This document summarizes a study on the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using nitrated biomass from Cicer arientinum seeds. The effects of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption were investigated. Kinetic modeling showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The activation energy was low, indicating physical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step. The nitrated Cicer arientinum biomass was found to be a low-cost, effective sorbent for removing methylene blue from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Dye effluents impose hazardous effects on human beings as well as on environment. The present powerpoint deals with some of the decolourization techniques that can be adopted for treating wastewater containing toxic dyes and chemicals
Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill efluenteSAT Journals
Abstract Paper mill is one of the major sources of pollution causing industry with intensely coloured effluent. The effluent is rich in lignocellulosic materials and other chemicals used during manufacturing which results in high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Due to its high toxic and mutagenic nature when discharged untreated there is a growing demand to treat the effluent before discharge. Biological treatment is a promising technique as it greatly reduces colour, BOD and COD. Various fungal and bacterial species are capable of degrading the lignocellulosic materials present in the effluent. In the present study characterization of the paper mill effluent and identification of the degradation efficiency of lignin degrading fungal species - Pleurotus species and Rhizopus stolonifer and bacterial species – Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in laboratory scale was done. Here sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment was carried out in two bio-reactors in series. The study indicated that anaerobic treatment gave a reduction of colour (18%), lignin (25%), COD (36%), BOD (28%) in 5days. The anaerobically treated effluent was then separately given to the aerobic reactors containing the fungal and bacterial species. Data obtained indicated that the Rhizopus showed good reduction in colour (71%), lignin (77%), COD (68%) and BOD (70%) in 5days whereas Pleurotus, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species showed reduction in colour (68%, 31%, 18%), lignin (64%, 43%, 44%), COD (58%, 42%, 43%) and BOD (60%, 40%, 42%) respectively in 5days. Thus Rhizopus was identified as the microbe with better degradation capacity. Key Words: Pulp and paper mill effluent1, Lignin, Anaerobic treatment, Rhizopus stolonifer.
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Effect of basidiomycete fungi on the discoloration and phytotoxicity of synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The elimination of toxic wastes from industrial activities, mainly the textile industry, has induced the researchers to seek new techniques that reduce or eliminate the toxicity of these effluents. The textile effluent has a high chemical demand of oxygen and strong coloration, requiring an especific treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluated the decolorizationRemazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and textile effluent using pre-selected cultures of basidiomycete fungi: Lentinula edodes, Pleurotusostreatus and Pleutotuspulmorarius, and phytotoxicity of the dye and effluent before and after treatment with fungi. The decolorization test was realized in a liquid medium and the absorbance determined in spectrophotometer. For the dye was used to two pH values (5.0 and 9.0) and concentration (0.1 gL-1 and 0.5 gL-1). Lactuca sativa L. seeds were exposed to dye samples and textile effluents and the parameters evaluated were the germination rate and root lenght. The fungus Pleurotuspulmonarius was the one with the best result on the decolorization of dye RBBR on the both values: pH and concentration. As the textile effluent there was no significant difference among the treatments. In some treatments with the dye germination rate decreased indicating toxicity after decolorization. However there was an increase in root growth in the presence of the dye treated with P.pulmonarius.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Decolorization of mixture of dyes: A critical reviewGJESM Publication
Water plays a vital and essential role in our ecosystem. This natural resource is becoming scarce, making
its availability a major social and economic concern. Use of a large variety of synthetic dyes in textile industries has raised an hazardous environmental alert. About 17 - 20% of freshwater pollution is caused by textile effluents. These effluents are recalcitrant to biodegradation and cause acute toxicity to the receiving water bodies, as these comprised of various types of toxic dyes, which are difficult to remove. Decolorisation of textile wastewater is therefore important before releasing it into the nearby local waterways. It therefore becomes essential to degrade the toxic chemicals of textile wastewater, so as to avoid the hazardous environmental effects. Several treatment methods have been employed to embark upon the problem of dye removal but degradation becomes further more difficult for effluents containing dye matrix. The
review study has been an attempt to present the different diversified attempts used for decolorisation of a mixture of dyes.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Effect of basidiomycete fungi on the discoloration and phytotoxicity of synth...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The elimination of toxic wastes from industrial activities, mainly the textile industry, has induced the researchers to seek new techniques that reduce or eliminate the toxicity of these effluents. The textile effluent has a high chemical demand of oxygen and strong coloration, requiring an especific treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluated the decolorizationRemazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and textile effluent using pre-selected cultures of basidiomycete fungi: Lentinula edodes, Pleurotusostreatus and Pleutotuspulmorarius, and phytotoxicity of the dye and effluent before and after treatment with fungi. The decolorization test was realized in a liquid medium and the absorbance determined in spectrophotometer. For the dye was used to two pH values (5.0 and 9.0) and concentration (0.1 gL-1 and 0.5 gL-1). Lactuca sativa L. seeds were exposed to dye samples and textile effluents and the parameters evaluated were the germination rate and root lenght. The fungus Pleurotuspulmonarius was the one with the best result on the decolorization of dye RBBR on the both values: pH and concentration. As the textile effluent there was no significant difference among the treatments. In some treatments with the dye germination rate decreased indicating toxicity after decolorization. However there was an increase in root growth in the presence of the dye treated with P.pulmonarius.