The document discusses various topics related to terrorism including: 1. It describes several ancient groups that used terrorist tactics such as the Zealots-Sicarii who rebelled against Roman rule in Judea, the Assassins cult who committed murders to purify Islam, and the Thuggies of India cult. 2. It analyzes different waves of modern terrorism including the Anarchist wave from 1881-1914 with groups like Narodnaya Volya, the Anti-Colonial wave from 1920-1960 led by groups seeking independence like the Irgun faction, and the New Left wave from 1945-1989 with Marxist-Leninist groups like the Weather Underground. 3. It discusses the

1. AA Flight 11UA Flight 175
Hostes Generis Humani
(The Enemies of Mankind)
“Nature abhors a vacuum”
~Aristotle

2. Where’s the Next Shit Show?!
Why Shit Happens?!
“The Past is Prologue”

3. 3
Irrational Anxiety
 Terrorism is a tactic - meant to serve a strategy of coercion
 Violent intellectuals - motivated by a political agenda!
Atavistic: Worldview that extols an ideal societal existence
in some mythical pristine past (“The Good Ole Days!”)
Manichean: Battle between Good & Evil
 Recipe:
1. Violence (or threat thereof)
2. Civilians
3. Political
Can Terrorism Work?

4. Lehi faction 1940: In secret talks with Germans, tried to open up a military front
against British in Middle East in return for expulsion (rather than extermination)
of Jewish population of Europe to Palestine. Authorized assassination of UN
representative Count Bernadotte, who was seen by Shamir as an anti-Zionist and
"an obvious agent of the British enemy.”
7th Prime Minister of Israel
Irgun faction: He proclaimed a revolt, on February 1, 1944, against the
British mandatory government. He played a significant role in Jewish
resistance against the British control in the waning years of the mandate,
leading the more militant faction within Zionism.6
6th Prime Minister of Israel
An anti-apartheid activist, and leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe,
the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). 1962
arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to
life in prison. Mandela served 27 years in prison
President of South Africa

5. Ancient Terrorism
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent figures,
with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that insurrection was
inevitable (lasted 25 years)
Zealots-Sicarii
 Cult was based on the worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative
Thuggies of IndiaAssassinsZealots-Sicarii
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent
figures, with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that
insurrection was inevitable (lasted 25 years)

6. Ancient Terrorism
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent figures,
with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that insurrection was
inevitable (lasted 25 years)
Zealots-Sicarii
 Cult was based on the worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative
Thuggies of IndiaAssassinsZealots-Sicarii
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent figures,
with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that insurrection was
inevitable (lasted 25 years)
 Cult was based on the worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative
Thuggies of India
 Whose purpose was to purify Islam, committed murder in venerated sites
and royal courts, usually on holy days, when many witnesses would be
present to see the martyrdom and assassination of both the attacker and
the victim (lasted 200 years)
Assassins

7. Ancient Terrorism
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent figures,
with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that insurrection was
inevitable (lasted 25 years)
Zealots-Sicarii
 Cult was based on the worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative
Thuggies of IndiaAssassinsZealots-Sicarii
 Rebelled against Greek and Roman rule in Judaea by killing prominent figures,
with the objective to make oppression so intolerable that insurrection was
inevitable (lasted 25 years)
 Cult was based on the worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative
Thuggies of India
 Whose purpose was to purify Islam, committed murder in venerated sites and
royal courts, usually on holy days, when many witnesses would be present to see
the martyrdom and assassination of both the attacker and the victim (lasted 200
years)
Assassins
 Cult based on worship of goddess Kali (destructive and creative mother in
the Hindu religion), would strangle their victims with a handkerchief or
noose, plunder their belongings and bury their bodies (lasted 600 years)
Thuggies of India

8. 8
Modern Terrorism
Régime de la Terreur
(aka French Revolution 1793-1794)

