The document provides an overview of several topics in 20th century American history, including the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America, U.S. isolationism in the interwar period, events leading to U.S. entry in World War II such as Pearl Harbor, the war on the home front, FDR's Four Freedoms, and the use of the atomic bomb which ended the war. It also discusses civil rights issues and the beginnings of the modern civil rights movement during this time. The document recommends online lecture resources on various history and government topics.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The YearsEling Price
This mini-project is a comprehensive presentation on US Foreign Policy first beginning in 1899 well unto the millennium era. The assignment is for Professor McFadden History 1023.52 ~ 15 SP. The due date deadline is Friday, May 1, 2015 11:59 pm. The following was prepared by Eling Price.
US Foreign Policy: A Commemoration Through The YearsEling Price
This mini-project is a comprehensive presentation on US Foreign Policy first beginning in 1899 well unto the millennium era. The assignment is for Professor McFadden History 1023.52 ~ 15 SP. The due date deadline is Friday, May 1, 2015 11:59 pm. The following was prepared by Eling Price.
UNIT 4-ROARING 20'S-A STUDY INTO THE AMERICAN HISTORYSanskritiRazdan
The 1920s was the first decade to have a nickname: “Roaring 20s" or "Jazz Age." It was a decade of prosperity and dissipation, and of jazz bands, bootleggers, raccoon coats, bathtub gin, flappers, flagpole sitters, bootleggers, and marathon dancers.
Lecture SlidesGive Me Liberty! AN AMERICAN HISTORYFIFTH ED.docxcroysierkathey
Lecture Slides
Give Me Liberty!
AN AMERICAN HISTORY
FIFTH EDITION
By Eric Foner
1
Chapter 22: Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II, 1941 to 1945
The most popular works of art in World War II were paintings of the Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell. In his State of the Union address before Congress in January 1941, President Roosevelt spoke of a future world order based on “essential human freedoms”: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. During the war, Roosevelt emphasized these freedoms as the Allies’ war aims, and he compared them to the Ten Commandments, the Magna Carta, and the Emancipation Proclamation. In his paintings, created in 1943, Rockwell portrayed ordinary Americans exercising these freedoms: a citizen speaking at a town meeting, members of different religious groups at prayer, a family enjoying a Thanksgiving dinner, and a mother and father standing over a sleeping child.
Though Rockwell presented images of small-town American life, the United States changed dramatically in the course of the war. Many postwar trends and social movements had wartime origins. As with World War I, but on a far greater scale, wartime mobilization expanded the size and reach of government and stimulated the economy. Industrial output skyrocketed and unemployment disappeared as war production finally ended the Depression. Demands for labor drew millions of women into the workforce and lured millions of migrants from rural America to industrial cities of the North and West, permanently changing the nation’s social geography.
The war also gave the United States a new and lasting international role and reinforced the idea that America’s security required the global dominance of American values and power. Government military spending unleashed rapid economic development in the South and West, laying the basis for the modern Sunbelt. The war created a close alliance between big business and a militarized federal government—what President Dwight D. Eisenhower later called the “military-industrial complex.”
And the war reshaped the boundaries of American nationality. The government recognized the contributions of America’s ethnic groups as loyal Americans. Black Americans’ second-class status attracted national attention. But toleration went only so far. The United States, at war with Japan, forced more than 100,000 Japanese-Americans, including citizens, into internment camps.
The Four Freedoms thus produced a national unity that obscured divisions within America: divisions over whether free enterprise or the freedom of a global New Deal would dominate after the war, whether civil rights or white supremacy would define race relations, and whether women would return to traditional roles in the household or enter the labor market. The emphasis on freedom as an element of private life would become more and more prominent in postwar America.
2
World War II Posters
Give Me Liberty!: An American H ...