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effect of temperature on biodegradation of textile dyeing effluent using pilo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study deals with the effect of temperature on treatment of real textile dyeing effluent using pilot scale two-phase Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor with sago effluent as co-substrate under recycle mode. The temperature of the reactor was varied viz. 35, 40, 45 and 50 0C. The feed of the reactor was 30% of methanogenic outlet recycled and 70% of 70/30 (sago/textile dyeing effluent) mixing ratio were given at the bottom of the reactor. The reactor was operated at 24 h of HRT. The performance of the bioreactor was evaluated by monitoring the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), removal of color, Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) and biogas production. The overall COD and color removal were achieved maximum of 98.4% and 99.3% respectively. Based on temperature, the biogas production (0.512 m3/d) was maximum at 450C. From the VFA and alkalinity ratio values obtained indicate that the reactors were operated under steady state. The results shows, that the sago and textile dyeing effluent have wide variation in their characteristics were treated on combination, whereas the recycle ratios maintain the stability of reactor. This new technology supports the effective utilization of sago effluent in destruction of dyeing effluent; the optimum temperature for efficient reactor operation was 450C.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Présentation de la Ville de Mons dans le cadre de la Mission exploratoire AWEX-WBI. Cap sur les Villes intelligentes françaises. (Volet Bordeaux-Nantes: du 23 au 27 novembre 2015).
Quand la pensée spatiale rend la ville intelligenteUniversité Laval
Conférence donnée dans le cadre de Digital Intelligence 2016 / Intelligences numériques 2016, du 04 au 06 avril 2016, centre des congrès de Québec.
Contribution au panel Panel (3) - Villes intelligentes: en route vers demain
Participants :
Gwénaël Bodo, directeur des coopérations, de la veille territoriale et de l'évaluation, Rennes Métropole
Vincent Corru, responsable numérique Ouest, ERDF, Nantes
Renaud Delguerde, directeur général, Bureau économique de la Province de Namur
Marc des Rivières, directeur, Bureau du transport, Ville de Québec
Stéphane Roche, professeur, Département de sciences géomatiques, Université Laval
Nordic-IT : revisiter les territorialités du Nord à l'ère du numérique Université Laval
Conférence donnée dans le cadre des carrefours numériques "Territoires et numérique: vers un nord intelligent" de l'ITIS au musée de la civilisation de Québec le 18 mars 2016 (https://www.mcq.org/fr/activite?id=376419). Une série de conférences inscrites dans l'évènement "Décoder le monde: la Nordicité". Cette conférence propose d’inverser le regard. Plutôt que de se demander ce que le numérique peut faire pour le Nord, il s'agit de se demander ce que le Nord peut faire pour le numérique et plus précisément si finalement cette stratégie numérique que nous cherchons à développer pour le Québec n'aurait pas beaucoup à apprendre du fonctionnement des territoires nordiques.
Villes intelligentes et numeriques ou en sommes-nous? Université Laval
Conférence d'ouverture de l'atelier "Villes intelligentes et numériques, tendances et opportunités à saisir" organisé pour le GISDay 2016 par le Centre de Géomatique du Québec (CGQ- Chicoutimi).
http://www.innovation02.ca/activites/atelier-villes-intelligentes-et-numeriques-tendances-et-oppurtunites-a-saisir
Entrepreneuriat étudiant: formation de l'esprit et construction d'opportunité...Alex Koumba
Quel fondement pour l'intégration des apprentissages entrepreneuriaux dans le champ universitaire? Quels enjeux s'articulent à l'intégration de l'entrepreneuriat dans l'univers académique? Pourquoi les étudiants sont-ils bien placés pour entreprendre ?
Tels les quelques points saillants mis en exergue dans le cadre de cette communication proposée au sein du pôle étudiant, pour l'innovation, le transfert et l'entrepreneuriat, l'université de Bourgogne et la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie
Bab II Perhitungan dalam epidemiologi(part 1)NajMah Usman
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan perhitungan angka kematian dan interpretasi hasil perhitungan
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Mampu menjelaskan perbedaan prevalensi dan insidensi
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Mampu menjelaskan perhitungan odd rasio, risk rasio dan prevalensi rasio.
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REFERENSI
Najmah, 2015, Epidemiologi untuk mahasiswa kesehatan masyarakat. Penerbit: Raja Grafindo Jakarta
http://rajagrafindoonline.com/kesehatan/buku-epidemiologi-untuk-mahasiswa-kesehatan-masyarakat-pengarang-najmah-skm-mph
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The uptake of methylene blue by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch mode. The effect of parameters like contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. The value Kp is found to be 0.1928 and 0.8727 for initial and final concentrations respectively. The kinetics of biosorption results indicate that sorption process follows pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients greater than 0.988 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, and ΔG are calculated indicates, rise in KD, negative ΔG values determine the spontaneity of the process and significantly shows that sorption process is time, temperature and concentration dependant. The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm, Hall separation factor values less than unity and low value of activation energy indicate that sorption is an activated and favorable physical process. The phenomenon of sorption includes liquid-film, mass transfer mechanism is well described by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. Thus sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum(S-III) is a low cost and easily available good sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater.
