Cell differentiation allows cells to develop specialized structures and functions. Xylem cells undergo differentiation by depositing lignin for support, eliminating their cytoplasm to become dead tissue with less obstacles for water transport, and eliminating their joined end walls to form hollow tubes allowing continuous water movement. Phloem cells develop specialized structures like sieve plates and sieve tubes for transporting organic substances. Guard cells contain chloroplasts and have thick inner and thin outer walls, controlling the opening and closing of stomata. Mesophyll cells have many vertically arranged chloroplasts to efficiently carry out photosynthesis by trapping more light. Differentiation allows various plant cell types to effectively perform their unique functions.

1. Cell specialisation
Cell undergoing differention to carry
a specific function.
Differention- Cell change it structure
or shape in order to carry specific
function efficiently.

4. Xylem vessel
transport water from
root to the leaves
support plant(mechanical
strenght)

5. Differentiation of xylem
• Deposition of lignint
support
• Elimination of cytoplasm- dead tissue
(reduce obstacle)
• Elimination of the joined end wall to form
hollow tiub.
(enable water move in one water column
continuosly)

7. Other examples

9. phloem
Specialised structure
• Seive plate
• Seive tube
• Thin layer of cytoplasm
Live cell

10. function
Transport organic substances/ food
from leaves to all parts of plant.
translocation

12. Specialised structure
• Long projection elongate from an
epidermal cell
• To increase surface area
• Enable more water absorbed by
root

15. Specialised structure
• Contain chloroplast ( not present in others
epidermal cell like onion)
• Thick inner wall
• Thin outer wall
A type of epidermal cell

16. Function of guard cell
Control opening and closing of
stomata.

19. Function oF stoma

21. Epidermal tissue

24. SPECIALISED AND FUNCTION
• MANY CHLOROPLAST
• ARRANGE VERTICALLY
• CLOSELY
• TRAP MORE LIGHT TO
CARRY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

25. Plant cell
Parenchyma

27. OTHERS PLANT CELL