The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. It has four chambers - two atria which collect blood and two ventricles which pump blood. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products as it circulates. It contains plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The circulatory system transports these substances between tissues and organs via a network of blood vessels, and returns waste products to the kidneys and lungs.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
AS Level Biology - 8) Transport in MammalsArm Punyathorn
You're probably quite familiar with how the heart work as a pump to transport blood around your body by now. In AS level, you will take this understanding to the next level - understanding the intricate system and the processes that goes on every time you draw a breathe.
Part I
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular plants
Describe the distribution of xylem and phloem tissue in roots, stems and leaves
Explain the absorption process in roots
Describe transport mechanisms
Part II
List factors that affects rate transpiration
Describe xerophyte properties
List the series of events that leads to translocation
AS Level Biology - 8) Transport in MammalsArm Punyathorn
You're probably quite familiar with how the heart work as a pump to transport blood around your body by now. In AS level, you will take this understanding to the next level - understanding the intricate system and the processes that goes on every time you draw a breathe.
in details about the transport mechanism of Plants as per NCERT syllabus Class- XI. it includes why transport in plants is required and necessary,active n passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, mass flow hypothesis, transpiration and its related theory,plant water relationship, water potential, symport,antiport ,uniport. proper diagrams and important definitions
The Human Blood Circulatory system
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed blood circulatory system:
This system consists of
the heart (pump),
series of blood vessels
the blood that flows through them.
This means that circulating blood is pumped through a system of vessels.
Functions of Human Blood Circulatory System
1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3 nutrients
4. water
5. ions
6. hormones
7. antibodies
8. metabolic wastes
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
It is the presentation on the MEIOSIS phase of the Cell division.
It includes all the details and definitions that are related to the topic of meiosis with the labelled diagrams.
If you have any query or a question, you may ask in the comment box.
thanks.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
vCell Structure and Function. Cell wall: It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. ... Nuclear membrane: The bilayer membrane, which protects the nucleus by surrounding around it and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other organs of a cell.
in details about the transport mechanism of Plants as per NCERT syllabus Class- XI. it includes why transport in plants is required and necessary,active n passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, mass flow hypothesis, transpiration and its related theory,plant water relationship, water potential, symport,antiport ,uniport. proper diagrams and important definitions
The Human Blood Circulatory system
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed blood circulatory system:
This system consists of
the heart (pump),
series of blood vessels
the blood that flows through them.
This means that circulating blood is pumped through a system of vessels.
Functions of Human Blood Circulatory System
1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3 nutrients
4. water
5. ions
6. hormones
7. antibodies
8. metabolic wastes
hi guys!
This is my latest slide on Excretory system, based on Cambridge GCE 'O' level syllabus.
These slides cover much on the essential points and might not be really comprehensive.
These slides are constructed to be interactive to further boost your understanding by eliminating superfluous words and adding more animations.
Thus, I RECOMMEND you to download the slides to access the many animations to interact with your mind.
Follow my slideshare profile to receive updates on new slides!!
or contact me:
Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com
facebook: faiz abdullah
twitter: @fazzydoo
if you have questions or would like to address mistakes on my slides or simply just to request me to personally make your slides.
All images and materials are copyright protected and have no affiliations to me
It is the presentation on the MEIOSIS phase of the Cell division.
It includes all the details and definitions that are related to the topic of meiosis with the labelled diagrams.
If you have any query or a question, you may ask in the comment box.
thanks.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
vCell Structure and Function. Cell wall: It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. ... Nuclear membrane: The bilayer membrane, which protects the nucleus by surrounding around it and acts as a barrier between the cell nucleus and other organs of a cell.
A fixed annuity can help you accumulate tax-deferred earnings as part of your overall retirement plan. Annuities offer the opportunity for lifetime payments and tax-deferred earnings, and provide a guaranteed death benefit for your beneficiaries. All guarantees are backed by the continued claims-paying ability of the issuing insurance company.
Introduction to Aspera software; an extremely high speed file transfer, and streaming technology; faster than 100x for ftp. Replacement of FTP, and rsync.
Natural remedies for stress and anxietyPivothealth
Stress and anxiety is associated with hormonal changes such as elevated cortisol and adrenalin. In short bursts these hormones prepare us for a fight or flight response. In days gone by our ancestors had to be prepared to flee from a predator or duck from a falling tree.