9. 9
 Régime de la Terreur: Instrument of governance wielded by newly
established revolutionary state
 Designed to consolidate power by intimidating counterrevolutionaries,
subversives, and other dissidents whom the STATE regarded as
“enemies of the people.”
 Original context; term associated with ideals of virtue and democracy
 17,000 executed by the state (Guillotine)
 Shares two key characteristics with the modern-day variant;
1. Not random or indiscriminate; organized, deliberate, and systematic
2. Goal: Creation of a “new and better society” in place of a fundamentally
corrupt and undemocratic political system
Robespierre
Modern Terrorism

10. 10
Deviant Behavior
1870
Emile Durkheim:
 Anomie: A state where societal norms are confused or unclear
 Perceived collapse of societal rules on how people should behave
 Absence of societal norms leads one to engage in deviant behavior
 Sudden, buffeting changes cause aggravated states of “Anomie”
 Collapse of an adhered-to order could lead an individual to veer off the
straight and narrow path of acceptable behavior (i.e. winning the lotto)

11. Globalization

12. Globalization
 One of several factors that contribute to a state of Anomie
 Rapid increase in world trade created a state of flux
1. Major consequences - Deterioration of the power of the State
2. Eroded sense of national identity through the expansion of media
3. Dissolution of traditional links of social and cultural cohesion
 Industrial Revolution: Provided a rapid increase in world trade causing
goods, services, capital and people to move freely
 Led to transfer of wealth, and upset and destabilized the “old order”
 Created an atmosphere of anxiety, and fueled the rise of Anarchism

13.  David Rapport: Four waves in evolution of terrorism
1. Anarchists (Pre - World War I)
 Industrial Revolution-19th Century Globalization
2. Anti - Colonization (Post - World War I)
 Self-Determination
3. New Left Wave (Post - World War II / Cold War)
 Marxist/Leninist Ideology
4. Religious Wave (Desert Storm)
 Information Revolution-20st Century Globalization
The 20th Century

14. Anarchist
Narodnaya Volya
“Propaganda by Deed”

15. Anarchist Wave
(1881-1914)
 Rapid increase in world trade created a state of flux
 Targeted key political and government officials, bringing about social and
political change - Revolution!
 Modern technologies (telegraph & rail) - circulated news, and ideologies
faster and farther
 1881: Tsar Alexander II in 1881 by Nikolai Rysakov
 1894: President, Marie-François Sadi Carnot, by Sante Jeronimo Caserio
 1897: Canovas del Castillo of Spain by Michele Angiolillo
 1900: Umberto I of Italy, by Italo-American Gaetano Bresci
 1901: President William McKinley by Leon Czolgosz.
 1907: Bulgarian Premier Dimitar Nikolov Petkov
 1914: Archduke Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip

16. Anti-Colonialism Wave
Irgun Faction

17. Anti-Colonialism Wave
1920- 1960
 Versailles Treaty, Treaty of Trianon and the Sykes-Picot
Accord carved up the German, Austria-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires
 Groups seeking self-determination were successful in forcing colonial
powers to withdraw and allowing development of individual nations
 Irish Republican Army did this with relative success, spawning
sympathizers within the United States and Great Britain
 Irgun faction, and other Jewish terrorist groups relentlessly attacked their
British overseers to create an untenable position for the occupational
control of the Palestinian Mandate
 War-weary British thought it best to abandon their colony and
relinquish control of the area to the United Nations.

18. UN Resolution 181
29 November 1947
 Called for partition of the British-ruled Palestine Mandate into a
Jewish AND Arab state: 33 Yeah, 13 Nay, 10 abstentions and one absent
 Provided Israel’s right to exist; thus providing evidence to the world that
terrorism can work for people seeking self-determination
 May 14th - Israel is recognized
 May 15th - Armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invade,
starting Arab-Israeli War of 1948
 Arab view of Israel:
 Arab or a Muslim makes a judgment about the world subconsciously
through the prism of the Palestinian issue

