Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds, water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most common form. This method was sustainable because water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and their use is not being exploited in any process. The bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of synthesis is fast.
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Landfill leachate is a liquid that is mainly produced by the rain which falls on the solid waste. The leachate usually contains high concentrations of ammonium, organic matter, toxic compounds and heavy metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural bodies without any prior treatment. The formation of leachate threatens the groundwater, soil and environment. Land filling is the one of the least expensive method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, landfill leachate is treated by coagulation and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) process by using ultrafiltration (UF). The original sample has BOD/COD ratio as 0.603. Coagulation was used as a pretreatment prior to the biological treatment. . It was done by using alum as an coagulant at an optimum dosage of 160 mg/L. Coagulation has proven effective as a pretreatment. But the effluent quality did not meet the general standards for discharge of environmental pollutants. So the effluent after coagulation process was treated by MBR process. In this study, after MBR treatment all the parameters except BOD have met the relevant Indian Standards for discharge as irrigation water.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Future Perspecti...iosrjce
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained significant interest due to their unique optical,
antimicrobial, electrical, physical properties and their possible application. The change of energy level from
continuous band to discrete band of Ag NPs with decrease in size of particles gives strong size dependent
chemical and physical properties. Ag NPs show lower toxicity to human health while Ag NPs show higher
toxicity to various micro-organisms. For this reason Ag NPs having scope for medical instruments,
antimicrobial application, products for health care such as scaffolds, burn dressing, water purification,
agriculture uses. Ag NPs can be synthesized by using various methods which is primarily classified into two
type’s namely physical process which includes laser ablation, condensation, evaporation etc. and chemical
process which includes hydrazine, sodium borohydride, green synthesis etc. Among all these methods green
synthesis is non-toxic, eco-friendly and cost effective. In this review paper different synthesis process especially
green synthesis, properties, applications of silver nanoparticles and their recent advances are described. We
also highlight the toxicity and compares Ag NPs with others nanoparticles.
Treatment of Pretreated Landfill Leachate by Membrane Bioreactor ProcessIJAEMSJORNAL
Landfill leachate is a liquid that is mainly produced by the rain which falls on the solid waste. The leachate usually contains high concentrations of ammonium, organic matter, toxic compounds and heavy metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural bodies without any prior treatment. The formation of leachate threatens the groundwater, soil and environment. Land filling is the one of the least expensive method for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, landfill leachate is treated by coagulation and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) process by using ultrafiltration (UF). The original sample has BOD/COD ratio as 0.603. Coagulation was used as a pretreatment prior to the biological treatment. . It was done by using alum as an coagulant at an optimum dosage of 160 mg/L. Coagulation has proven effective as a pretreatment. But the effluent quality did not meet the general standards for discharge of environmental pollutants. So the effluent after coagulation process was treated by MBR process. In this study, after MBR treatment all the parameters except BOD have met the relevant Indian Standards for discharge as irrigation water.
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Removal of Lead Ion Using Maize Cob as a BioadsorbentIJERA Editor
The intensification of industrial activity and environmental stress greatly contributes to the significant rise of
heavy metal pollution in water resources making threats on terrestrial and aquatic life. The toxicity of metal
pollution is slow and interminable, as these metal ions are non bio-degradable. The most appropriate solution for
controlling the biogeochemistry of metal contaminants is sorption technique, to produce high quality treated
effluents from polluted wastewater. Maize cob readily available was used as sorbent for the removal of lead ions
from aqueous media. Adsorption studies were performed by batch experiments as a function of process
parameters such as sorption 500ppm,2.5g, 400minutes, 400 rpm and 5 PH. Concentration, Dosage, time, rpm,
and pH. I have found that the optimized parameters are Freundlich model fits best with the experimental
equilibrium data among the three tested adsorption isotherm models. The kinetic data correlated well with the
Lagergren first order kinetic model for the adsorption studies of lead using maize cob. It was concluded that
adsorbent prepared from maize cob as to be a favorable adsorbent and easily available to remove the heavy
metal lead (II) is 95 % and can be used for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater.
Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Study of Adsorption Isotherm Model and Kinetics on Removal of Zinc Ion from I...IJERA Editor
The removal of Zinc (Zn) metal ion from aqueous solution by using novel bioadsornbent. The impact of beginning metal particle fixation and adsorbent measurements on the adsorption of Zinc (zn) by waste water was researched. The leftover zinc ions was then broke down utilizing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (240AA). The adsorption harmony was accomplished when zinc arrangement was 800mg/L. The rate of metal evacuation is of most prominent criticalness for building up a characteristic adsorbent-based watertreatment innovation. The greatest evacuation rate is to be 95.37%. The harmony was accomplished essentially at pH of 7 at 120 minutes and 250 rpm evacuation effectiveness of zinc at steady beginning fixation with 1.25gm measurement infers the capability of gooseberry seeds to adsorb and recoup substantial metals from watery arrangement was effectively exhibited with zinc (zn) test arrangements. The adsorption isotherm studies was done by using Langmuir, Freundlich, temkin, Hill, Jovanovich models and kinetics reaction was studied by pseudo 1st and 2 nd order kinetic reaction. The bioadsorption information fit well with the Temkin isotherm model than the other isotherm model. The kinetics 2nd order reaction was fit to this bioadsorbent than the first order kinetics. Removal of zinc ions from crackers industry waste water was found to be 84%. These outcomes have exhibited the gigantic capability of waste water as an option adsorbent for dangerous metal particles remediation in contaminated wastewater. This paper surveys and investigation the innovative parts of expulsion of zinc from the industrial waste water
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
The main objective of the present study is to deal with the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide [ZnO] nanoparticles utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.` Zinc acetate [Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] were used as starting materials and Jasminum Fluminense [Nithyamalli] leaf extract is used as precursor in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The resultant nanopowder was characterized by using Ultraviolet [UV] “ Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR] and Transmission Electron Microscopic [TEM] studies. Formation of ZnO nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and the TEM analysis spectacles that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are of face centered cubic (fcc) structure and the size is found to be around 20 nm. FTIR spectral analysis indicated the leaf extract acts as the reducing and capping agents on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. This simplistic and green approach may provide a useful tool to hefty extent in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. These synthesized nanostructures illustrate novel applications in many fields such as cosmetics, optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical science because it is environmentally friendly and does not involve any harmful substances. S. Amudha"Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract and its Spectral and Optical Characterization Studies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/12908/green-synthesis-of-zno-nanoparticles-using-jasminum-fluminense-leaf-extract-and-its-spectral-and-optical-characterization-studies/s-amudha
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
Abstract:Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants, especially those employing secondary treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion, have historically encountered phosphate precipitates, most commonly being Struvite. The growth of uncontrolled Struvite increases pumping and maintenance cost, as well as reduces the overall capacity of the plant piping system. Since domestic wastewater is recognized as nutrient rich water, the recovery of nutrients using a crystallization technique may provide value added product called Struvite, which is a slow releasing fertilizer. Struvite precipitation occurs in an equimolecular concentration of Mg2+, NH4+ and PO43- at slightly alkaline conditions. Addition of a source of Mg is essential to maintain the favorable condition of PO4 and Mg.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract a...ijtsrd
The main objective of the present study is to deal with the green synthesis of Zinc Oxide [ZnO] nanoparticles utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Jasminum Fluminense.` Zinc acetate [Zn(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2] and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] were used as starting materials and Jasminum Fluminense [Nithyamalli] leaf extract is used as precursor in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The resultant nanopowder was characterized by using Ultraviolet [UV] “ Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR] and Transmission Electron Microscopic [TEM] studies. Formation of ZnO nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and the TEM analysis spectacles that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles are of face centered cubic (fcc) structure and the size is found to be around 20 nm. FTIR spectral analysis indicated the leaf extract acts as the reducing and capping agents on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. This simplistic and green approach may provide a useful tool to hefty extent in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. These synthesized nanostructures illustrate novel applications in many fields such as cosmetics, optoelectronics, sensors, transducers and biomedical science because it is environmentally friendly and does not involve any harmful substances. S. Amudha"Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Jasminum Fluminense Leaf Extract and its Spectral and Optical Characterization Studies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12908.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/12908/green-synthesis-of-zno-nanoparticles-using-jasminum-fluminense-leaf-extract-and-its-spectral-and-optical-characterization-studies/s-amudha