Presentation over the Bologna Technology hub where Oltremare was created and operates nowadays.
Oltremare enjoys the the technical cultural exchange of this creative district as an inspiration to its most advanced technical solutions for the cashew nut industry
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
5. In multicellular organisms, cells are far
from the external environment.
Diffusion alone is too slow to:
• transport nutrients and oxygen to
the various organs
• remove waste products efficiently
Thus, a transport system is
developed to move these
substances
whyTRANSPORT?
10. Plasma transports the following
dissolved substances:
• nutrients
• hormones
• antibodies
• excretory waste products
• carbon dioxide to the lungs
(as bicarbonate ions)
11. RED BLOOD CELLS
•Produced by the bone marrow;
destroyed in the spleen
•Short lifespan of ~120 days
•Contain haemoglobin
•Transports mainly oxygen in the form
of oxyhaemoglobin.
12.
13. RBC
adaptations
function
• Contains
haemoglobin
To bind with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin and transport
oxygen around the body.
• Biconcave
and circular
shape
To increase surface area to volume
ratio for more efficient absorption &
transport of oxygen
• No nucleus Able to contain more haemoglobin
• Thin, flexible
membrane
To form bell-shaped and squeeze
through narrow blood vessels
14. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
•Much bigger in size than RBC
•Fewer in number than RBC
•Colourless (no haemoglobin)
•Contains a nucleus
15. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
•Two types:
(1) Phagocytes
• engulfs and ingests foreign particles by
phagocytosis
16. (2) Lymphocytes
• Produces antibodies that kill
pathogen such as bacteria
and viruses.
• Antibodies act by:
a) Attaching to bacteria and rupturing
bacterial surface membrane
b) Agglutinating (clumping) bacteria to
make them more easily ingested by
phagocytes
c) Neutralising toxins produced by bacteria
17. •Antibodies produced remain in the
blood long after the disease has been
overcome.
•Thus the person who has recovered
becomes immune or resistant to that
infection
18. TISSUE & ORGAN REJECTION
•After an organ transplant, the transplanted
organ may be deemed as “foreign” by the
recipient body
•The body then sends antibodies to “attack” the
“foreign organ”.
•To prevent recipient body from rejecting the
donor tissue or organ,
•the donor and recipient should be as genetically
close as possible
•‘immunosuppressant drugs’ to curb recipient’s
immune system; but recipient may become
susceptible to infection and develop lifelong
dependence on the drugs
20. BLOOD CLOTTING
•Blood clotting helps to seal wounds, prevents
entry of foreign particles, prevents infection by
pathogens and reduces blood loss.
•People with haemophilia (genetic blood
disorder) cannot clot blood and is at risk of
bleeding to death.
22. BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM
1. Damaged tissues and platelets secrete enzyme
thrombokinase .
2. Enzyme thrombokinase converts prothrombin to
thrombin.
3. and cause the conversion of soluble fibrinogen in
the plasma into insoluble fibrin.
4. Fibrin forms a meshwork to trap RBCs and plugs up
the wound. Once the clot is formed, bleeding
stops.
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVoM3jAs5sc
28. Interesting Fact
The aorta, the largest artery in
the body, is almost the
diameter of a garden hose!
Capillaries, on the other hand,
are so small that it takes ten of
them to equal the thickness of
a human hair.
30. • The blood vessels are a network of tubes to carry
blood around the body.
• Namely the artery, vein & capillary
bloodVESSELS
31. bloodVESSELS - artery
Structure:
•thick and elastic muscular walls to
withstand the high blood pressure
• elasticity enables artery wall to
stretch & recoil
• do not contain valves
Function:
•carry oxygeneated (except
pulmonary artery) blood away
from the heart at high pressure
Middle layer
(smooth muscle
& elastic fibres)
External layer
(connective tissue)
Small
lumen
32. bloodVESSELS - vein
Structure:
• relatively thin, less muscular
walls
• valves present to prevent
the backflow of blood
Function:
• usually carry
deoxygenated blood
(except pulmonary vein)to
the heart at lower blood
pressure
35. bloodVESSELS - capillary
Structure:
•have one-cell thick walls (one
layer of partially permeable cells)
Function:
• transfer oxygen and food from
arteries to the surrounding cells
by allowing these to diffuse
across the wall
• transfer carbon dioxide and other
waste substances from cells to
veins
37. plasma
direction of
blood flow
movement of oxygen
and dissolved food
substances
movement of excretory
waste products
blood capillary wall
white blood cell squeezing
through capillary wall
38. Structure
Arteries Veins Capillaries
• _____, muscular
& elastic walls to
withstand high blood
pressure in artery.
