This document discusses the trends in the development of nursing education in India. It outlines the major developments from the training of dais (birth attendants) to the establishment of university-level programs. Some of the key developments mentioned include the introduction of the Auxiliary Nurse Midwife program in the 1950s, revisions to nursing curriculums, the establishment of post-basic and post-graduate nursing programs, and the current availability of BSc, MSc, MPhil and PhD programs in nursing through universities and institutions across India. The document traces the history from pre-independence training methods to the modern nursing education system in the country.

1. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT
OF NURSING EDUCATION IN
INDIA
PRESENTED BY
MS. RASHMI JOSHI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2. TRENDS IN NURSING EDUCATION
NURSING EDUCATION IS A PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION WHICH IS CONSCIOUSLY
AND SYSTEMATICALLY PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED THROUGH INSTRUCTIONS
AND DISCIPLINE AND AIMS THE HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL,
INTELLECTUAL, SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, SPIRITUAL AND AESTHETIC POWERS OR
ABILITIES OF THE STUDENT.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION
1.TRAINING OF DAIS ( BIRTH ATTENDANT) : THE DAI TRAINING CONTINUED PAST
INDEPENDENCE. THE GOAL WAS TO TRAIN ONE DAI IN EACH VILLAGE AND
ULTIMATE GOAL WAS TO TRAIN THE ENTIRE PRACTICISING DAIS IN COUNTRY.
• DURATION OF TRAINING WAS 30 DAYS. NO AGE LIMIT WAS PRESCRIBED,
TRAINING INCLUDE THEORY AND PRACTICE, MORE EMPHASIS ON FIELD
PRACTICE.
• THIS TRAINING WAS DONE AT SUB CENTRE AND EQUIPMENTS PROVIDED BY
UNICEF.

4. AUXILIARY NURSE MIDWIFE
• IN 1950 INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL CAME OUT WITH SOME IMPORTANT
DECISIONS RELATING TO FUTURE PATTERNS OF NURSING TRAINING IN INDIA.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DECISIONS WAS THAT THERE SHOULD BE ONLY
TWO STANDARD OF TRAINING NURSING AND MIDWIFERY.
• THE FIRST COURSE WAS STARTED AT ST. MARYS HOSPITAL PUNJAB 1951.THE
ENTRANCE QUALIFICATION WAS UP TO 7TH & 8TH YEARS OF SCHOOLING.
• THE PERIOD OF TRAINING WAS 2 YEARS WHICH INCLUDE A 9 MONTH OF
MIDWIFERY AND 3 MONTHS OF COMMUNITY EXPERIENCE.

5. AUXILLIARY NURSE MIDWIFE
• IN YEAR 1977 AS A RESULT OF THE DECISIONS TO PREPARE MULTIPURPOSE
HEALTH WORKER & VOCATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION.
• CURRICULUM WAS REVISED A DESIGNED TO HAVE 1.5 YEARS OF VOCATIONLIZED
ANM PROGRAMME AND SIX MONTHS OF GENERAL EDUCATION.
• THE ENTRANCE QUALIFICATION RAISED FROM 7TH PASSED TO MATRICULATION
PASSED.

6. LADY HEALTH VISITOR COURSE
• TRAINING OF LHV COURSE CONTINUED POST INDEPENDENCE.
• THE SYLLABUS PREPARED AND PRESCRIBED BY INC IN 1951.
• THE ENTRANCE QUALIFICATION WAS MATRICULATION.
• THE DURATION WAS TWO AND A HALF YEARS WHICH
SUBSEQUENTLY REDUCED TO 2 YEARS.

7. GENERAL NURSING &
MIDWIFERY COURSE
• GNM COURSE EXISTED SINCE EARLY YEARS OF
CENTURY.
• IN 1951,SYLLABUS WAS PRESCRIBED BY INC.
• IN 1954 A SPECIAL PROVISION WAS MADE FOR
MALE NURSE & PUBLIC HEALTH WAS INTEGRATED
INTO BASIC NURSING COURSE.
• FIRST REVISION OF COURSE WAS DONE IN 1963.
• IN 1964- 1965 PSYCHIATRIC NURSING WAS
INCLUDED IN CURRICULUM.
• THE DURATION OF COURSE WAS REDUCED FROM 4
YEARS TO 3.5 YEARS.

8. GNM NURSING &
MIDWIFERY COURSE
• SECOND REVISION WAS DONE
IN 1982.
• THE DURATION OF THE
COURSE REDUCED TO 3
YEARS.
• FINALLY 3 YEARS
INTEGRATED PROGRAMME
OF GNM WAS PRESCRIBED IN
1982.

