Spanish American War

2. Unit ThemesUnit Themes
 As the United States grew economically and industrially, but
reached its extent of territorial expansion, it began a period
of imperial expansion.
 Explain the long term and short term causes of US expansion
and intervention in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America.
 Discuss how science & ideology drove and justified U.S.
expansion & imperialism.
 Analyze how U.S. expansion affected the United States
politically, economically, culturally, and socially.
 Explain the causes and effects of U.S. involvement of World
War I.

3. Causes of US ExpansionCauses of US Expansion
 End of the frontier (Turner Thesis)
 Capitalism: markets, raw materials, guaranteed trade
 Nationalism: Desire to compete w/ Europe
 Christianity: Missionaries (1900 18,000 Christian
missionaries @ the world)
 Social Darwinism: Hierarchy of Races & Paternalism
 Politicians & Journalists: promote the interests of the US

4. Economic CausesEconomic Causes
 Trade: Markets, Resources, Economic power
 Foreign trade led to building a stronger navy, foreign
service, desire for colonies, interventionism
 Loss of frontier: necessary to economic expansion?
 US trades with Brit, Canada, Europe, new markets in
LA, China, Japan
 1874 US had favourable balance of trade
 Agricultural products most important until 1914 when
manufactured goods exceeded ag goods

5. Nationalism: StatusNationalism: Status
 Desire to compete
politically & militarily w/
Europe
 Europeans building
empires: Africa & Asia
 Military: Captain Alfred
Thayer Mahan’s 1890 The
Influence of Sea Power Upon
History, 1660-1783: every
successful world power
once held a great navy

8. Social Darwinism, Paternalism, ChristianitySocial Darwinism, Paternalism, Christianity
 What is Josiah Strong’s
point of view?
 Who is his audience?
 What is central argument?
 What evidence does he use
to prove his argument?
 Is it convincing?
 Hierarchy of Races; whites
on top
 Non whites are children—
need to be raised up to
higher level of civ.
 Phrenology & feminization
of non-whites
 Christianize and civilize

9. Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism
Joseph Pulitzer Wm. Randolph Hearst

10. Early Architect ofEarly Architect of
ImperialismImperialism
 William H. Seward: Sect
of State 1861-69
 Tried but failed to:
 buy Virgin
islands from
Denmark in
1867
 D Rep naval
base
 1867 Seward
negotiated Alaska
from Russia (7.2 mil)
 1867 claim to
Midway Islands

11. Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists
 Anti-imperialist Progressives like Wm. J. Bryan
 Peace advocates: Andrew Carnegie
 Sen Carl Schurz & Editor E.L. Godkin (The Nation):
Create model of democracy & economic success to
spread democracy & capitalism
 Socialists & Labor leaders: Samuel Gompers of the
AFL
 Racist anti-imperialists

12. Expansion into the PacificExpansion into the Pacific
 Pacific acquisitions:
coaling stations, naval
bases, cable stations
 1878 US est. coaling
station in Pago Pago,
Samoa
 1880s, conflict with
G.B. and Germany
 US annexed American
Samoa in 1899.

14. Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii
 1860s Many American-owned sugar plantations worked by
Chinese and Japanese laborers
 1887 treaty: US planters imposed a new constitution upon the
Hawaiian; rule & rights to naval base at Pearl Harbor
 1891 Liliuokalani became Queen: opposed US domination
 1890 McKinley tariff eliminated the duty free status of Hawaiian
sugar
 US. American planters in Hawaii now looked to US annexation
to maintain their profits

15. Annexation of HawaiiAnnexation of Hawaii
 1893, Am. planters led
by Sanford B. Dole--
coup against
Liliuokalani
 1898, Hawaii
important why?
 President McKinley
annexation through
Congress
 1959 Hawaii: US state

16. Spanish American WarSpanish American War
 Cuban revolution 1868-
1878
 US investment in Cuban
economy: sugar and
tobacco
 1894, Wilson-Gorman
tariff raised $ of Cuban
sugar, leading to economic
crisis
 1895 Cuban nationalists led
by José Marti rebelled
against Spain

17. Spain RespondsSpain Responds
 Spain sent General
Valeriano Weyler
 Reconcentration policy:
Cubans forced in towns &
camps where they starved
 Hearst exploited & invented
stories of atrocities to sell
papers—aroused US public
for war