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: USA AND ISOLATIONISM. It contains: isolationism, a controversial style of policy, explaining the isolationism, preserving local jobs, controversies, American isolationism, American colonial period, George Washington farewell address, geographical position, Monroe doctrine, the bastion of isolationism, World War 1, conclusions.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Check my SlideShare page
(rfair07) for more lectures
Lectures posted for:
United States History before 1877
United States History after 1877
Texas History
United States (Federal) Government
Texas Government
If you would like a great study resource
for United States History (college or AP
exam), check out the following:
AP U.S. History Exam Study
3.
4. Good Neighbor Policy
U.S. continued to dominate Latin
America politically and economically
Began to rely less on direct military
intervention
FDR differed from his predecessors by
substituting cooperation for coercion
Agenda: “U.S. would be a good
neighbor to Latin America”
However, domination of this area would
remain unchallenged
The Monroe Doctrine still lived on
5. U.S. Isolationism
Business-minded people in America did
not want to give up profitable overseas
markets like Germany and Japan just
because Western Europe was turning
toward war
U.S refused to recognize the Soviet
Union
Quarreled with England and France over
repayment of loans they received after
World War I
6. U.S. Isolationism
U.S. was overly cautious to get involved
in another “meaningless war” after
World War I
Neutrality Acts typified the 1930s in
America
The U.S. was battling their own war – the
Great Depression
○ Politicians were hesitant to fund another
European war while fighting a war against
poverty at home
7. War in Europe
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September
1939
For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually
alone in fighting Germany
Battle of Britain
First major campaign in World War II
Fought entirely by air forces
Britain prevailed against almost overwhelming odds
Germany’s loss was significant and was the first
turning point in WW II
FDR wanted to help Britain, but public support
in the U.S. limited him
8.
9.
10. The Road to Intervention
FDR ran for an unprecedented third
term as he urged the country to “keep
someone with experience” in office if
the U.S. got involved in WW II (1940)
Lend Lease Act (1941)
US began war shipments to Great Britain
Signaled the end of non-interventionist
foreign policy
11. The Road to Intervention
Atlantic Charter
The blueprint for the world after WW II
○ Laid the foundation for international treaties
and organizations that would bring the world
back to its feet economically
FDR was persuaded to sign the charter by
Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great
Britain)
12. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan had long been interested in an
Asian empire
Actively occupied Korea and key parts of
Manchuria before 1920
When Japan sought to gain
supremacy in China, the U.S.
protested with the “Open Door Policy”
13. U.S. Relations with Japan
Open Door Policy
Declared that the U.S. and all European
nations could trade with China and were free
to use China’s treaty ports
○ Western nations were trying to retain their spheres
of influence in China
○ China’s power as a nation was declining during
this period, so they had little recourse
Political/Economic Theory: trade is a basic
right of all nations
○ However, this theory doesn’t address the fact that
sovereign Western nations often limited trades
with isolationist policies
14. U.S. Relations with Japan
Open Door Policy
Arguments for the policy were based on
political theorist John Locke: Isolationism
is essentially unnatural for trade and
communication between nations
It’s ironic that the U.S. actively promoted
Locke’s theory during the same period
America was staunchly supporting
isolationism to deal with the Great
Depression
15. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Led to the Washington Conference in 1922
The conference again declared the
independence of China via the Open Door
Policy
○ Was reinforced through the “Nine Power Treaty”
○ Yet, the treaty lacked any enforcement regulations
or sanctions for disregarding the Open Door Policy
or Treaty
16. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Japan clearly violated these agreements
when it began occupying Manchuria
○ The U.S. and Europe didn’t respond though
After war breaks out in Europe, the U.S. began
to realize Japan was allying with Germany
US responded by limiting strategic exports
to Japan
○ Primarily oil
17. U.S. Relations with Japan
Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
Economic sanctions did not deter Japan
○ Instead, it entrenched anti-U.S. and Western
sentiments
○ So, Japan officially allied with Germany and
Italy
○ Japan also began pushing further into
Indochina
18. U.S. Relations with Japan
The U.S. response – end all trade
with Japan
Sounds a lot like how we got into the War
of 1812
○ Trade restrictions and a lack of
communication
Japan attempted to negotiate with the
U.S.
