promote national self-determination (4) The Assassination was planned and supported by the Serbian government Question: Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?
- 67. July Crisis Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support
- 68. Russia’s Role Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum Serbia submits to all but 1 condition A-H can’t come into Serbia to investigate July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia Felt bound to help defend Serbia (Pan- Slavism) July 30-31 – Russia mobilized against A-H and Germany – also asked France to mobilize July 31 – A-H mobilized against Russia Germany began to mobilize and gave
- 69. Further declarations of war August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France Italians were left out of loop Claim ignorance and insult Brit. Fears a Ger. victory August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia Includes Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland…
- 70. Where is America? U.S. is officially neutral Individuals are divided on who they should support (or to support any nation at all)
- 71. American Neutrality Interventionists isolationists Split ties due to immigration Support Germany German ancestry Irish looking to gain independence from Britain Support Britain Common culture, language, and legal system German attack on Belgium Economic ties w/ British Socialists criticize war Conflict over markets and economic control U.S. should be an example peace William Jennings Bryan Fear of families experiencing horrors of war
- 72. Sinking of the Lusitania Sailing from New York to England (carrying civilians and munitions) May 7, 1915 Sunk by a German U-Boat
- 73. Lusitania 1,198 killed (128 Americans) Wilson demands an apology, money, and commitment not to use submarines Germans agree to most; Americans back down and remain neutral
- 74. The Sussex Pledge German U-boat sinks French liner “Sussex” March, 1916 Sussex Pledge Germans promise not to sink merchant ships without warning and without saving human lives U.S. Congress agrees to begin building up the army and navy U.S. is still aiding in the war effort but not yet officially involved in the war
- 75. Zimmermann Note Arthur Zimmermann – German ambassador to Mexico If Mexico joins a German alliance, Germany would help to restore territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to Mexico Note is made public and outrages Americans
- 77. The Final Straw Wilson says “the world must be made safe for democracy” in his call for war to Congress Germans continue use of unrestricted submarine warfare April 6, 1917 – U.S. Congress declares war “It is a war against all nations…the challenge is to all mankind.”
- 78. Recruiting & Raising an Army Selective Service Act (May 1917) Required all men between 21-30 to sign up for military service (opposed by many) Random selection Later made to include ages 18-45 3 million men drafted 2 more million volunteer 400,000 African Americans serve. Women worked as clerks, nurses, stenographers and radio operators
- 79. The American impact Mass Production 1) ship workers exempt from draft 2) Emphasize importance of ship making 3) Fabrication techniques used Built elsewhere, but assembled at the shipyard 4) Gov’t took over some commercial and private ships
- 80. American arrival Europe had been at war for more than 2 years already. Convoy system warships guard troop carriers across the Atlantic (soldiers and supplies reach safely) June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Forces (“Doughboys”) Fresh and enthusiastic troops A boost in morale American forces turn the tide of the war in a time of desperate need
- 81. General John J. Pershing, leader of the American Expeditionary Forces Pershing fought in both the Spanish American War and was in charge of tracking down Pancho Villa before the United States headed off to war in Europe
- 82. The American Expeditionary Forces, or “Doughboys”
- 83. The Trenches Systems of digging out the ground to protect army Both sides utilize the trenches Life in the trenches was uncomfortable and quite bleak “no man’s land” barren expanse of mud with shell craters and barbed wire
- 84. BBC Trenches
- 85. Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to climb over the trenches and charge across “no man’s land”
- 86. Trenches (Con’t) Trench warfare creates a stalemate in France that neither army can break Combined with the new technology of the war, this creates massive casualties that have never been seen before
- 87. The Daily Grind 1. Clean Rifle 2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce) 3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the draining of trenches. 4. Sleep, write letters, etc. 5. Wait for nightfall (most action happened then)
- 90. Part 6: Weapons of War America as a World Power
- 91. Machine Gun Modified during World War I (most effective weapon) Up to 600 rounds/minute Considered “weapon of mass destruction” (MWD) Mainly used as a defensive weapon Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating (3) frequently jammed
- 93. Flamethrower Psychological weapon of terror Idea to launch burning fuel Used to clear defenders before infantry charge Later used as extensions from tanks
- 94. Tanks Airplanes Caterpillar treads Constructed w/ steel Used more to destroy barbed wire defenses First used in WWI (By British in 1916) Still have many weak areas First used in WWI mostly as scout planes Machine guns mounted for “dogfights” and used for early bombing Air balloons also used for scouting
- 95. Poison Gas Physical and psychological weapon First used by the French Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking attacks), burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green gas) Phosgene – caused violent coughing and choking w/ delayed effect (next step up) Mustard Gas – caused internal and external blisters Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of debate for years)
- 96. A mental War Mental Illness Shell Shock – called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder today Thousands were discovered to suffer Lack of sleep