• thin, slightly
muscular, & have
less elastic tissue
• Walls are _________
• single layer of cells,
non-muscular and elastic,
selectively permeable
• Valves are absent • ______ are present • Valves are absent
thick
Valves
very thin
39. Function of the blood vessels:
Arteries Veins Capillaries
• transport
oxygenated
blood away from
the heart, except
pulmonary artery.
• carry
deoxygenated
blood towards the
heart, except
pulmonary vein.
• Allow
exchange of
substances
between blood
and tissue fluid.
46. theHEART
RA
RV
LA
LV
• pumps blood around the
body
• made up of cardiac muscles
• comprises 4 chambers
2 atrium
2 ventricle
•the median septum runs down
the middle of the heart, separating
the left side from the right to
ensure oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood do not mix
47. theHEART
• right side of heart pumps deoxygenated
blood to lungs only (which are a short
distance from the heart)
• left side of heart pumps oxygenated
blood around the body (which are further
away from the heart)
• hence left ventricle has thicker muscular
walls than the right ventricle
50. Activity : Learn the Structure of Heart
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/content/keystage3/biology/pc/learningSimulations/CRCSC/launc
h.html
51. • Semilunar Valves prevent backflow of blood from
flowing back into the ventricles
Valves
• These prevent
backflow of blood :
• Bicuspid valves
prevent blood flowing
from left ventricle to
left atrium.
• Tricuspid valves
prevent blood flowing
from right ventricles to
right atrium.
Tricuspid
valve
Bicuspid
valve
54. i) Why is the artery thicker than vein?
ii) Why is left ventricle wall thicker than right
ventricle?
-To withstand the high blood pressure
-To exert a greater pressure to pump oxygenated
blood around the body.
55. 8.6 The Main Arteries & Veins of
the Human Circulatory System
59. In mammals, blood flows through the heart TWICE
in one complete circuit.
Aorta distributes oxygenated blood to different
parts of the body. For example, it supplies blood
through :
• Hepatic artery to the liver.
• Renal artery to kidneys.
• Pulmonary vein to lung
• Coronary artery to heart
Coronary artery (supplies blood to the heart ) lie
on the outside of the heart and supply
oxygenated blood to the muscles in the wall of
the heart.
66. The Cardiac Cycle
1
The atria contracts, forcing blood into the
relaxed . This causes a slight
increase in both the atrial pressure and
ventricular pressure
1
ventricles.
67. 2
2
The ventricles contract. This is called
ventricle systole. The ventricle pressure
increases. This causes the
atrioventricular valves to close,
producing a loud “lub” sound and
prevents the backflow of blood into the
atria.
68. 3
3
The pressure in the ventricles becomes
higher than that of the aorta and
pulmonary artery. The semi-lunar valves
open and blood flows into the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
69. 4
4
The ventricles relax. This
is called ventricular
diastole. The drop in
pressure in the ventricles
causes the semi-lunar
valves to close, producing
a soft “dub” sound. This
prevents the backflow of
blood into the ventricles.
70. The Cardiac Cycle
5
5
The pressure in the
ventricle continues to
decrease as they relax.
6
6
The atrioventricular
valves opens as
pressure in the ventricle
becomes lower than
that in the atria.
7
7
The pressure in the
ventricles gradually
increases as blood
continues to enter the
ventricle from the atria
74. • This is the condition when fatty
substances such as cholesterol and
polysaturated fats deposit on the inner
surface of the coronary arteries.
• This results in the blockage of the
coronary arteries, reducing the supply of
oxygenated blood and nutrients to the
heart muscles.
•Heart muscle eventually die and leading
to failure for heart to pump blood around
the body.
• A heart attack results.