○ Their backup plan was to launch an attack on
the U.S.
19. U.S. Relations with Japan
The US response – end all trade with
Japan
Japan wanted a large stake in China for
restoration of normal trade patterns
The US demanded that Japan withdraw
all military personnel from Indochina
Negotiations failed and Japan ultimately
launched an invasion at Pearl Harbor
20.
21. Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
FDR’s “Date that Will Live in Infamy”
This attack in the Pacific greatly
changed Americans sentiment about
neutrality
The attack united the country
Popular opinion greatly favored entering
the war after the attack
22.
23. Pearl Harbor
FDR asked Congress for a
declaration of war
The U.S. suffered significant early
defeats after entering the war
The country was unprepared for a naval
and air combat halfway across the world
24. The War in the Pacific
The first few months of American
involvement witnessed an unbroken
string of military disasters
The tide turned with Allied victories at
Coral Sea and Midway
May and June 1942
25.
26. D-Day
6 June 1944
Allied invasion of Normandy, France
(Operation Neptune)
2 phases of Allied attack
Air assault by the Americans, British, and
French shortly after midnight
Amphibious landing of Allied infantry and
armored divisions on the coast of
Normandy, France at 0630
27.
28.
29. D-Day
Significance
The absolute largest amphibious invasion
of all time (175,000 troops)
195,700 Naval personnel overall
Established the much needed second
front in Western Europe
○ A majority of the conflict was fought initially in
North Africa and Italy
30. The Home Front
Mobilizing the War
World War II transformed the role of the
national government
The government built housing for war
workers and forced civilian industries to
retool for war production
31.
32. The Home Front
Business and War
FDR offered incentives to businesses to
spur production
○ Low interest loans
○ Tax concessions
○ Contracts with guaranteed profits
Americans produced an astonishing amount
of wartime goods and effectively utilized
science and technology
33.
34. The Home Front
Business and War
The West Coast emerged as a focus of
military-industrial production
○ Nearly 2 million Americans moved to
California for jobs in defense-related
industries
The South remained very poor despite the
influx of manufacturing
35. The Home Front
Labor in Wartime
Organized labor entered a three-sided
arrangement with government and business
that allowed union membership to soar to
unprecedented levels
Unions became firmly established in many
sectors of the economy during World War II
36. The Four Freedoms
To FDR, the Four
Freedoms
expressed deeply
held American
values worthy of
being spread
worldwide
37.
38. The Four Freedoms
Freedom of Speech
Prime example for defense of democracy
and the Constitution
Freedom of Religion
Gold standard for the critique of the
Holocaust
Championed despite the fact that most
Americans and politicians at the time
believed the Holocaust was a farce
○ This ultimately illustrates that Americans at this
time could not believe humans would treat each
other so poorly
41. The Four Freedoms
Freedom from Want
The chief argument of economic policies for the
rest of the 20th century
Elimination of barriers to international trade
○ Goal was to protect the standard of living from falling
after the war
Freedom from Fear
The gradual disarmament of the entire world
Help prevent tyranny (Italy, Germany) from
happening again
“human security” paradigm
Illustrates a gradual shift from the collective to
the individual
46. The Fifth Freedom
WW II America witnessed a burst of
messages defining advertisers’ version of
freedom: the emergence of free enterprise
While private businesses enjoyed profit during
the war period, many businesses resented the
federal government’s intervention in virtually all
aspects of business ownership
Furthermore, the expansion of labor unions
greatly strained relations between workers and
employers
62. Right to work.
Right to fair pay.
Right to adequate food.
Right to security.
Right to live in a society of free enterprise.
Right to come and go.
Right to speak or be silent.
Right to equality before the law.
Right to rest.
Right to an education.
63. Right to work, if you are white.
Right to fair pay, if you are male.
Right to adequate food, if you register for and comply with food
rationing programs.
Right to security, if you were not drafted.