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
A Review on Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Domestic Was...paperpublications3
Abstract:Struvite crystallization is a promising method to remove and recover phosphorus from wastewater to ease both the scarcity of phosphorus rock resources and water eutrophication worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants, especially those employing secondary treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion, have historically encountered phosphate precipitates, most commonly being Struvite. The growth of uncontrolled Struvite increases pumping and maintenance cost, as well as reduces the overall capacity of the plant piping system. Since domestic wastewater is recognized as nutrient rich water, the recovery of nutrients using a crystallization technique may provide value added product called Struvite, which is a slow releasing fertilizer. Struvite precipitation occurs in an equimolecular concentration of Mg2+, NH4+ and PO43- at slightly alkaline conditions. Addition of a source of Mg is essential to maintain the favorable condition of PO4 and Mg.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Bijay Thapa, Nawa Raj Khatiwada, Anish Ghimire and Bikash Adhikari . “Study of Pollutant Removal in Activated Sludge Process Using Lab Scale Plant by Intermittent Aeration” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 01-07.
Green synthesis, Characterization and anti microbial activity of silver nano ...IJERA Editor
The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of silver nano particles is considered a green
technology. Because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. Nanotechnology field is one of the most
attractive researches. The field of nanotechnology is applied to bio materials. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant sources. A detailed study on the reduction of silver ions to
silver nanoparticles from medical plant leaves extract were demonstrated with a brief experimental procedure.
Characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles performed through UV spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra
Red spectroscopy analysis, X-Ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission
Electron Microscopy. This review mainly focus on anti microbial activities of synthesized silver nano particles.
Evaluation of the photo-catalytic oxidation process with commercial ZnO for r...irjes
The textile industry uses a very great amount of water in their process and then, produces high
quantities of colorful wastewater containing pollutants like suspended solids, heavy metals and other inorganic
and organic compounds. In this study, real textiles wastewaters were processed in an oxidative photo-catalytic
slurry reactor, using commercial ZnO as the catalyst, in order to evaluate its efficiency, the effect of pH, the
effect of catalyst loading and its kinetics. The process was tested in a batch reactor, in bench and semi-pilot
scales, with excellent data reproducibility observed in the scale-up. Moreover, decolorizations of 97.43 %, BOD
and COD reduction were obtained, showing good applicability of the process. According to regional
environmental agencies, the final effluents parameters were checked showing good acceptance for the use of
ZnO, except for the presence of Zn2+ in the effluent as a disadvantage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nano particles using flower extract cassia dens...IJERD Editor
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting issue of the nanoscience and
nanobiotechnology. There is a growing attention to biosynthesis the metal nanoparticles using organisms.
Among these organisms, plants seem to be the best and they are suitable for large scale biosynthesis of
nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable, and the rate of synthesis is faster than that in
the case of other organisms. The present investigation was carried out to green synthesis of zinc oxide
nanoparticles by using the medicinal plant cassia densistipulata taub. The flower was collected from the campus
of Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh and their petals were separated. The petals were taken and cleaned with
dimeneralized water and soaked for an hour on dry cloth to remove moisture from the petals.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles was done by mixing 5gms of Zinc Nitrate with 50ml of aqueous
extract of cassia densistipulata taub petals. The formation of nanoparticles was monitored by visualizing color
changes and it was confirmed by Electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of various techniques confirmed the presence Zinc oxide
nanoparticles.