Adsorption of dye from aqueous solutions by orange peel with Chitosan nanocom...Open Access Research Paper
This research focused on the development of adsorbents based on cheap, abundant, and locally available agricultural wastes in Tamil Nadu to adsorb dye from an aqueous solution. The goal of this study was to explore if chitosan-modified orange peel could be utilized as an adsorbent to remove colours from wastewater and if it could be employed as a traditional wastewater treatment approach in the textile sector. Using agricultural peel in decolouration technology has a lot of potential in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Super nanocomposite is made from orange peel waste combined with chitosan nanoparticles. The purpose of this batch adsorption experiment was to determine the effects of adsorbent dosages, pH, and temperature on dye adsorption from wastewater. The experiment showed that the maximum amount of dye adsorbed was 53.3mg/g at pH 6.9 with a Temperature (of 600 C) and the adsorbent dose amount of adsorbent was 1.0g/L. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was used to investigate the equilibrium adsorption behaviour. The usage of orange peel with Nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from solutions was demonstrated in this work. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in orange peels, chitosan, chitosan orange peel, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with orange peel waste were identified using FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques. Different types of Langmuir I, Langmuir II, Langmuir III, Langmuir IV, and the Freundlich model as adsorption isotherm models were investigated.
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for
the adsorption of cationic dye from aqueous solution onto
composite activated carbon. The composite activated carbon was
prepared from brewer’s spent grain and sea bean shell at a ratio
of 1:1. The equilibrium studies were done at different
concentrations and temperatures. The equilibrium data were
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and
Temkin isotherm models. The results showed that both Lagmuir
and Freundlich isotherm model fitted the data reasonably well
but Freundlich isotherm fitted better in the temperature range
studied. This confirmed that the adsorption is heterogeneous,
non-specific and non-uniform in nature. Kinetic studies were also
undertaken in terms of first order, second order, pseudo first
order, pseudo second order, Elovich, Boyd, and intra-particle
diffusion models. The results indicated that the data followed
pseudo second order model with surface adsorption and intraparticle
diffusion concurrently operating during the adsorbateadsorbent
interaction. The values of the thermodynamic
parameters computed from Van’t Hoff plot confirmed the
process to be endothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Journals
Abstract Application of biosorbents has gained a great importance in the present scenario of waste water purification. The present work concentrates on the potential of biosorbent, Corn husk leaves, for the co-removal of phenol and cyanide from coke waste water by simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB). The microbe used in the present study is the bacteria of Serratia Sp. The entire SAB process was carried out at 30 0C and for 60 h. Theoptimum process parameters i.e. pH, initial concentration of both phenol and cyanide, adsorbent dose of corn husk leaves were analysed and their impact on the entire process were also studied. At the range of initial concentration of phenol between 100-1000 mg/L and cyanide between 10-100 mg/L, the optimum pH was obtained between 6.5-7 and an optimum adsorbent dose of 6 g/L. Multicomponent adsorption isotherms applied were Non-modified Langmuir, Modified Langmuir, Extended Langmuir and Extended Freundlich. Out of the four isotherms applied non-modified Langmuir isotherm proved to be the best fit for phenol and modified Langmuir isotherm was found to be best fit for cyanide. Phenol showed a removal percentage of 75 % by SAB process and cyanide showed a removal percentage of 83 %. The data was also non-linearly modelled for kinetic studies. Kinetic studies revealed that for both phenol and cyanide simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation took place by physisorption as well as by chemisorption. Surface diffusion is dominating for the simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation of phenol whereas in case of cyanide intraparticle diffusion is the dominating factor. Keywords: biosorbents, corn husk leaves, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation, optimum.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Laboratory investigation of insecticide O,O diethyl O-2 isopropyl 6- methyl pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate insecticide adsorption using olive stones activated by phosphoric acid was carried out. The influence of several factors governing insecticide adsorption such as dosage, temperature, pH and time in addition to specific surface area of the prepared carbon was investigated. The obtained results showed that the adsorption was found to increase with increasing temperature and pH and the activated carbon prepared from olive stones has higher surface area (>700 m2g-1). Also, the removal of insecticide increased with the lapse of time; an olive stone activated by phosphoric acid has 75.6 % insecticide removal efficiency in comparison with that of activated carbon. The experimental results have been fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Langmuir isotherm better fitted the experimental data since the average percent deviations were lower than with Freundlich isotherm. Moreover, activated carbon from olive stones is a suitable adsorbent and adsorption of 90% is possible in the high temperature, pH and adsorbent dosages.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamics investigation on adsorption of divalent ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three novel and distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., Casuarinas fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP) and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic copper(II) from
aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX and FTIR. Different factors effecting
adsorption capacity were analyzed and the effi ciency order was BSP>SSP>CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility
to Freundlich/Langmuir/D-R/Temkin adsorption isotherm and different models (pseudo-fi rst and second order,
Boyd, Weber’s and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of CFP and SSP, whereas, simultaneous
occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of BSP. Based on the observations, it was
proposed that three kinetic stages involve in adsorption process viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle
diffusion and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have promising role towards removal of Cu(II)
from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
A series of batch and bioreactors experiments were carried out for absorption of dis-azo dyes present in
textile mill effluents under different aeration conditions. One fungal strain with five rates of air was
used to absorb direct brown dye. Five liters bioreactors were applied to study the removal performance.
