The document discusses a study utilizing pineapple leaf powder (PLP) as an adsorbent for removing pesticides from aqueous samples. The study characterized PLP through various techniques to determine properties like surface area, functional groups, and point of zero charge. PLP was then modified through chemical treatment and a biomimetic approach coating it in triolein to increase its ability to adsorb nonpolar pesticides and other chemicals. Adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze effects of factors like pH, concentration, dosage. The study found PLP and its modifications showed potential as low-cost adsorbents for remediating pesticides and aims to utilize agricultural waste.

1. Utilization Of Lignocellulosic Material From
Pineapple Leaf Powder (PLP) As An Alternative
Adsorbent For The Adsorption Of Pesticides From
Aqueous Samples
NADIRAH ISMAIL
A.P DR ZAITON ABDUL MAJID
A.P DR ZAHARAH IBRAHIM
A.P DR AZMI ARIS

2. National Trends in Pesticides Use
71%
Herbicides
20%
Insecticides
9%
Fungicides
Poisoned & Silenced

4. Pesticides
• Pesticides can be grouped according to the
types of pests which they kill /destroy/ control/
attract:
B) HERBICIDES C) RODENTICIDES
C) BACTERICIDES
A) INSECTICIDES
C) FUNGICIDES C) LARVICIDES

5. • Pesticides ingredients:-
• not really “inert” at all; they are actually more
toxic than the active ingredients.
• This inert information is usually not required
to be displayed on the product label by the
authorities.
Active
ingredients
intended to kill
the target pest
Inert ingredients
used as bulk
carriers for
active
ingredients
PESTICIDES

6. Stockholm
Convention
Global treaty to
protect human health
and the environment
from persistent
organic pollutants
(POPs).
9 of the 12 most
hazardous persistent
organic pollutants
(POPs) targeted by
the Stockholm
Convention in 2001
are OC pesticides
focuses on
eliminating or
reducing releases of
12 POPs, the so-
called "Dirty Dozen".
Dioxins, Furans,
PCBs
Aldrin,
Chlordane,
DDT, Dieldrin,,
Endrin
Hexachlorobenzene,
Heptachlor, Mirex,
Toxaphene

7. Pesticide Movement
the spraying of pesticides into our
external space results in only 5%
of the pesticide reaching the target
pest. The rest runs off into water
and dissipates in the air.
damaging soil microbes
weaken the ecosystem
Active ingredients + wetting
agents, solvents, buffers,
preservatives & emulsifiers
photochemical degradation
biodegradation
1
2
3

8. Klang River,
Organochlorine
pesticides, 1990
Selangor River,
Organochlorine,
organophosphorus pesticides,
2007
Kerian Ricefields,
2,4-D and Paraquat,
2011
Oil palm soil of West
M’sia,
2,4-D, 2009
Oil palm soil Sepang,
Paraquat, Glyphosate, 2009
Cameron Highland
Lindane, 2,4-D, Paraquat &
glyphosate in soil, 1997
Gombak River,
Carbofuran, 2012
Saiburi, Patani and Tiba River,
Thailand
Organochlorine pesticides,
2008
Pesticide residues in
fresh aquaculture fish,
Malaysia, 2010
Terengganu Golf Course,
Organophosphorus residues
in soil,
2010
Pesticide Situation Studies in
Malaysia

9. FINDINGS

10. Research Planning (2nd semester)
• 1) Characterization of PLP
- FESEM + EDAX (UMP) samples have been sent
- Elemental analysis (UMP) samples have been sent
- XRD / XRF (UTHM) samples have been sent
- Raman spectrophotometry (UPSI) samples have
been sent
- Determination of ash, moisture content
- Zeta potential

11. • 2) Modification of PLP
• - Chemical treatment
• - Biomimetics
• 3) Adsorption and kinetic studies
• -Effect of pH, pesticides concentration,
adsorbent dosage, contact time
• -Sorption Isotherm
• -Kinetic study
• -Thermodynamic study

12. • Why adsorption? effective method of lowering
the concentration of pollutants, efficient
method, economically feasible process
• Why lignocellulosic materials? its availability,
ready to use, no regeneration process
required and most importantly, it is a cheap
alternatives
• Why pineapple leaf? an economical natural-
based adsorbent , wasted pineapple leaves
can now be recycled for future bioremediation
applications

13. Orange peel-micropollutants Promegranate- 2,4D Crab shells-OCPs
Banana stalk-micropollutants Melon seeds-micropollutants Coffee grounds-micropollutants
Coconut shells-micropollutants Chestmut shells- Carbofuran Lawsonia inermis wood-bentazon