- 97. Medicine breakthroughs Treating wounds and injury becomes more advanced (along w/ fighting infection) Use of rehabilitation Skin-graft technology to heal face wounds (leads to plastic surgery) Red Cross Ambulances used
- 98. Goals of homefront organizations Raising money for the war Gaining public support for the war
- 99. Paying for the War $35.5 billion spent on the war 1/3 from taxes Progressive Income Taxes on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods The rest from bonds “Liberty” and “Victory” Loans
- 100. American Industry War Industries Board Encourage mass production Eliminate waste Set up production quotas and distributed raw materials Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917 Impact on Labor American industry grows by 20% Largely responsible for allied victory in the war With so many white men off to war, women and blacks found many jobs in the factories
- 101. Conservation of Resources Food Administration Herbert Hoover Set crop prices and regulate food exports Families conserve food, coal, gas Daylight savings time Encourage Americans to plant “victory gardens” to save food for the soldiers
- 102. Patriotism & Propaganda Committee on Public Information Promote the war to American public Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches George Creel (former muckraker) “Star Spangled Banner” sung at many public occasions “100 percent Americanism” Support for the war is great
- 103. Ensuring Loyalty Espionage Act (1917) Punished anyone found guilty of helping the enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt. Sedition Act (1918) Prohibited speech that was “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive about the government, flag, Constitution or armed forces.”
- 104. Were those new laws Constitutional? Do you think that the Sedition Act and Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the United States of America? Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the Espionage Act is constitutional. Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court Justice) says there are cases where the first amendment right of free speech can be limited (cases of clear, and present danger, like wartime)
- 105. End of the War Russia pulls out of war in 1917 Germans concentrate forces and make a push on the western front U.S. troops arrive just in time Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne No invasion or decisive battle (war of attrition)
- 106. Armistice Day • November 11, 1918 Armistice day (cease fire) • 48,000 U.S. dead in battle, 62,000 of disease • 22 Million total deaths in Europe
- 107. How to Solve the Peace??? What were the long-term and immediate causes of war? Explain briefly. How should a peace treaty have resolved these problems?
- 108. Wilson’s 14 Points ·January 1918 ·Wilson presents his plan for peace (Intended end the causes that had begun the war in the first place) ·Proposed an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve peace in the world ·The 14 points truly express Wilson’s optimism and idealism
- 109. Ideals in Wilson’s Fourteen Points 1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples 2. Arms reduction 3. Non-punishment 4. Formation of the League of Nations 5. Freedom of the Seas 6. No secret treaties 7. Free and open trade
- 110. Peace in Paris United States - primarily concerned with maintaining world peace Woodrow Wilson France – punish Germany Georges Clemenceau Italy – gain land and spoils of war Vittorio Orlando Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France David Lloyd George The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on the right course of action for Europe and the world
- 111. Treaty of Versailles ·Germany blamed, demilitarized, forced to pay reparations ($33 billion) ·Treaty written without German representation ·Anschluss (Combining of Germany and Austria) forbidden forever ·League of Nations created but Germany not admitted
- 112. Treaty of Versailles ·Map altered with little regard for ethnic or true national boundaries · Poland created out of Germany and Russia · France given the Alsace Lorraine province · Czechoslovakia created out of Germany and Austria-Hungary · Yugoslavia created by combining Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, and other small territories · Austria-Hungary broken up · England received mandates territorial holdings in the Middle East from the Ottoman Empire
- 114. Disagreement over the league No L.O.N. Fear of war w/out Congressional approval U.S. involvement in issues beyond its concern Henry Cabot Lodge For the L.O.N. Claim that cooperation among nations would create peace Wilson’s idea and U.S. as a world leader Franklin Roosevelt
- 115. Wilson and the League Wilson attempted to convince the American public and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the League of Nations Partisanship –rivalry among political parties- defeats the L.O.N. Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers a stroke days later Congress never passes the treaty League of Nations begins without the support of the United States
- 116. The Ideal versus Real League of Nations The Ideal League The League in Practice All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA and Russia). All nations should be equal partners in the League. Not equal partners because major powers made decisions in the Council. The League should be able to make decisions quickly and easily. League structure was weak, disagreement caused delays. National interests should be second to the league’s interests. Nations were more interested in their OWN affairs, especially after 1929 with the economic crisis. •Members should obey the League’s sanctions: The Moral Sanction. •The Economic Sanction. •The Military Sanction. It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria – 1931). Offenders could trade with none League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis – 1935/6). It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop violence.