19. New Left Wave
Weather Underground

20.  Characterized by internationalization of terrorism
 Marxist/Leninist ideology of “saving the workers from the humiliation
of Capitalism and exploitation from the bourgeoisie.”
 Focused on the Vietnam War; also perpetrated myth that Capitalism
was bad and Communism was the ideal form of government
 Attacked symbolic targets (government buildings, law enforcement,
military, banks, et al), to cause fear, demand for change, and draw
attention to their plight
 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) showed how terrorists could
organize and act strategically in their attacks to harness mass media to
advocate their cause
 Hijackings of commercial aircraft, kidnappings, and political
assassinations were all popular tactics among the PLO
New Left Wave
1945-1989

21. Religious Wave
Al Qaeda
(aka “the Base”)

22. 22
1979: Momentous year for relations between Democratic nations of the West
and the Muslim world
1. Overthrow of the Shah and establishment of a theocracy in Iran
2. Extremists set siege to Grand Mosque in Mecca, to “cleanse”
the holiest sites in Islam from influence of the apostate House of Saud
3. USSR invaded Afghanistan (MAK, proto-AQ, created)
4. Islamic new Millennium

23. Советский войны в Афганистане
Desert Storm 1991 WTC 1993
Nairobi embassy 1998Kobar Towers 1996 USS Cole 2000
September 11, 2001
Soviet-Afghan war 1979-89

24. Muhammad Jamal
Group
Boko Haram
Ansar al Sharia Tunisia
AQAP
MILF
East Turkestan
Islamic Movement
Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan
Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan
Haqqani Network
Lashkar –e-Taiba
Afghan Taliban
Other Groups
(JEM, HUJI, HUM, etc
Abu Sayyaf
Jamal Is lamia
AQ Affiliate
AQ Central
AQ Ally
AQIM
Caucasus Emirates
Jabhat al- Nusrah
AQ CentralAnsar al-Din
Al-Mua’qi’oon Biddam
(who sign with blood)
Ansar al-Sharia Libya
Al Shabaab
Former Management Council
Ansar al Islam
AQI
Jamaah Ansharut
Tauhid
AQIS

25. Daesh (aka ISIS)

26. 26
 Active, and often clandestine support, encouragement, and
assistance provided by a foreign government to a terrorist groups
~ Hoffman
 States often engage in efforts, motivated by Realism or Idealism, to
influence, affect, or undermine the policies of other states
 Advantage: Allows sponsor to retain a level of deniability in regards to
the violence it has caused
 DOD: Irregular warfare = “A violent struggle among state and non-state
actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant population(s).”
 Is it wrong to sponsor a proxy war inside another state?
State Sponsored Terrorism

27. 27
Strong supporters: Provide logistical, intelligence, military & financial support
 Iran’s support of Lebanese Hezbollah
Weak supporters: Willing/committed, but often unable to offer many resources
 Taliban’s backing for al-Qaeda
Lukewarm supporters: Favor terrorists, little to support with State resources
 Iran support for Shia terrorists groups throughout the Gulf states
Antagonistic supporters: Control and weaken a group for benefit of the state
 Syria’s with Fatah, and other Palestinian terrorist organizations
Passive supporters: State turns a blind-eye to its activities
 United States inaction against the Provisional IRA
Unwilling hosts: Regime lacking resources to resist terrorist threat in their land
 Lebanese government in the 1970’s with the PLO
State Sponsored Terrorism

28. What’s Next?
Venezuela
Mali
Algeria
Libya
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Yemen
Lebanon
Syria
Somalia
Afghanistan
Iraq
Pakistan
India
Borneo
East Timor
Philippines
China
Russia
N. Korea
Iran
Terrorism
Cyber
CBRN
War
Arc of Instability
Schengen
Area

29. Questions?
“Society is willing to suffer terrorism as long as it remains a nuisance.” When
insecurity begins to spread and terrorism becomes a genuine danger, people
no longer denounce the government for ignoring human rights in order to
fight it…1993- 2001 then 9/11!