The experimental results are compared for various operating conditions. The effects of airflow rate
(1/8, ¼, ½, 1, 2 v/v min) inlet on the dye removing were assessed. It was found that the rate of aeration
of ½ v/v min induced increase in dye removal percentages (72%) and fungal biomass (9.2 g); at the rate
of aeration of 2 v/v min, high dye removal percentage (77%) was recorded with a decrease in biomass
dry weight at the end of the incubation time. The results also indicated that the biomass dry weight
obtained at three flow rates of aeration was more or less similar until the end of the growth stage (after
incubation for three days). The results obtained indicate that using low rate of aeration (1/8, ¼, ½ v/v
min) was better for dye biosorption than high rate (1, 2 v/v min), and therefore it is recommended for
dis-azo dye removing.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 5, Issue 2 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 50-58
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated
biomass of Cicer arientinum
A. A. Kale1
1
Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, S.M.Joshi College, Hadapsar. Dist-Pune, (Maharashtra)
Abstract: Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in
batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has
been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that
sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than
0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final
concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ∆G has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of
the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The
Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism.
Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent
sorbent for the removal of MB+
from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is
much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.
Key words: Methylene blue (MB), biosobent, adsorbent, Nitrated biomass (sorbent S-IV), Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherms
I. Introduction
Bengal gram, pulses maize, wheat, bajara are the major crops of Maharashtra, agricultural waste from
these crops are available in ample amount. Methylene blue is widely released as waste from industry and can be
harmful for the environmental flora and fauna. Furthermore, in humans, it will cause stomach upset and ulcer,
mental retardation, liver, and brain damage. Therefore, removal of methylene blue from effluents is essential. In
general, a sorbent can be assumed as “low cost” it is requires little processing, is abundant in nature or is by
product or waste material from another industry. Adsorbents with a wide variety of surface structure and pore
size distribution are obtained by modifying the preparation conditions of either physical and or chemical
activation processes. In both the methods there is a reaction of the precursor with the activating agent to develop
the porosity.1-2
In the late 1970 chemical activation of charcoal using KOH was reported.5-6
. Literature survey
reveals the modified methods for the charcoal preparation by using different inorganic salts and heavy acids like
sulphuric acid and nitric acid. In chemical activation process the lignocellulosic precursor is mixed with a
chemical reagent for restricting the formation of tar. The process followed by carbonization and neutralization
by washing, yields the activated carbon 3-4
acids, alkalis, salt solutions have been used for chemical activation.
Pseudo-activated carbon prepared by treating the lignocellulosic precursor with concentrated sulphuric
acid showed adsorptive and ion exchange properties2
. The adsorption was found to obey Langmuir and
freundich adsorption models. Literature survey also reveals that cotton seeds hulls1
, peat7
, walnut shell
,cherry stone, apricot stone nut, grapes seeds9
, eucalypts10
,olive and peach stone11
, wood saw dust have been
found to be suitable precursors owing to their high carbon and low ash contents. Newer adsorbent materials like
tree barks, cotton capsule shells, cauliflower12
saw dust13
, rice straw, ground nut husk carbon14,
tea leaves15
,
waste wool, 6
have been, investigated for removal of pollutants from waste water in the last two decades.
Growing interest has been focused for the use of phosphoric acid as an activating agent in the
production of activated carbon from minerals and botanical sources1-2
. Effect of temperature, pH, and
concentration of the adsorbate solution on adsorption capacity was studied on activated alumina, sorption and
desorption characteristics of the methylene blue have been studied on kaolinite. The adsorption behavior of the
cationic dye methylene blue on cellulose16
from its own solution and from its mixture with an anionic dye,
methyl orange has been investigated. The physical and chemical surface characteristics of activated carbon and
adsorption of methylene blue from waste water. Kinetics and equilibrium studies of adsorption of methylene
blue on jute fiber17
carbon have also been reported. Leaves of cauliflower were used for the removal of dyes like
crystal violet, malachite green, rhodamine B, and methylene blue. Equilibrium kinetic modeling of Methylene
blue biosorption by pretreated streptomyces vimosus18
indicated that there is an increase in % dye adsorption
with increase in temperature.Study of kinetics and mechanism of methylene blue sorption on to palm kernel
fiber reveals that sorption of methylene blue on to kernel fiber follows a chemical activation mechanism. The
adsorption study of azo dyes with similar structures was carried out on neutral alumina19
and the difference in
adsorption of dyes has been explained on the basis of their molecular weight and structural complexity20
.
2. Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum.
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Literature available revealed that a large number of researchers are working to tap the scope of various cheaper
biomaterial like crushed coconut shell , treated saw dust21
peanut hull22
baggase pith biomass,sawdust23
red
onion skin24,
new pods of tur25
, coir pith,fibres of wool,cotton,jute,bamboo as biosorbents.Removal abilities of
various biosorbent like sorghum straw, fly ash, banana pith, charoli bark, bacteria, algae, fungi, yeast and dead
biomass, have also been investigated.30
Literature survey of adsorption study indicated that up till now studies
have been carried out on alumina27
, silica gel polyaniline28
, graphite, fuller earth29
, animal charcoals etc.as
adsorbents which are costlier ones.
II. Materials and Methods
2.1 Sorbate and Chemicals
The solutions of Cationic dye of amorphous nature methylene blue (3, 9 bis – diamino phenathionium
chloride) sorbate having molecular formula C16H18N3SCl were prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of
dry powdered dye stuff in bidistilled water. Concentrations of the solutions used for this studies; were 0.799
mg/L., 7.99 mg/L, 39.9 mg/L and 79.99 mg/L. (All Chemicals used Merck Chem.).
2.2 Sorbent
The stalks of Cicer arientinum were collected, cleaned and shade dried. The dried material was
crushed, powdered and then taken in a beaker and soaked in AR conc. nitric acid for 2 hours , the mass was
then heated on a water bath till the brown fumes ceased. It was then washed thoroughly with distilled water till
the brown black mass was acid free. It was then dried at 110 0
C in the oven for 3 hours. The dried material was
passed through 0.63 mm mesh get particles of uniform size sorbent and stored in vacuum desiccators before use.
2.3 Sorption Kinetics
The three sets of experiments and each set include 50 mg of sorbent was taken in different conical
flasks, to each of these flasks 25 ml of dye solution of initial concentration (Co= 0.799 mg/L) was added. The
volume was made up to 100 ml by adding distilled water. The flasks were protected from sunlight and stirred on
magnetic stirrer with constant speed400 rpm for a period of 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,30,and 60 minutes respectively
and filtered through whatmann filter paper. The absorbance of the filtrate was measured using systronic -112
photoelectric colorimeter at wavelength 640nm filter. The same procedure mentioned above was used to study
the effect of different variables mentioned in work. The dye uptake capacity for the adsorbate was calculated by
simple concentration method. Uptake capacity was calculated from the mass balance as follows.
q= (Co-Ct) V
100 W
Where q is the quantity of sorbate (dye or metal) uptake by biomass, Co and Ct are the initial and final
concentrations respectively. V is the volume of solution in ml and W is the dry weight of the biomass added.
Calibration and actual experiments were carried triplicate and mean values are presented.
III. Result and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of biosorbents.
The physical parameter and I R spectrum data of nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum for Sorbent is
described in Table-1 and Table-2 respectively.
Table- 1
Adsorbent
Bulk
density g /
cc
Moisture
content %
Ash
Content %
Volatile
material %
S-IV 0.58 6.8 8.1 17.2
Table-2
I R spectrum data for Sorbent
Nitrated biomass of C.arientinum: 3340 cm-1
broad –OH, 2924 cm-1
–NH, 1725cm-1
COOH.
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Fig.1 Infra Red Spectrum of biosorbent
3.2 Sorption Kinetic Models
1. Percentage removal analysis of sorption data: The removal percentage is calculated by equation
PR (%) = [1- Ce/Co] x 100
Where PR % = removal percentage of dye or metal ion from static system after agitation Co= of initial metal
ion concentration, Ct with fixed dosage of adsorbent and Ce = sorbate concentration at experimental equilibrium
stage.
2. Langmuir isotherm model:
Langmuir isotherm was applied for adsorption equilibrium data. The Langmuir isotherm is based on
the following assumptions:
• Adsorbate / metal ions are chemically adsorbed at fixed number of well – defined sites •each site can hold
only one ion. All sites are energetically equivalent; and There is no interaction between adsorbed ions. When the
initial sorbate concentration increases adsorption increases whilst the binding sites are not saturated. The
unmodified Langmuir equation is as follows
Qe= abCe/ 1+bCe Where a= maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g)
b = Langmuir isotherm parameter related to the energy of adsorption (1/mg)
3. Freundilich isotherm model: Freundlich equation is used for heterogeneous surface energy term. Freundlich
isotherm can also be used to explain adsorption phenomenon as given:
Qe= Kf Ce 1/n
The linearized Freundlich model isotherm is represented by equation
Log10qe= Log 10 Kf + 1/n Log 10 Ce
Where, Kf and n are constants incorporating all factors affecting the adsorption capacity and an
indication of the favorability of metal ion adsorption onto carbon respectively.
