This document discusses different types of transmission media used for data transmission. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable which provide a physical transmission path. It also describes unguided or wireless media such as radio waves, microwaves, and infrared which transmit signals through air without a physical path. Key characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and applications are summarized.
It includes defination and components of network, types of network according to area coverage, along with major types of transmission/communication media.
It includes defination and components of network, types of network according to area coverage, along with major types of transmission/communication media.
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
Transmission Media, Guided and unguided transmission mediaadnanqayum
Transmission Media and its types, Guided and unguided transmission media with examples (guided = (i) Twisted pair cable (ii) Coaxial cable (iii) Fiber optical cable, unguided = (i) Radio wave (ii) Microwave (iii) Infra-red wave)
Digital Data Transmission Medium of Digital Networks and Telecommunications describing every aspects, advantages and disadvantages of the ways of transferring information between sender and receiver.
this topic covered guided media including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable and their working process advantages and applications.
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6. GUIDED MEDIA
Guided media, which are those that provide a medium from one device to another, include
twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
7. Overvie
w
The transmission media that are used to convey information can be
classified as guided or unguided. Guided media provide a physical
path along which the signals are propagated; these include twisted
pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Unguided media employ an
antenna for transmitting through air, vacuum, or water.
The characteristics and quality of a data transmission are
determined both by the characteristics of the medium and the
characteristics of the signal. In the case of guided media, the
medium itself is more important in determining the limitations of
transmission.
For unguided media, the bandwidth of the signal produced by the
transmitting antenna is more important than the medium in
determining transmission characteristics. One key property of signals
transmitted by antenna is directionality. In general, signals at lower
frequencies are omnidirectional; that is, the signal propagates in all
directions from the antenna. At higher frequencies, it is possible to
focus the signal into a directional beam. In considering the design of
data transmission systems, key concerns are data rate and distance:
the greater the data rate and distance the better.
8. Data Rate and
BandwidthAny transmission system has a limited band
of frequencies
This limits the data rate that can be carried
9. Design
Factors
Bandwidth
higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
Transmission impairments
eg. attenuation
Interference
Number of receivers in guided media
more receivers introduces more
attenuation
12. Twisted
pair One of the wires carries signal, the other is used only as a
ground reference.
The receiver uses the difference b/w the two levels.
Twisting increases the probability that both wires are effected
by the noise in the same manner, thus the difference at the
receiver remains same.
Therefore, number of twists per unit length determines the
quality of the cable.
13. Twisted Pair -
Transmission
Characteristicsanalog
needs amplifiers every 5km to 6km
digital
can use either analog or digital signals
needs a repeater every 2-3km
limited distance
limited bandwidth (1MHz)
limited data rate (100MHz)
susceptible to interference and
noise
17. Near End
Crosstalkcoupling of signal from one pair to another
occurs when transmit signal entering the link
couples back to receiving pair
ie. near transmitted signal is picked up by near
receiving pair
27. Coaxial Cable
ApplicationsMost versatile medium
Television distribution
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls
simultaneously
Short distance computer systems links
Local area networks
28. Coaxial Cable -
TransmissionCharacteristi
cs
superior frequency characteristics to TP
performance limited by attenuation &
noise
analog signals
amplifiers every few km
closer if higher frequency
up to 500MHz
digital signals
repeater every 1km
closer for higher data rates
29. Guided Media – Coaxial
Cable Categories of coaxial
cables
31. BNC
connectors BNC = Bayone-Neill-
Concelman
BNC Connector is used to
connect the end of the
cable to a device
BNC T is used in
networks to branch out a
cable for connection to a
computer or other device
BNC Terminator is used
at the end of the cable to
prevent the reflection of
signal.
36. Optical
fiberUses reflection to
guide light through a
channel
Core is of glass or
plastic surrounded
by Cladding
Cladding is of less
dense glass or plastic
38. Optical Fiber -
Benefitsgreater capacity
data rates of hundreds of
Gbps
smaller size & weight
lower attenuation
electromagnetic isolation
greater repeater spacing
10s of km at least
39. Optical Fiber -
Benefits The following characteristics distinguish optical fiber from twisted pair or coaxial cable:
Greater capacity: The potential bandwidth, and hence data rate, of optical fiber is
immense; data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of kilometers have been
demonstrated. Compare this to the practical maximum of hundreds of Mbps over
about 1 km for coaxial cable and just a few Mbps over 1 km or up to 100 Mbps to 10
Gbps over a few tens of meters for twisted pair.
Smaller size and lighter weight: Optical fibers are considerably thinner than coaxial
cable or bundled twisted-pair cable. For cramped conduits in buildings and
underground along public rights-of-way, the advantage of small size is considerable.
The corresponding reduction in weight reduces structural support requirements.