9. POST – BASIC / POST CERTIFICATE SHORT –
TERM COURSES AND DIPLOMA PROGRAMME
• DURING 1948- 50 FOUR NURSES WERE SENT TO THE U. K BY GOVT. OF INDIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH
NURSING DIPLOMA.
• DURING 1954 MANZIL MEDICAL HEALTH CENTRE, LUCKNOW GAVE PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
ORIENTATION COURSE OF 4- 6 WEEKS DURATION.
• IN 1951 A ONE YEAR COURSE IN PUBLIC HEALTH WAS STARTED AT COLLEGE OF NURSING DELHI,
GOVT. OF INDIA FELT URGENT NEED FOR PSYCHIATRIC NURSES DURING 1953- 54,THIS RESULTED IN
FIRST ORGANIZED COURSE AT ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH.

10. POST – BASIC / POST CERTIFICATE SHORT –
TERM COURSES AND DIPLOMA PROGRAMME
• IN 1962 DIPLOMA IN PEDIATRIC NURSING WAS ESTABLISHED AT J. J GROUP OF
HOSPITALS, BOMBAY.
• AT PRESENT THERE ARE MANY OTHER COURSES OF THREE MONTHS DURATION
WHICH ARE MONITORED AND RECOGNIZED BY INC.
• THE ULTIMATE AIM OF THE ENTIRE POST – BASIC / POST CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
IS TO IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF PATIENT CARE AND PROMOTION OF
HEALTH.

11. UNIVERSITY LEVEL PROGRAMMES
• BASIC B.SC NURSING : FIRST UNIVERSITY PROGRAMME STARTED JUST BEFORE
INDEPENDENCE IN 1946 AT UNIVERSITY OF DELHI AND CMC VELLORE IN 1949.
• INC PRESCRIBED THE SYLLABUS WHICH HAS BEEN REVISED THREE TIMES, THE
LAST REVISION WAS DONE IN 1981.
• AT PRESENT THE B. SC NURSING PROGRAMME WHICH IS RECOMMENDED BY THE
INC IS OF FOUR YEARS AND HAS FOUNDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY AND
SPECIALIZATIONS IN NURSING.

12. POST BASIC B. SC NURSING
• THE NEED FOR HIGHER TRAINING FOR CERTIFICATE NURSES WAS STRESSED BY THE
MUDALIAR COMMITTEE IN 1962.
• TWO YEARS POST BASIC CERTIFICATE B. SC NURSING PROGRAMME WAS STARTED IN
DECEMBER 1962.
• FOR NURSES WITH DIPLOMA IN GENERAL NURSING & MIDWIFERY WITH MINIMUM OF
2 YEARS EXPERIENCE.
• IT WAS FIRST STARTED BY UNIVERSITY OF TRIVANDRUM.
• AT PRESENT THERE ARE MANY COLLEGED IN INDIA OFFERING POST BASIC B. SC
NURSING COURSE.

13. POST BASIC NURSING BY DISTANCE
EDUCATION MODE
• IN 1985 INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY WAS ESTABLISHED.
• IN 1992 POST BASIC B. SC NURSING PROGRAMME WAS LAUNCHED, WHICH IS
THREE YEARS DURATION COURSE IS RECOGNIZED BY INC.

14. POST- GRADUATE EDUCATION : M. SC
NURSING
• FIRST TWO YEARS COURSE IN MASTERS OF NURSING WAS STARTED AT RAK
COLLEGE OF NURSING IN 1959.
• IN 1969 IN CMC VELLORE AT PRESENT THERE ARE MANY COLLEGES IMPARTING
M. SC NURSING DEGREE COURSE IN DIFFERENT SPECIALITIES.

15. M. PHIL
• INC FELT NEED FOR M.
PHIL PROGRAMME AS
EARLY ON 1977,FOR THIS
PURPOSE COMMITTEE WAS
APPOINTED.
• IN 1986 ONE YEAR FULL
TIME AND TWO YEARS
PART TIME PROGRAMMES
WAS STARTED IN RAK
COLLEGE OF NURSING
DELHI.

16. PH. D IN NURSING
• INDIAN NURSES WERE SENT ABROAD FOR PH. D PROGRAMME EARLIER.
• FROM 1992 PH. D IN NURSING IS ALSO AVAILABLE IN INDIA.