4. Adsorption thermodynamic equation: Value of the thermodynamic parameter free energy ∆G o
were
calculated using following thermodynamic equation (Sarin and Pant, 2006)
∆G o
= - RT ln K ; where ∆Go
change in free energy ( KJ/mol); T = Absolute temperature (K) , R (
Universal gas constant ) = 8.314 J/mole . K; K is the equilibrium constant at temperature, T. The equilibrium
constant, K can be calculated from. K= qe/Ce
5. Kinetic models:
Kinetics of MB adsorption on stalks of Cicer arientinum can be modeled by the pseudo first order
Lagergren equation and Pseudo second order model. The rate constant of adsorption from the first order rate
expression. Log (qe-qt=Log qe – (Kt/2.303) t
Where qe and q are the amount of dye adsorbed (mg/g) at equilibrium and K1 is the rate constant. The second-
order kinetics model is expressed as t/q =1/k2qe2+t/qe. The initial adsorption rate (mg/g) to can be defined as
n=k2qe2
The initial adsorption rate (h) equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) and 2nd
order rate constant K2 (g/mg
min) are determined experimentally, from the slope and intercept of the plot.
6. Intra particle diffusion study: Adsorption by porous particles is a process which involves a number of
steps. The most common empirical function which explains adsorption is that the uptake varies almost
proportionally with t ½ and rather than contact time. Qt= k id1/2+C
According to the equation the plot of qt vs. t 1/2
should be a straight line passing through origin, when the
intraparticle diffusion is the rate controlling step. If the plot of qt vs. t 1/2
is non linear it indicates the adsorption
is not governed by a single mechanism.
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IV. Effect Of Contact Time
A study of effect of time on adsorption of Methylene blue on sorbent indicates that at all the
concentrations of the dye rate of adsorption is quite high and the process reaches equilibrium within 30
seconds,( Fig.2). The trend of adsorption is decreases with time, probably due to saturation of the available sites.
The plots of % adsorbed vs. time shows two distinct regions one clearly indicating rapid adsorption and
the other indicating the slowed down rate. This can be caused due to strong attractive forces between the dye
molecules and the sorbent, fast diffusion onto the external surface followed by fast pore diffusion into the intra
particular matrix to attain rapid equilibrium.
Fig-2. % Adsorption vs. time S- IV (Co = 0.799 mg/Ltr.&79.9mg/Ltr.)
4.1 Effect of Adsorbent dose:
Although the %age removal increases with the adsorbent dose, the adsorption capacity shows
significant decrease at equilibrilium, (Fig.3). The plot of adsorption capacity vs. time indicates that the amount
of sorbent also has an effect on the contact time required to attain equilibrium. The smallest material dose (50
mg) attained equilibrium after 30 seconds while the highest dose attained it after 60 seconds.
Fig.-3 Adsorption Capacity vs. time S- IV (Co = 0.799 mg/Ltr., 79.9mg/Ltr.)
4.2 Effect of pH on adsorption of [MB] +
by Sorbent
The pH of a solution is an important factor which controls any adsorption process. The dye binding
sites on the surface of the adsorbent are often modified by change in the pH of the solution. Similarly the
chemistry and the structure of the dye molecules is also pH dependent .Methylene blue is cationic dye and exists
as methylene blue [MB]+
in solutions. Initially there is a competition for H+
and [MB]+
ions , to attach to the
adsorption sites However as pH increases the number of H+
ions in solution decreases till pH 4, and a slight
increase is observed in adsorption of the dye. As the pH increases beyond 6, it is observed that the adsorption
falls and nearing the equilibrium maximum dye cations are on the surface of the sorbent. As pH increases the
[OH] _
and the remaining [MB] +
cations appear to form pairs due to electrostatic attraction and the [MB] +
ions
are held back in solution.
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Fig-4 Effect of pH on adsorption of MB by S- IV
4.3 Effect of Initial concentration
Sorbent shows an increasing trend in adsorption with increase in initial concentration of the dye, for
Co=0.799 mg/Ltr. the % adsorption is 44 to 63 % while for Co=79.9 mg/Ltr. adsorption is 59 to 81 %,( Fig-5).
At a higher biomaterial to solute ratio a fast superficial sorption on to the sorbent surface takes place
producing a lower solute concentration in the solution. A fixed mass of sorbent can sorbs only a certain amount
of dye, therefore larger the sorbent mass, larger the amount of sorbate that can be removed. As the sorbent dose
increases the amount of dye sorbed per unit gram of sorbent gets reduced thus causing a decrease in the
adsorption capacity. The concentration of the dye at the surface of the sorbent differs from that in the solution,
and therefore there exists a concentration gradient in the solution and at the surface of sorbent.
Fig. 5 Effect of initial concentration on sorption of M.B. by S-IV
4.4 Effect of Temperature
Effect of temperature on adsorption of [MB] +
by S-IV experiments were carried out at four
temperatures 150
c, 250
c, 350
c and 450
c using thermostat to maintain the temperature. The plots of % adsorption
vs. time, fig.6, using S-IV indicate that maximum amount of [MB] +
are adsorbed at 450
c.