Case Study on Removal of Ambazari lake Water impurities By using Corn Cob and...IJERA Editor
This study was carried out for the utilization of Corn Cobs and Neem leaves as adsorbent for the removal of Surface water impurities . From the above observation it was concluded that Corn cobs were found suitable adsorbents because of their high mechanical strength, rigidity and porosity. Hence, contaminants like oxides of salts, detergents, suspended particles, coloured dyes, oil and grease get adsorbed in the surface of the corn cobs. It is a cheap and low cost method using one the less utilized agricultural bio-wastes of the globe.
ABSTRACT- In our present study, we account for eco-friendly biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against first to fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized by UV, XRD, FTIR and SEM analyses were clearly distinguishable. The four different immature mosquito larval stages of A. aegypti were exposed to varying concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of A. heterophyllus, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and synthesized CuNPs for 24 h. The mortality was observed at aqueous extract (LC50= 48.40, 60.55, 70.36, and 82.79 mg/ml), CuSO4 (LC50=21.81, 26.92, 41.38, and 55.12 mg/ml) synthesized CuNPs against first to fourth instars of A. aegypti (LC50= 3.85, 4.24, 4.66, and 5.08 mg/ml), respectively. The novel properties created not only improve the quality of human’s life; it also helps in saving energy and environment.
Key-words: Copper nanoparticles, Jackfruit, Aedes aegypti, aqueous leaf extract
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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assessment of biomass of leaves of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes)
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
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Assessment of Biomass of Leaves of Water
Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Reducing
Agents for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles of
Gold and Silver
A.Munive-Olarte1
, G. Rosano-Ortega2
, P. Schabes-Retchkiman3
, M.S.M. Martínez-
Gallegos4
, E. El Kassis5
, M. González-Pérez6
, F. Pacheco-García7
1,2,5,6,7
Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP).
3
Instituto de Física Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).
4
Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca (ITT). Edo. De México.
Abstract— Green chemistry methods for nanoparticles
synthesis have implemented the valorization of renewable
waste that reduces the use of chemicals and sub-products
to minimize the environmental impact. Herein, we report
a method to synthesize Ag and Au nanoparticles (AgNPs,
AuNPs) using one of the world´s worst aquatic weeds,
water hyacinth. From a reaction between a solution of
AgNO3 or HAuCl4 and controlling the pH, the
nanoparticles were synthesized. The optimum pH value to
obtained uniform quantum dots was found to be acidic for
AgNPs and neutral for AuNPs. The size was highly
dependent on pH for AgNPs, a smaller size was for acidic
pH, and the larger size was for basic pH, and cubic and
hexagonal are the predominant structures, no dependent
was observed in AuNPs, and orthorhombic is the most
common form. This method was sustainable because
water hyacinth is a renewable resource in all world, and
their use is not being exploited in any process. The
bioreduction process using water hyacinth promotes the
metallic nanoparticles formation and applied standard
conditions for temperature and pressure. Also, the rate of
synthesis is fast.
Keywords— Assessment of water hyacinth, green
synthesis, gold nanoparticles, leaf biomass, silver
nanoparticles.
I. INTRODUCTION
The study of the metal bioaccumulation/phytoremediation
process in plants has revealed that metals are deposited as
nanoparticles in various organs and tissues (Makarov et
al., 2014). A nanoparticle is defined as a discrete particle
that has a structure in the nanometer size range, usually
from 1 to 100 nm. The high surface area due to volume
ratio of nanoparticles makes their physicochemical
properties quite different from those of the bulk material
(Hebeish, El-Rafie, El-Sheikh & El-Naggar, 2013;
Ahmad, 2014). Many researchers have been focused on
silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs) in various
fields of applications. Metal ion adsorption Bahadar et al.,
2014; antimicrobial activity Muhammad et al., 2014;
photocatalytic activity Wei et al., 2014; chemical sensors
Rahman, Khan, Jamal, Faisal & Asiri, 2012 and, labeling
Urusov et al., 2015.