76. Effect of tobacco smoke
Substance Effect
nicotine increases blood pressure and the
risk of blood clotting in the
coronary arteries.
carbon
monoxide
increase the risk of fatty deposits
(atherosclerosis) on the inner
surfaces of arteries.
77. Prepared by, Ms Wong Fui Yen
Examples of Famous People with Heart Disease
Bill Clinton –
quadruple bypass
surgery in 2004
David Letterman -
quadruple bypass
surgery in 2000
Larry King - heart
attack and bypass
surgery in 1987
Michael Jackson –
died of cardiac arrest
2009
78. heartDISEASE - causes
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart
disease can be caused by
diet rich in cholesterol & saturated
animal fats
emotional stress
smoking
79. heartDISEASE - prevention
Atherosclerosis and coronary heart
disease can be prevented by
healthy diet with little saturated
fats
proper stress management
avoid smoking
regular exercise
82. • There are 4 human blood groups:
A, B, AB and O
• Classification is based on the types of antigens
and antibodies present in the blood:
Antigens represented by capital letters A & B
Antibodies represented by small letters a & b
83.
84.
85.
86. • Antibody a reacts with antigen A
and agglutination (clumping) occurs.
• So a person with blood group A, has
antibodies that react against antigen B, so
this person cannot have antigen B in his
blood, and only has antigen A.
• During blood transfusions, it is vital to know
the donor’s and recipient’s blood types in
order to avoid tissue mismatch.
• Transfusing the wrong type of blood can
cause agglutination of blood cells, which
can become fatal if the blood clumps
block up blood vessels in vital organs.
87.
88. • Blood group O donors do not have any
antigens so their blood can be accepted
by recipients of any blood group. They are
known as universal donors.
• Blood group AB recipients do not have
any antibodies so they can receive blood
from any donor. They are known as
universal recipient.
89. Are ‘blood agglutination’ and ‘blood clotting’
similar?
Blood clotting is the formation of an enmeshed
network of fibrin that traps RBCs and seal the wound
from further blood loss.
Blood agglutination is the clumping of RBC when
natural antibodies in the recipient’s body react with
the antigens on the donor’s red blood cells.
91. Answers (p145):
(a) X : Blood group B
Y : Blood group AB
Z : Blood group O
(b) Antibody b in the serum reacts with antigen B on the red
blood cells, causing clumping of the red blood cells from X.
(c) Blood group O
(d) Blood groups A and AB
(e) Such a person’s red blood cells do not contain any
antigens, so this person’s blood can be donated to any blood
group without causing clumping of the recipient’s red blood
cells.
94. tissueFLUID (pure)
plasma
direction of
blood flow
movement of oxygen
and dissolved food
substances
movement of excretory
waste products
blood capillary wall
white blood cell squeezing
through capillary wall
95. • Tissue cells are bathed in tissue fluid (interstitial
fluid)
• Tissue fluid allows the diffusion of dissolved
substances between the tissue cells and the blood
capillaries.
• Dissolved food substances and oxygen diffuse
out from the blood capillaries into the tissue fluid
then into the cells
• Excretory products diffuse out from the cells into
the tissue fluid and then through the capillary walls
into the blood.
96. Circulatory
System
HeartBlood vessels Blood Components
4 chambers 4 valves
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Left
Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Tricuspid Bicuspid 2 Semilunar
valves
consist of
has
called known as
Septum
98. 1. Arteries contain valves.
2. Capillaries have a one-cell thick muscular wall.
3. White blood cells fight bacteria.
4. Carbon dioxide is transported in the red blood cell.
5. There are only 2 chambers in the heart.
6. Coronary arteries are vessels carrying blood away from the heart to the rest
of the body.
7. The left ventricle walls are thicker to withstand the higher pressure.
8. All arteries transport oxygenated blood.
9. Consuming too much fatty foods will encourage fatty acids to build up in the
99. 1. Arteries contain valves.
2. Capillaries have a one-cell thick muscular wall.
3. White blood cells fight bacteria. (overgeneralisation)
4. Carbon dioxide is transported in the red blood cell.
5. There are only 2 chambers in the heart.
6. Coronary arteries are vessels carrying blood away from the heart to the rest
of the body.
7. The left ventricle walls are thicker to withstand the higher pressure.
8. All arteries transport oxygenated blood.
9. Consuming too much fatty foods will encourage fatty acids to build up in the