14. Lignocellulosic Material

15. Pineapple leaf
(d)
Pineapple leaf powder
Wash
Dry
Grind & Sieve

16. Vital for research processes.
Common Characterisation techniques
- Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Surface area
- X-ray Diffraction
- Infra Red Spectrophotometry
- Raman Spectrophotometry
- Pore volume and pore size
Material Characterisations

17. Pineapple Leaf Powder
Optical & Phase Contrast Microscope
images
1000x magnification 1000x magnification

18. FESEM PLP
Ref : Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by adsorption onto pineapple leaf powder
Chih-HuangWeng, Yao-Tung Lin, Tai-Wei Tzeng
Journal of Hazardous Materials 170 (2009) 417–424
Rough inhomogeneous
surfaces have multiple
site-types available for
adsorption
FESEM produces clearer, less
electrostatically distorted
images, 3 to 6 times better than
conventional SEM.

19. Hydroxyl groups,
Presence of –OH
groups imparts the
negative charge of
PLP surface
Carbonyl group in
hemicellulose
Lignocellulosic
materials known to
have hydroxyl
groups

20. pH at zero point of charge
(pH at which the net surface charge is = 0)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH final
pH initial
At this value (7.2), the
adsorbent is neutral, while it
turns positively charged at
lower pH values or negatively
charged at higher pH values
pH drift method

21. BET
• Why? to calculate the surface area.
• How? Brunauer, Emmett and Teller
(BET), most common method used to describe
specific surface area
• Findings: 8.61%
• Modification of adsorbent is highly
recommended

22. Chemical treatment of adsorbent
• Rewashed thoroughly with doubly distilled
deionized water to remove the fine particles.
• Chemically treated with 0.1 M nitric acid for 1
h, followed by soaking in methanol for 1 h to
remove inorganic and organic matter from the
surface of sorbents.
Rewash with
Deionized water
0.1M nitric
acid 1hour
Methanol
1hour

23. Adsorbent Modification
(Biologically Inspired Design = Biomimetics)
• What? : Biomimetics is the study of the structure
and function of biological systems as models for
the design of materials. It is widely regarded as
being synonymous with biomimicry
• Why? : Pesticides can bioconcentrate: The
primary "sink" for some pesticides is fatty tissue
("lipids"). Some pesticides, such as DDT, are
"lipophilic", (fat loving) meaning that they are
soluble in, and accumulate in, fatty tissue such as
edible fish tissue and human fatty tissue.

24. Triolein -embedded PLP
composed of the supporting PLP and the surrounding triolein-
cellulose acetate membrane.
PLP
Triolein layer
is a symmetrical
triglyceride
derived from
glycerol and
three units of the
oleic acid
Triolein has a high
accumulating capacity
for trace lipophilic
chemicals. Naturally
found in fatty
tissues, cheap.
Pesticides / non polar NEPs
CA = useful
polymer, used to
combine triolein
and PLP.

25. UTM
SG SEKUDAI
FELDA SG SAYONG
SG JOHOR, KOTA TINGGI
LAYANG RESERVOIR

26. Water Characteristics- Sg Sayong
Parameters
Temperature 25.5
Dissolved Oxygen (%) 67.9
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 5.42
Total Dissolved Solid (mg/L) 38.35
Salinity (ppt) 0.07
pH 6.3
COD (mg/L) 34
Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) 2.95
Phosphate (mg/L) 3.71
Turbidity (NTU) 316

27. SPE & GCFID 2nd attempt (EA)

29. Chemical pesticides:
• Organophosphate Pesticides - Most organophosphates are
insecticides. However, they usually are not persistent in the
environment. (e.g. parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion)
• Carbamate Pesticides -There are several subgroups within the
carbamates. (e.g. Bendiocarb, Carbaryl, Methomyl, and
Propoxur)
• Organochlorine Insecticides were commonly used in the
past, but many have been removed from the market due to
their health and environmental effects and their persistence
(e.g. DDT and chlordane).
• Pyrethroid Pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of
the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin, which is found in
chrysanthemums. They have been modified to increase their
stability in the environment. Some synthetic pyrethroids are
toxic (e.g. permethrin, resmethrin, and sumithrin )

30. National Trends in Pesticides Use

32. Reactive Red dye adsorbed
onto PLP
Reactive Black 5 dye adsorbed
onto PLP
1000x magnification 1000x magnification