Generally, AgNPs and AuNPs are synthesized by several
methods whether physical or chemical. Thermal
decomposition Hosseinpour & Ramezani, 2014;
sonochemical Mohd & Ashokkumar, 2015; Darroudi,
Zak, Muhamad, Huang & Hakimi, 2011; solvothermal
Choi et al., 2013; microemulsion Ahmad, Wani, Al-
Hartomy, Al-Shihri & Kalam, 2015; Jurkin, Guliš,
Dražić, & Gotić, 2016; and laser ablation Urusov et al.,
2015. The most of these methods need controlled
environments and involve the use of hazardous chemical
reagents like sodium borohydride and hydrazine hydrate
(Hebeish et al., 2013). The request for an environmentally
sustainable synthesis method has led to green chemistry
techniques (Shameli et al., 2012). This approach could
have a reduction/elimination of toxic and hazardous
substances in the synthesis processes of metallic
nanoparticles. Green chemistry uses microorganisms,
enzymes, algae, plants (Majeed et al., 2016) and
biomolecules (Hebeish et al., 2013).
The water hyacinth plants were considered as a good
source in metal nanoparticles synthesis; it is contemplated
as a weed because of growth in rivers and streams. It has
been recognized as a hyperaccumulator organism in
which high concentration of tannins makes it an excellent
tool for heavy metals removal and metal nanoparticles
synthesis (Rosano-Ortega et al., 2007).
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
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Different parts of plants, such as leaves roots, stems,
fruits, seeds, flowers, and latex; have been used for
AgNPs and AuNPs synthesis (Rashidipour & Heydari,
2014; Mohd et al., 2015; Wang et al.,2016; Shameli et al.,
2012; Babu, Aishwarya, Vidya & Saidutta, 2014; Heydari
& Rashidipour,2015; Baghizadeh, et al., 2015; Baharara,
Namvar, Ramezani, Hosseini, & Mohamad, 2014;
Ankamwar, Gharge & Sur, 2015; Guidelli, Ramos,
Zaniquelli & Baffa, 2011); Various phytochemical
compounds, including terpenoids, polyphenols, sugars,
alkaloids, phenolic acids, and proteins, play a major role
in the bioreduction of metals (Makarov et al., 2014).
Tannic acid, a polyphenolic compound, has been used as
a reductant agent, in which case phenols take part in the
redox reaction by forming Quinones and donating
electrons that reduce oxidized metal ions to form
nanoparticles (Ahmad, 2014).
Rosano-Ortega et al. (2006) proposed an application of
the water hyacinth biomass for the Mn reduction from a
MnSO4 solution and observed the dependence of the
nanoparticle´s size as follows pH conditions, in which the
smallest clusters (1-4 nm) were generated using a pH=5.
Thus a change in pH gave it a modification of the
chemical state (ionization) of the phytochemicals in
plants, which affects their capacity to reduce metal ions
(Makarov et al., 2014; Rashidipour et al., 2014).
Water hyacinth was considered as a research subject due
to the following characteristics:
i). It is an aquatic weed, shared and available all over
the world.
ii). Accepts polyphenolic compounds in all sections of
plants; But leaves contain a greater amount of
these due to the plant's defense mechanism
(Rashidipour et al., 2014). Because of these
characteristics, polyphenolic compounds
contribute to the reduction of silver and gold ions.
iii). Also, the leaves take less time than the roots and
stem in the reduction process.
For this study, a sustainable method was proposed for
AgNPs and AuNPs synthesis using water hyacinth´s
leaves. Also, the pH effect was evaluated to optimize the
synthesis route; in the same way, composition, size, and
structure of the AgNPs and AuNPs were performed by
using high-resolution electron microscopy.
II. MATERIALS
Hydro chloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4 3H2O, 99.9%)
and silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99.0%) was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich, buffer solutions for pH 5 and seven were
obtained from MERCK and for pH 9 and 11 from
HYCEL. The water hyacinth was collected from
Valsequillo Reservoir, Puebla, State in Mexico. All
aqueous solutions were made using try distilled water.