In case of S-IV the
rate of adsorption is very less at 150
c and increases with temperature. The rates constant KD values at 250
c, 350
c
and 45 0
c are the same for some values of initial concentration; (Table -3).The increase in sorption capacities
with temperature indicates that with increasing temperature mobility of the [MB] +
ions increases. With rise in
temperature the interaction between the dye molecules and the sorbent surface become more effective, the
increase in the value of x/m with temperature also indicates the sorption process to be endothermic. The ∆G
values are negative indicating the spontaneity of the reactions and favorable adsorption at elevated temperatures.
Fig.6 %Sorption of [MB] +
by by 50 mg S-IV at temperatures Co=0.799mg/Ltr., 79.99 mg/Ltr.
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V. Adsorption isotherm modeling
The Langmuir and Freundlich model of isotherms was analyzed in the light of the data obtained on
adsorption of [MB] +
cation on S-IV. In this work the equilibrium data was obtained by varying the solute
concentration while the biosorbent dose was kept constant under optimized physico- chemical conditions.
5.1 Thermodynamic parameters: At 298o
C
Effect of initial concentration and sorbent material on KD
Table-3
Co mg/Ltr. KD ∆G J/mole/K
0.799 2.133 -1875.9
7.99 4.32 -3623.5
39.99 3.71 -3242
79.99 3.74 -3262.6
Effect of temperature and sorbent material on KD (Co mg/L =0.799)
Table-4
Co mg/Ltr. =0.799 Co mg/Ltr. =79.9
Temperature KD ∆G J/mole/K KD ∆G J/mole/K
288 1.745 -1332.46 3.22 -2798.65
298 2.133 -1875.93 3.74 -3376.17
308 2.371 -2209.62 6.59 -4826.03
318 2.665 -2590.26 6.59 -4982.72
5.2 Langmuir model of isotherm
The linear plots for Ce vs. Ce/qe fig.7 for S-IV were straight lines indicating the applicability of the
Langmuir adsorption isotherms. This is also indicative of the formation of monolayer coverage on the surface of
the sorbent in the concentration range studied. The values of a and b were found to be 13.605 and 1.2088 for S-
IV. Hall separation factor Rf were evaluated for both the sorption process and were found to be less than 1
indicating favorable adsorption.
Table-5
Sorbent a b RL
S-IV 13.605 1.2088 8.5x 10-3
The coefficient of determination was much less than 0.5 in both cases.
Fig .7 A Plot of Ce vs. Ce/qe for S-IV
5.3 Freundlich model of isotherms:
The Freundlich equation indicates the adsorption capacity or the loading factor on the adsorbent which
is a function of the equilibrium concentrations of the solutions The equilibrium established between the
adsorbed dye molecules and those remaining unadsorbed in solutions is represented by the Freundlich isotherm
(Sag and Kutsac 1995 and references therein.) The Freundlich isotherm coefficient for the adsorption capacity
Kf and intensity of adsorption (1/n) have been evaluated from fitting of the data given in the table 6. Kf gives
an idea about the rate of adsorbate removal while 1/n gives an indication of the sorbate -sorbent bonds. The
value of Kf up to 727.05 and minimum up to 1.86x10-5
have been reported n values up to a minimum of 0.588
have also been reported by Babu and Ramakrishna (2001).
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Table-6 Kf and n for adsorption on S-IV
Temperature Kf n R2
298 5.08 0.8939 0.983
308 5.97 0.8942 0.988
318 7.778 0.819 0.9922
328 8.630 0.6548 0.9702
The coefficients of determination are much better than those obtained from the Langmuir model. This
indicates that the Freundlich is a better model to explain the adsorption dye by S-IV
Fig.8 Plot of log x/m vs. log Ce. (dose = 50 mg)S-IV
VI. Kinetic study
The majority research on dye adsorption systems revealed that two mechanism controlled dye
adsorption 1) external 2) Internal diffusion. Some of the kinetic models used to assess the order of reaction are:
1) Pseudo–first order kinetic model by Lagergren, this is based on solid capacity 2) Pseudo second order kinetic
model by Ho’s and McKay is based on solid phase adsorption and external diffusion 3) Intraparticle diffusion
model of Weber Morris. In order to describe the adsorption kinetics using S-IV as adsorbents for removal of
[MB] +
. Initial concentrations 0.799, 7.99 39.9 and 79.99 mg/Ltr. were used. The pseudo first order model was
applied. The plots of log (qe-qt) Vs t for all values of Co are shown in fig-9. The plots are expected to yield the
straight lines if this model is applicable .Since straight lines are not obtained, the values of slopes are negative
and R2
values also vary between 0.994 and 0.99 it has been concluded that this model is not applicable.