Lower attenuation: Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for coaxial
cable or twisted pair, and is constant over a wide range.
Electromagnetic isolation: Optical fiber systems are not affected by external
electromagnetic fields. Thus the system is not vulnerable to interference, impulse
noise, or crosstalk. By the same token, fibers do not radiate energy, so there is little
interference with other equipment and there is a high degree of security from
eavesdropping. In addition, fiber is inherently difficult to tap.
Greater repeater spacing: Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of
error. The performance of optical fiber systems from this point of view has been
steadily improving. Repeater spacing in the tens of kilometers for optical fiber is
common, and repeater spacings of hundreds of kilometers have been demonstrated.
40. Optical Fiber -
TransmissionCharacteristi
cs
uses total internal reflection to transmit
light
effectively acts as wave guide for 1014 to 1015
Hz
can use several different light sources
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
cheaper, wider operating temp range, lasts
longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
more efficient, has greater data rate
relation of wavelength, type & data rate
50. Wireless Transmission
Frequencies2GHz to 40GHz
microwave
highly
directional
point to point
satellite
30MHz to 1GHz
omnidirectional
broadcast radio
3 x 1011 to 2 x
1014
infrared
local
54. Broadcast
Radioradio is 3kHz to 300GHz
use broadcast radio, 30MHz - 1GHz,
for:
FM radio
UHF and VHF television
is omnidirectional
still need line of sight
suffers from multipath interference
reflections from land, water, other
objects
55. Unguided Media – Radio
WavesOmnidirectional Antenna
Frequencies between 3 KHz and 1 GHz.
are used for multicasts communications, such as radio
and television, and paging system.
56. Terrestrial
Microwave
used for long haul telecommunications
and short point-to-point links
requires fewer repeaters but line of sight
use a parabolic dish to focus a narrow beam onto
a receiver antenna
1-40GHz frequencies
higher frequencies give higher data rates
main source of loss is attenuation
distance, rainfall
also interference
57. Unguided Media –
Microwaves Frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz.
Used for unicast communication such as cellular phones,
satellite networks and wireless LANs.
Unidirectional Antenna
58. Satellite
Microwavesatellite is relay station
typically requires geo-stationary
orbit
height of 35,784km
spaced at least 3-4° apart
typical uses
television
long distance telephone
private business networks
global positioning
59. Unguided Media –
Infrared
Frequencies between 300 GHz to 400 THz.
Can not penetrate walls.
Used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
60. Infrare
dare blocked by walls
no licenses required
typical uses
TV remote control
IRD port
Editor's Notes
Crosstalk is a disturbance caused by the electric or magnetic fields of one telecommunication signal affecting a signal in an adjacent circuit. In an telephone circuit, crosstalk can result in your hearing part of a voice conversation from another circuit.
A baseband coaxial cable transmits a single signal at a time at very high speed. A broadband coaxial cable can transmit many simultaneous signals using different frequencies. A baseband cable is mainly used for LANs.
Both types provide a maximum data transfer rate of 100Mbps. The advantages of using coax cabling can be found in the maximum data transmission range. Thinnet has a maximum data transmission range of 185m, while thicknet has a maximum data transmission range of 500m.
The angle of reflection of a ray or beam is the anglemeasured from the reflected ray to the surface normal. From the law of reflection, , where is theangle of incidence. is measured between the ray and a line normal to the surface that intersects the surface at the same point as the ray.
Refraction of Light: as it passes from more dense to less dense mediums. The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called refraction. The angle and wavelength at which the light enters a substance and the density of that substance determine how much the light is refracted.
To receive DTV signals from all stations in the area, your antenna needs to be able to receive both VHF channels (channels 2-13) and UHF channels (channels 14-51). Some antennas only provide good reception of VHF or UHF channels, but not both.
Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimeter. ... Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (very high frequency) or lower bands.
An omnidirectional antenna is a wireless transmitting or receiving antenna that radiates or intercepts radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields equally well in all horizontal directions in a flat, two-dimensional (2D) geometric plane.
FM radio waves do not travel far beyond the visual horizon, so receptiondistances for FM stations are usually limited to 30—40 miles (48.3—64.4 km) They can also be blocked by hills. This is less than the range of AM radio waves, which because of their lower frequency can
AM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting technology, which employs amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radiotransmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave transmissions, but also on the
AM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting technology, which employs amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radiotransmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave transmissions, but also on th
A Unicast transmission/stream sends IP packets to a single recipient on a network. A Multicast transmission sends IP packets to a group of hosts on a network. ... Since Multicasting is a relatively new technology, some legacy devices that are part of your network might not support Multicasting.
This means that they stay in a fixed position over the Earth's surface. Geostationary satellites have uses such as: communications - including satellite TV. globalpositioning or GPS - which is used for sat navs (satellite navigation systems)