III. METHOD
Biomass process: Water hyacinth leaves were washed in
running tap water, and received a second washing in try
distilled water until it was evident. Then, the leaves were
cut into small pieces and dried by solar radiation for 3h.
The pieces were pulverized with a mortar and pestle and
then with a blender. The obtained powder was washed
with a solution of HCl 0.01N because it was required to
break the cellulose, which improves the yield of sugars
and release of phytochemicals, and finally it was dried
again in a preheated oven at 80°C for 24h. The final
powder was considered the biomass and was selected
through a sieve (mesh #80) of diameter ≤ 0.098in.
Synthesis of nanoparticles: Silver and gold nanoparticles
were obtained according to the previously described
method with slight modifications (Rosano et al., 2006;
Schabes et al., 2006; Canizal et al., 2006); the flow of the
process is shown in Figure 1. A homogeneous suspension
of biomass was prepared with a concentration of 5 mg/mL
in try distilled water using an ultrasonic bath (15 min).
The pH of the solution was controlled by a buffer solution
to the values of 5, 7 and 9 for AgNPs and 5, 7 and 11 for
AuNPs. After placing the solutions in an ultrasonic bath
(15min), it was centrifuged (3000 rpm) for 30 min. Then
25 mL of a silver solution 3 x 10-4
M of AgNO3 or gold
solution 3 x 10-4
M of HAuCl4 was added. The samples
were mixed homogeneously using an ultrasonic bath (15
min) and centrifuged (3000rpm) for one h. Finally, the
biomass was separated from the solution by vacuum
filtration using a filter with pore size of 0.45 µm. The
final settlement was kept at rest for 48 h. The process was
carried out at steady conditions.
Characterization of nanoparticles: The analysis by TEM
and HRTEM was carried out, using a JEOL JEM-2010F
microscopy with a FasTEM for 2.3Å resolution. A couple
of drops of the AgNPs or AuNPs solutions were
deposited on a copper grid covered with amorphous
carbon. HRTEM were obtained at various defocus
conditions, including the optimal (Scherzer condition).
Finally, Fast Fourier Transforms (FTT) was obtained
from the images to identify the crystalline structure of
each particle.
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
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Fig.1: Schematic process of silver and gold
nanoparticles synthesis with the biomass of leaves from
water hyacinth.
Table captions appear centered above the table in upper
and lower case letters. When referring to a table in the
text, no abbreviation is used and "Table" is capitalized.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Particle Size Distribution (PSD). Different samples have
been achieved by varying the pH value. The
phytochemicals achieved with a variety of pH allowed to
obtained AgNPs and AuNPs with a small size distribution
and different configurations. TEM measurements were
carried out to determine the size of AgNPs and AuNPs,
also for both of them, in the micrographs, it was seen a
trimodal size distribution (small, medium and large).
Figure 2 shows the PSD for AgNPs. Here it can be
observed changes in particle size due to pH value. In
Figure 2a for pH= 5, a large number of nanoparticles
were in 1-10 nm, for pH= 7 a great mix of particles were
detected for 1-40 nm (Figure 2b) and at pH=9 the
majority of nanoparticles are in 1-20 nm (Figure 2c). To
confirm this behavior; in Table 1 was included the
finished size for nanoparticles, 9.3 ± 7.1 nm, 21.93 ±
14.46 nm and 26.3 ± 34.66 nm for pH 5, 7 and 9
respectively. As follows these results at acidic pH small-
sized nanoparticles were formed, whereas at neutral pH a
large number of nanoparticles have been trained.
Table.1: Size, structure and composition of Ag and Au
nanoparticles obtained with leave´s biomass of water
hyacinth.
Met
al
Precur
sor
pH
Avera
ge
Size
Comp
osition
Perce
nt
Struct
ure
Plane
Ag AgNO3
5
9.3±7.