Right to live in a society of free enterprise, if one excludes the
government’s price and wage ceilings and orders that halted
production on all the common items one needs to live.
Right to come and go, if the person does not need new shoes,
more gasoline, decent tires, a new car, or a new bicycle.
Right to speak or be silent, as long as one speaks positively
about the war, and is silent about the legitimacy of rationing
claims.
Right to equality before the law, if it is “Separate but Equal” before
the law.
Right to rest, but only on Christmas Day.
And a right to an education, if the cotton is not in bloom and ready
to be picked by child laborers.
64. Women at War
Women in 1944 made up over 1/3 of the
civilian labor force
New opportunities opened up for married
women and mothers
Women’s work during the war was viewed
by men and the government as temporary
The advertisers’ “world of tomorrow” rested
on a vision of family-centered prosperity
(with women not in the workplace)
65.
66.
67. The American Dilemma
Patriotic Assimilation
World War II created a vast melting pot,
especially for European immigrants and their
children
○ FDR promoted pluralism as the only source of
harmony in a diverse society
Government and private agencies eagerly
promoted group equality as the definition of
Americanism and a counterpoint to Nazism
68. The American Dilemma
Patriotic Assimilation
By the war’s end, racism and nativism had
been stripped of its intellectual respectability
○ However, racial and cultural intolerance hardly
disappeared from American life after the war
69.
70. The American Dilemma
Asian-Americans in Wartime
Asian-Americans’ war experience was
paradoxical
Chinese exclusion was abolished
However, the Japanese were viewed by
American as a detested foe
○ The American government viewed every
person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential
spy
71.
72. The American Dilemma
Japanese-American Internment
The military persuaded FDR to issue
Executive Order 9066
Internment revealed how easily war can
erode basic freedoms
○ Hardly anyone spoke out against internment
Viewed as unpatriotic
○ The courts refused to intervene
The government marketed war bonds to the
internees and drafted them into the army
73.
74. Blacks and the War
The wartime message of freedom ushered a
major transformation for blacks’ status
The war spurred a movement of black
population from the rural South to the cities of
the North and West
Detroit race riot
During the war, over 1 million blacks served in
the armed forces
Black soldiers often had to give up their seats on
railroad cars to accommodate Nazi prisoners of war
Illustrates cultural vs. racist tensions in the military
75.
76. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
The war years witnessed the birth of the
modern civil rights movement
March on Washington
Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph called
for the march in July 1941
Executive Order 8802
Prohibited government contractors from
engaging in employment discrimination
based on race, color, or national origin
77. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
The Double V
The double-V meant that victory over Germany and
Japan must be accompanied by victory over
segregation at home
What the Negro Wants
During the war, a broad political coalition on the left
called for an end to racial inequality in America
○ The status of blacks becomes an issue at the forefront
of enlightened liberalism
CIO unions made significant efforts to organize black
workers and win access to skilled positions
The South reacted by attempting to preserve
white supremacy
Resurgence of the KKK in the post-war years
78. The End of the War
The Atomic Bomb
One of the most momentous decisions ever
confronted by an American president fell on
Harry Truman
The Manhattan Project developed the
atomic bomb
○ Practical realization of Einstein’s theory of
relativity
○ Testing was conducted in Alamagordo, New
Mexico (1945)
79.
80. The End of the War
The Dawn of the Atomic Age
On 6 August 1945, an American bomber
dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
Because of the enormous cost in civilian lives,
the use of the bomb remains controversial
○ Allied military forces reasoned the use of the
bomb saved roughly half a million Allied soldiers’
lives
The use of atomic weapons was the logical
culmination of the type of war World War II had
become
○ A total threat requires a total response
81.
82. Check my SlideShare page
(rfair07) for more lectures
Lectures posted for:
United States History before 1877
United States History after 1877
Texas History
United States (Federal) Government
Texas Government
If you would like a great study resource
for United States History (college or AP
exam), check out the following:
AP U.S. History Exam Study