17. CURRENT EDUCATIONAL PATTERNS IN
NURSING
1.NON – UNIVERSITY PROGRAMME : BASIC: ANM & GNM
ADVANCE: POST – CERTIFICATE DIPLOMA
2.UNIVERSITY PROGRAMME
BASIC : B. SC NURSING, POST – BASIC BSC NURSING ( REGULAR) , POST- BASIC B.
SC NURSING ( IGNOU)
ADVANCE: M. SC NURSING,M. PHIL, PH. D

18. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN
INDIA : PRE - INDEPENDENCE
1.NURSING IN PRE – HISTORIC TIMES
• THERE IS NO HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AVAILABLE ON ANCIENT HISTORY ON
NURSING CARE OF SICK IN PRIMITIVE TIMES DISCOVERED THROUGH MYTHS.
• TO GET RID OF EVIL SPIRIT UNPLEASANT CONDITIONING LIKE, BEATING, MAGIC
RITES, NAUSEOUS MEDICINES, LOUD NOISES ARE COMMON USED METHODS.

19. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN
INDIA : PRE - INDEPENDENCE
• ROLE OF NURSE IN PRIMITIVE PERIOD : NURSES EVOLVED TO RESPONSE TO THE
DESIRE TO KEEP HEALTHY AS WELL AS PROVIDE COMFORT TO SICK.
• THIS WAS REFLECTING IN CARING, COMFORTING, NOURSISHING AND CLEASNING
ASPECT OF THE PATIENT.

20. NURSING : VEDIC PERIOD
• INDIAN MEDICINES ARE FOUND IN THE
BOOKS OF “VEDAS”.
• THE “ AYUR- VEDA” IS THOUGHT TO HAVE
BEEN GIVEN BY BRAHMA.
• SUSHRUTA, KNOWN AS ‘ FATHER OF
SURGERY‘ IN INDIA WROTE A BOOK ON
SURGERY.
• AFTER THAT ‘ CHARAK‘ WROTE A BOOK ON
INTERNAL MEDICINE.

21. NURSING : VEDIC PERIOD
• THERE ARE 4 WINGS OF TREATMENT ‘ CHATUSHPADA CHIKITSA’.
• PHYSICIAN : BHISAK
• NURSE : UPACHARIKA ( ATTENDENT – ANURAKTHA)
• THERAPEUTIC DRUGS : DRAVYA
• PATIENT : ADHYAYA
• THERE ARE 4 WINGS OF TREATMENT ‘ CHATUSHPADA CHIKITSA’.
• PHYSICIAN : BHISAK
• NURSE : UPACHARIKA
•
• PATIENT : ADHYAYA

22. NURSING : VEDIC PERIOD
• CHARACTERS OF UPACHARIKA ( NURSE)
• SHUCHI : PURE OR CLEAN IN PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND MENTAL HYGIENE
• DAKSHA: COMPETENCY
• ANURAKTHA : WILLING TO CARE
• BUDDHIMAN : CO- ORDINATOR WITH THE PATIENT & DOCTOR / INTELLIGENT

23. NURSING – POST VEDIC PERIOD
• MEDICAL EDUCATION INTRODUCED IN ANCIENT UNIVERSITIES OF ‘ NALANDA ‘ &
‘ THAKSHASHILA’.
• KING ASHOKA CONSTRUCTED HOSPITALS FOR THE PEOPLE AND ANIMALS.
• PREVENTION OF THE DISEASES WAS GIVEN FIRST IMPORTANCE AND HYGIENIC
PRACTICES.
• DOCTORS AND MIDWIVES WERE TRUSTWORTHY AND SKILLFUL.
• THE NURSES WERE USUALLY ‘ MEN ’ & ‘ OLD WOMEN’.
• SUPERSTITIOUS PRACTICES PROBABLY DECLINED THE DEVELOPMENT OF
NURSING.

24. NURSING IN MOGUL PERIOD
• ‘ UNANI‘ SYSTEM OF MEDICINE DEVELOPED DURING
THE ARAB CIVILIZATION.
• NOT BELIEVED IN ERADICATION OF DISEASE
GREATLY ON DEFENSE MECHANISM OF BODY AND
SELF - CARE AND POSITIVE HEALTH HABITS.
• THEREFORE IT BECOMES PART OF INDIAN
MEDICINE PRACTICE.
• .

25. BRITISH PERIOD ( 16TH CENTURY ONWARDS)
• AFTER THE MOGUL PERIOD THE NURSING IN INDIA HINDERRD DUE TO VARIOUS
REASONS LIKE LOW STATUS OF WOMEN, SYSTEM OF “ PARDHA” AMONG
MUSLIMS, CASTE SYSTEM AMONG HINDU, ILLITERACY, POVERTY, LANGUAGE
DIFFERRNCE AND NURSING LOOKED UPON AS SERVANTS WORK.