1
Ag0
86% FCC
[111]
,
[102]
7
21.93
±
14.46
UD UD UD UD
9
26.3±
34.66
Ag6O2 80% HP [001]
Au
HAuCl
4
*3H2O
5
6.3±
3.3
Au0
81% UD [111]
AuO 19% UD UD
7
4.2±1.
79
AuO 68% UD UD
Au2O3 32% FCO [133]
11
47.8±
38
Au2O3 90% UD [511]
FCC: Face-centered cubic, HP: Hexagonal Primitive
FCO: Face-centered orthorhombic. UD: Unidentified
Source: Author’s own elaboration.
Fig.2: Low magnification electron micrographs of the
Ag nanoparticles obtained at pH values: (A) 5; (B) 7;
(C) 9; and the corresponding size distribution plots. The
histograms show the range of particle size distribution
(D).
The optimum pH was found to be 5, where over 60% of
particles have sizes between 1 and 10 nm. These results
are according to Baghizadeh et al. (2014), they report
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optimum pH=4 to synthesized AgNPs with P. harmala
seeds. However, Babu et al. (2014) using medicinal
Zizyphus xylopyrus bark extract to obtain AgNPs they
show surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs
at neutral and alkaline conditions, which is in contrast to
our results, this may be due to biomass type used.
Figure 3 shows the PSD of AuNPs, there was observed an
influence by pH value, in Figures 3a and 3b the most
nanoparticles were in 1-10nm with pH= 5 and 7, but in
pH= 11 a majority of particles was in 20-60 nm. In Table
1 the size average was included for these nanoparticles,
6.3 ± 3.3 nm, 4.2 ± 1.79 nm and 47.8 ± 38 nm for pH 5, 7
and 11 respectively. The main result was for neutral pH in
which small-sized nanoparticles and the larger number of
nanoparticles were formed; this is in according to the
literature (Li, Li, Wan, Xu, & Hou, 2011).
Fig.3: Low magnification electron micrographs of the
Au nanoparticles obtained at pH values: (A) 5; (B) 7;
(C) 11; the corresponding size distribution plots. The
histograms show the range of particle size distribution
(D).
HRTEM analysis. Significant results have been observed
in PSD for AuNPs and AgNPs at different pH values, and
the same characteristics were previously observed for
other metals. (Rosano et al., 2006; Schabes et al., 2006;
Canizal et al., 2006). Therefore, the optimal size
distribution was obtained for AgNPs at pH=5 and for
AuNPs at pH=7, where particles formed had small and
regular size and symmetrical shape. Canizal et al. (2006)
related the structure of the nanoparticles with the
passivating agents, in this case, tannins from the biomass.
To determine the crystal arrangement formed in the
AgNPs and AuNPs were analyzed HRTEM images.
Fig.4: HRTEM images of particles observed in AgNP
samples at (A) pH5 and (B) pH9, with their
corresponding FFT for each image. (A) FCC
nanoparticle at [111] and [102], (B) Ag6O2 nanoparticle
at the [001] orientation.
Figure 4 shows sets of comparable images for
representative structures in AgNPs samples obtained at
pH 5 and 9 with their corresponding FFT. For pH= 5
(Figure 4a) it was possible to identify that 86% of
nanoparticles correspond to a face-centered cubic (FCC)
structure with lattice fringes having a spacing of 2.35 Å of
interplanar space (JCPDS card 87-0720) and its growth
preferentially over [111] and [102] planes. The rest of
nanoparticles in the sample were not identified. In the
case of pH = 7, the particles were formed by just a few
atoms, so the contrast is not high. However, for pH = 9
(Figure 4b) it was observed that 80% of the nanoparticles
corresponds to Ag6O2 with a hexagonal structure (HP)
and lattice fringes with a spacing of 5.58 Å of interplanar
space (JCPDS card 74-0878) in [001] orientation.
According to with this results, it can be possible to
establish, for pH=5 Ag nanoparticles were obtained, for
pH=9 the silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag6O2) was
synthesized, the results were summarized in Table 1.