18. Remember the Maine!Remember the Maine!
 1898 McKinley ordered USS Maine to Havana
 Demonstration of force
 protect US citizens and investments
 February 1898 an explosion sunk the Maine
 Yellow press in the United States blamed Spain and
clamored for war
 McKinley issued an ultimatum--Spanish made some
concessions, but no independence

22. 266 of 354 Dead266 of 354 Dead

23. Spanish American CubanSpanish American Cuban
Filipino WarFilipino War
 April 1898 Congress announced Cuba independent
 Declared war on Spain, Justification?
 (1) war with Spain seemed inevitable, (2) America had
to defend democracy, and (3) opposing a war could
split the Republican party and America
 Congress adopted Teller Amendment
 Proclaimed it would give the Cubans their freedom and
not conquer it

24. Spanish American CubanSpanish American Cuban
Filipino WarFilipino War
 US army: ill prepared.
 Volunteer units like T.R.
“Rough Riders” not very
effective--good publicity
 Land engagements were
few--US navy proved far
superior to Spanish
 Admiral Dewey: US navy
destroyed Spanish fleet in
Philippines

25. Battle of Manila BayBattle of Manila Bay

26. T. RooseveltT. Roosevelt’s Rough Riders’s Rough Riders

27. African American TroopsAfrican American Troops

28. Spanish American War:Spanish American War:
VictoryVictory
 July 1898 Spain: armistice accepted Cuban independence; ceded Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to US for $20 million.
 Teller amendment stated that the US would not annex Cuba
 1898-1902 military occupation of Cuba
 1902 Platt Amendment to the Cuban constitution est US control over the
island’s foreign policy
 Reserved the right to intervene militarily
 Kept a naval base at Guantanamo Bay
 Power in Cuba--pro-US elite--US troops returned 1906-09, 1912, 1917-22
 Cuban economy became even more dependent. US investors controlled
much of Cuba’s agriculture, industry, and service sector.

29. War with PhilippinesWar with Philippines
 McKinley kept
Philippines to trade with
China
 Filipinos expected
freedom after Spanish-
American War, so
revolted
 February 1899 Emilio
Aguinaldo led insurrection
 Used guerrilla warfare
 Stories of atrocities
abounded
 Rebellion broken in 1901
when U.S. soldiers
invaded Aguinaldo’s
headquarters and
captured him

30. War with PhilippinesWar with Philippines
 600,000 Filipinos killed;
5,000 Americans
 1899 President McKinley
formed Philippine
Commission to manage
Filipinos
 Americans attempted
assimilation; but resistance
continued
 Achieved independence in
1946

32. Election of 1900: McKinleyElection of 1900: McKinley
v W J Bryanv W J Bryan

33. 1900 Electoral map: 292 to 155; 51.6% to 45.5%1900 Electoral map: 292 to 155; 51.6% to 45.5%

34. McKinley Assassinated:McKinley Assassinated:
Sept 1901Sept 1901

35. Roosevelt & ExpansionismRoosevelt & Expansionism
 Theodore Roosevelt the youngest president 42
 TR promised to carry out McKinley’s policies.
 Theodore Roosevelt: short temper, large glasses, and a
stubborn mentality--always thought he was right
 Motto: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
 R. developed into a master politician, maverick
uncontrollable by party machines
 Believed that a president should lead, “first modern
president.”

36. Panama CanalPanama Canal
 Canal across the isthmus
of Panama, why?
 1902 bankrupt French
consortium sold monopoly
Panamanian canal to US
 US negotiated a treaty with
Colombia which refused to
sign over rights to canal

37. Panama CanalPanama Canal
 President Roosevelt in 1903 encouraged Panamanian
separatists to secede from Colombia--they did with support
from the US navy
 Philippe Bunau-Varilla, official of the bankrupt French
company declared himself ambassador of Panama to the
US
 Negotiated a treaty that gave the US a ten-mile strip through
Panama for $15 million: Hay Bunau-Varilla Treaty
 Construction on the canal began in 1906; completed in
1914 ($400 million); no Panamanian had signed the treaty

39. Map of Panama CanalMap of Panama Canal