Modeling has been done using the pseudo second order equation developed by Ho and Mackay .The
plots of t/qt vs. t yield straight lines indicating that the sorption process follows the pseudo second order
kinetics. The values of rate constants K2 were found to be 0.178, 0.12(g/mg/min) for initial dye concentration
0.799, and 79.9 mg/Ltr. respectively, (Table-7). The decrease in the values of K2 for various initial
concentrations is quite significant. The values of equilibrium sorption capacity obtained from the plot were
found to vary from the experimental values, indicating non ideal adsorption and that removal off the dye
involved number of processes such as adsorption, ion exchange etc. The coefficients of determination as
obtained from the plots were found to be very close to unity for all initial dye concentrations.
Table-7
Co mg/L K2 R2
0.799 0.178 0.994
79.99 0.12 0.99
The plots of log (qe-qt) vs. t indicated the non applicability of the pseudo first order model. On the
basis of the values of slope and R2
values it was concluded that this model is not useful to explain the kinetics
of sorption of [MB] +
using S-IV. The plots of t/qt vs. t for initial concentrations 0.799, 7.99, 39.99 and 79.99
mg/Ltr. gave straight line plots.
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Fig. 9: Lagergren plots for initial concentrations Co= 0.799 mg/Ltr. Co= 79.9 mg/Ltr.
Fig.10 multiple plots of t/qt vs T for S-IV
VII. Intraparticle diffusion model
Table-8
Initial concentration mg/Ltr.
Kp mg/Ltr. Intercept
0.799 0.652 7.95
79.99 2.43 113.6
Commonly mechanism involved in the sorption process is the intraparticle diffusion model. Plots of q
vs. t 1/2
fig.11 gives an idea of the mechanism involved. In a batch reactor pore distribution and intraparticle
diffusion are often the rate determining steps. The plots of q vs. t1/2
show separate regions. The initial parts of
the curve can be attributed to mass transfer effects. While the next linear portion indicates intraparticle or pore
diffusion. The initial portion is also indicative of surface sorption and the boundary layer effect. Slope of the 2nd
linear portion of the plot is defined as the intraparticle diffusion parameters Kp or Kid while the intercept of the
plots gives an idea about the boundary layer. In our work the values of the intercepts are found to be
concentration dependent for the adsorption of [MB] + cation onto sorbents S-IV. Intercept of the plots q vs. t 1/2
for 0.799 mg/L and 79.9 mg/L are found to be 7.95, 113.62 for S-IV. These results clearly indicate that
boundary layer effect increases with the initial concentration of the dye. As observed in the graph we can see an
initial curved portion which can be attributed to liquid –film mass transfer, while the latter portion reveals
linearity which is characteristic of sorption processes where intraparticle diffusion is controlling step such
phenomenon have been observed for the adsorption of the dye on activated carbon.
Fig.11 A) Plots of Q vs. t ½ for S-III, 0.799 mg/L, 79.9 mg/L
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15
0.799
mg/LQ
t 1/2
0
50
100
150
0 5 10 15
79,9 mg/L
Q
t 1/2
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VIII. Conclusions
Removal of [MB] +
on S-IV is a time dependent process, equillibrium is attained within 30 minutes.
The adsorption is initially very rapid and the rate then slows down . The adsorbent dose has a substantial
effect on the percentage of adsorption, as the adsorbent dose is increased from 50mg/100ml to
500mg/100ml the initial adsorption increases from 70% to 79.87%.
The adsorption capacity is found to increase up to pH 4 and afterwards decreases. At higher pH the
increased OH-
concentration in the solution hold back the [MB] + in solution and hence a reduction in %
sorption and sorption capacity.
S- IV displayed plots with Kp values 0.652 and 2.43 mg/Ltr. for Co= 0.799 mg/Ltr. and 79.9 mg/Ltr. These
values of Kp indicate that the structures of S-IV are not micro porous.
With the increase in temperature the sorption capacities also increase. The increase in sorption capacities
with temperature indicates increasing mobility of the [MB] +
ions.
The increase in the value of x/m with temperature also indicates the sorption process to be endothermic.
For an initial concentration Co= 0.799 mg/Ltr. and 79.9 mg/Ltr.., the KD values vary between1.745 to
2.665 and 3.22 to 6.59 respectively for S-IV over the temperature range studied.
The value of KD is found to increase with rise in temperature.
The ∆G values at the different temperature studied have negative values indicating spontaneity of the
process for S-IV
Kinetic modeling suggests that the process follows the pseudo second order kinetics. The values of Kf
range between and 5.08 – 8.68 and the values of 1/n are less than unity for indicating good intensity of
adsorption for temperature 15, 25, 35 and 450
C.
The intraparticle diffusion studies indicate that it is not the rate determining step and adsorption may be
governed by mass transfer as well.
The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The Hall separation factor values indicate favorable
adsorption.
Acknowledgement
I Dr. A. A. Kale sincerely thankful to Dr. Rajashree Kashalkar Head, department of chemistry of
S.P.College Pune. Principal, Dr.A.S. Burungale Secretary, Rayat Shikshan Sanstha Satara and Principal, Dr.
Mohan Rajmane S.G.M.College, Karad for motivation to my research.
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