Figure 5 shows sets of comparable images for
representative structures for AuNPs samples obtained at
pH 5, 7 and 11 and their corresponding FFT. For pH= 5 it
was possible to identify two AuNPs compositions. The
first one (Figure 5a) 81% of nanoparticles with lattice
fringes having a 2.33 Å of interplanar space (JCPDS card
011172). It was according with the [111] d-spacing of
bulk Au (Yin, Chen & Wu, 2010); the second one, 19%
were of AuO (Figure 5 b) with lattice fringes having a
2.22Å of interplanar space (JCPDS card 23-0278). In the
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case of the sample at pH=7 specimens, two structures
were observed too.
Fig.5: HRTEM images of particles observed in AuNP
samples of (A & B) pH 5 and (C & D) pH 7, (E) pH 11
with their corresponding FFT for each image. (A) Au
nanoparticle with [111] orientation, (B & C) AuO
nanoparticles, (D) orthorhombic Au2O3 nanoparticle
with [133] orientation, (E) orthorhombic Au2O3
nanoparticle with [511] orientation.
In the first one 68% of the sample corresponds to AuO
nanoparticles (Figure 5c); with lattice fringes having a
2.22 Å of interplanar space (JCPDS card 23-0278).
Moreover, in the second one, 32% of nanoparticles were
in Au2O3 composition with a spacing of 1.19 Å (Figure
5d) corresponding to a face-centered orthorhombic (FCO)
structure (JCPDS card 43-1039) in orientation [133].
Finally, for pH=11 also an Au2O3 nanoparticle in FCO
structure (90%) was observed (Figure 5e) with lattice
fringes having a spacing of 2.15 Å of interplanar space
(JCPDS card 43-1039) on the [511] plane. According to
these results, to obtain Au0 or Ag0 the best value for pH
was 5, 7 respectively, while for AgNPs only one oxide
was identified for particles (Table1), for AuNPs two
oxides were recognized, only one configuration of gold
oxide is clearly associated with pH= 11 (Au2O3). The
results are condensed in Table 1.
The composition of the nanoparticle surface is intimately
related to their final application because the surface will
be the first aspect experiences either the environment or
the organism (Christian, Von der Kammer, Baalousha &
Hofmann, 2008). The metallic nanoparticles produced by
biosynthesis were silver or gold oxide in the most cases,
and they could be used in industrial and biomedical
applications due to antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and
luminescent properties.
Changes in the size distribution and structure of AgNPs
and AuNPs are due to the pH varying. The AgNPs at pH=
5 was obtained the smallest size; the reduction is slow and
efficient, these nanoparticles were well passivated
because they search of a minimum energy surface.
However, for AuNPs the smallest size was reached at pH
7, so is possibly a fast reduction process that reduces the
ions faster causing aggregation and different
configurations. Also, might be due to a weak passivation
of tannins in the biomass with Au (Canizal, et al., 2006).
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study proposed an eco-friendly, nonhazardous,
cheap, and rapid method for AgNPs and AuNPs synthesis
using an invasive aquatic plant, water hyacinth, which it
converts a pest to a reduction agent and a value-added
chemical. The TEM analysis revealed the particle size
distribution for each pH (acid, neutral or alkaline) which
seems to be trimodal. For AgNPs, at pH= 5 was
determined the highest percentage of nanoparticles with
sizes in the range (1 a 10 nm) with a structure cubic face-
centered. In the case of AgNPs, it was observed that the
size and structure of nanoparticles were strongly
dependent on the pH value. For AuNPs, at pH= 7 the
smallest and less dispersed were obtained with two
configurations (AuO and Au2O3). Metallic nanoparticles
obtained could be applied in industry and biomedicine.
Bioreduction method lets it obtained silver and gold
nanoparticles, and the use of an invasive plant makes it a
sustainable method to synthesize metallic nanoparticles.
REFERENCES
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