26. BRITISH PERIOD ( 16TH CENTURY ONWARDS)
• DURING THE 16TH CENTURY, NURSING DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA TAKEN 3
DIMENSIONS.
• MILITARY NURSING
• CIVILIAN NURSING
• MISSIONARIES NURSING

27. MILITARY NURSING
• MILITARY NURSING BORN DURING 1ST WORLD WAR
BUT DEVELOPED VERY SLOWLY.
• IN 1927 DESCRIPTION OF INDIAN MILITARY
NURSING SERVICES FORMED WITH 12 MATRONS, 18
SISTERS, 25 STAFF NURSES.
• THEY WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPERVISION,
INSTRUCTION & TRAINING OF NURSING SERVICES
FOR ENTIRE INDIAN HOSPITAL CORPS.
• 2ND WORLD WAR EXPANDED THE NURSING SERVICES
TO INDIA AND AFTER 3 YEARS TRAINING CARRIED
OUT IN SELECTED MILITARY HOSPITAL PRELIMINARY
TRAINING SCHOOLS, AFTER COMPLETION SENT TO
MILITARY HOSPITAL FOR TRAINING.

28. MILITARY NURSING
• AFTER SUCCESSFUL TRAINING CERTIFICATE ISSUED AS “ REGISTERED NURSE”
AND THEY ARE MEMBERS OF INDIAN MILITARY NURSING SERVICES.

29. CIVILIAN NURSING IN INDIA
• 1664- EAST INDIA COMPANY BUILT GOVERNMENT GENRAL HOSPITAL AT
MADRAS FOR CIVILIAN.
• 1871 THIS HOSPITAL UNDERTOOK TRAINING OF NURSES.
• ON 1854 MIDWIVES TRAINING SCHOOL GRANTED CERTIFICATES OF ‘ DIPLOMA
IN MIDWIFERY’ FOR PASSESD STUDENT AND ‘ SICK NURSING ‘ FOR FAILED
STUDENTS.

30. MISSIONARY NURSING
• MISSIONARY NURSING STARTED TRAINING
FOR INDIAN PEOPLE AS NURSES.
• VARIOUS OTHER COUNTERIES SUPPORTED,
THIS BROUGHT FULLY QUALIFIED INDIAN
NURSES.
• THOSE DAYS WERE SEVERAL OBSTACLES
FOR NURSING DEVELOPMENT.
• GIRLS WERE NOT ALLOWED TO DO WORK.
• HINDUS WERE HOLD BACK DUE TO CASTE
SYSTEM.
• MUSLIMS HELD UNDER ‘ PARADHA‘
SYSTEM.
• CHRISTIAN GIRLS ENCOURAGED AND
TRAINED FIRST.

31. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN
INDIA : POST – INDEPENDENCE
• ON 15TH AUGUST 1947 INDIA BECAME INDEPENDENT AND SELF
GOVERMENTATION.
• SOCIAL CHANGES WERE TAKING PLACE RAPIDLY BUT THE RATIO OF NURSE TO
PATIENT REMAINED DANGEROUSLY LOW.
• THE OPENING OF NURSING SCHOOLS ASSOCIATED WITH COLLEGE GAVE
NURSING PROFESSION A HIGHER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS.
• ESTABLISHMENT OF INC & THAI BROUGHT ABOUT CHANGE IN NURSING
EDUCATION POST INDEPENDENCE.

32. TRAINED NURSES ASSOCIATION
OF INDIA & INDIAN NURSING
COUNCIL
• TNAI HELPS IN THE INITIATION OF UNIVERSITY LEVEL EDUCATION IN
INDIA.
• THE TNAI MADE SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF
NURSING EDUCATION.
• IT CREATES AWARENESS AMONG NURSES THROUGH NURSING
JOURNAL OF INDIA AND ORGANIZING CONTINUING EDUCATION
PROGRAM.
• TNAI ALSO OFFERS SCHOLARSHIPS TO DESERVING CANDIDATES TO
TAKE UP STUDIES WITH IN THE COUNTRY & ABROAD.
• THE INC WAS ESTABLISHED TO SET UNIFORM STANDARDS OF
EDUCATION FOR NURSES AND REGULATION OF NURSING
EDUCATION.
• INC HAS COLLABORATIVE ROLE WITH STATE NURSING COUNCILS,
SCHOOLS & COLLEGES OF NURSING & EXAMINATION BOARD.

33. STATE NURSING COUNCIL
• SNC INSPECT AND ACCREDIT
SCHOOLS & COLLEGES OF
NURSING IN THEIR STATE.
• CONDUCT THE
EXAMINATIONS.
• MAINTAIN REGISTRATION OF
NURSES, MIDWIVES & ANM &
HEALTH VISITORS IN STATE.

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