Transmission Lines
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This document discusses power transmission and provides details on various components used. It describes common conductor materials like copper, aluminum, and steel-cored aluminum. It also discusses different types of line supports including wooden poles, steel poles, and lattice steel towers. Additionally, it covers insulators and cables, describing pin, suspension, strain, and shackle type insulators as well as single core, multi-core, armored, and unarmored cables.
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EC6503 TLWG - Types of Transmission Lines
This document discusses types of transmission lines used to carry electromagnetic energy from one place to another. It defines transmission lines as systems that can guide energy transfer between a generator and load. Transmission lines are designed to carry alternating currents of radio frequency. The document describes different types of transmission lines including open wire lines, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, waveguides, and optical fibers. It also discusses the differences between power line cables and phone lines.
New generation of copper conductors for overhead lines
Transmission network operators are facing substantial and even contradictory challenges. A highly variable renewable energy supply and an increased focus on energy efficiency require a reinforcement of the grid, but the resistance against the construction of new lines has never been so high. The new generation of copper alloy conductors can be part of the solution.
These copper alloys offer outstanding mechanical properties and a high annealing temperature that makes possible to apply affordable and durable hydrophobic coatings. This unique combination makes the new copper conductors highly suitable for severe weather conditions (wind & cold) both in new lines and in refurbishment projects. Additionally, the high conductivity of copper offers a significant reduction of life cycle costs.
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The document provides guidelines for minimum electrical clearances in substations of various voltages. It specifies:
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3) Minimum ground clearances and indoor clearances required between live parts and structures.
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This document provides an overview of sag-tension calculations for overhead power lines. It discusses key parameters like maximum sag, tension, and span length. Sag determines electrical clearances while tension impacts structure design. The document covers the catenary curve model and factors like conductor weight and elongation. It also summarizes considerations for non-homogeneous conductors like ACSR. Numerical examples show how temperature changes impact sag and tension. Experimental data and computer models are needed due to the nonlinear behavior of composite conductors.
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This document discusses the characteristics and performance of power transmission lines. It covers the following key points:
- The design and operation of transmission lines considers voltage drop, line losses, and transmission efficiency, which depend on the line constants R, L, and C.
- Transmission lines are classified as short, medium, or long depending on their length and voltage level. Different methods are used to calculate performance based on how capacitance effects are handled.
- Medium transmission lines consider capacitance effects by lumping the distributed capacitance at points along the line. Methods like end condenser, nominal T, and nominal pi are commonly used for calculations.
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Ehv line design
This document provides details on the design of a 500kV extra high voltage transmission line that is 600 miles long. It discusses selecting an economic conductor size, calculating line parameters such as resistance, inductance and capacitance, and ensuring safety clearances are met. The selected conductor is a bundle of 3 ACSR conductors with a cross-sectional area of 468 mm2 each. Line losses are calculated to be 51.23 MW, which is 5.123% of the 1000MW transmission capacity. Surge impedance is determined to be 276.6 ohms. Safety clearances are in accordance with National Electrical Safety Code specifications.
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Transmission lines guide electrical energy from one point to another. They have two ends - an input end connected to the source, and an output end connected to the load. Common types of transmission lines include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair comes in unshielded and shielded variants, with shielded providing better protection against interference. Coaxial cable carries signals of higher frequencies than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses light pulses to transmit data over long distances at high speeds. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves like radio waves, microwaves, and infrared to transmit data through the air without a physical medium.
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This document discusses types of transmission lines used to carry electromagnetic energy from one place to another. It defines transmission lines as systems that can guide energy transfer between a generator and load. Transmission lines are designed to carry alternating currents of radio frequency. The document describes different types of transmission lines including open wire lines, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, waveguides, and optical fibers. It also discusses the differences between power line cables and phone lines.
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This document discusses the design methodology and components of extra high voltage transmission lines. It covers:
- The key components of transmission lines including conductors, earth wires, insulators, towers, and hardware.
- The design methodology which involves gathering preliminary data, selecting reliability levels, calculating climatic and other loads, choosing appropriate factors, and designing the components.
- Factors that influence the design such as reliability levels, transmission voltages, tower types, tower structures, heights, widths, clearances, and conductor selection criteria including mechanical and electrical requirements.
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The document provides guidelines for minimum electrical clearances in substations of various voltages. It specifies:
1) Minimum phase to earth and phase to phase clearances for different voltage levels ranging from 11KV to 400KV.
2) Standard dimensions for bay widths, equipment heights, and insulator specifications for different voltage levels.
3) Minimum ground clearances and indoor clearances required between live parts and structures.
The document aims to ensure safety of substation equipment and personnel by outlining clearance requirements that must be followed for different voltage levels according to industry best practices.
Sag tension calcs-ohl-tutorial
This document provides an overview of sag-tension calculations for overhead power lines. It discusses key parameters like maximum sag, tension, and span length. Sag determines electrical clearances while tension impacts structure design. The document covers the catenary curve model and factors like conductor weight and elongation. It also summarizes considerations for non-homogeneous conductors like ACSR. Numerical examples show how temperature changes impact sag and tension. Experimental data and computer models are needed due to the nonlinear behavior of composite conductors.
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This document discusses the characteristics and performance of power transmission lines. It covers the following key points:
- The design and operation of transmission lines considers voltage drop, line losses, and transmission efficiency, which depend on the line constants R, L, and C.
- Transmission lines are classified as short, medium, or long depending on their length and voltage level. Different methods are used to calculate performance based on how capacitance effects are handled.
- Medium transmission lines consider capacitance effects by lumping the distributed capacitance at points along the line. Methods like end condenser, nominal T, and nominal pi are commonly used for calculations.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for voltage regulation,
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This document provides details on the design of a 500kV extra high voltage transmission line that is 600 miles long. It discusses selecting an economic conductor size, calculating line parameters such as resistance, inductance and capacitance, and ensuring safety clearances are met. The selected conductor is a bundle of 3 ACSR conductors with a cross-sectional area of 468 mm2 each. Line losses are calculated to be 51.23 MW, which is 5.123% of the 1000MW transmission capacity. Surge impedance is determined to be 276.6 ohms. Safety clearances are in accordance with National Electrical Safety Code specifications.
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Power flow through overhead transmission lines is limited by concerns over electrical phase shift, voltage drop, and thermal effects. Specifically:
- Surge impedance loading limits power flow to prevent excessive phase shift, which can cause instability. This limit depends on system voltage and transmission line characteristics.
- Voltage drop limits power flow to maintain voltage levels within 5-10% of the sending voltage. This usually limits lines 50-150 miles long.
- Thermal limits prevent overheating of conductors and maintain structural integrity. This usually determines the limit for lines under 50 miles. Longer lines are limited by phase shift or voltage drop first.
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This document discusses problems with overhead transmission lines and techniques for condition monitoring. It outlines common causes of deterioration like damage to insulators from thermal cycling and corrosion, and vibration damage to conductors. Symptoms of problems can be identified through techniques like measuring transmission line corona and gap discharges. Novel condition monitoring techniques are deployed to inspect lines and identify defective equipment online for maintenance.
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1. The document discusses various types of equipment and accessories used in power transmission systems including transmission lines, conductors, insulators, busbars, isolators, cross-arms, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, and transformers.
2. It classifies transmission lines based on length and voltage into short, medium, and long lines and describes common types of line supports including wooden poles, steel poles, RCC poles, and lattice steel towers.
3. The document provides details on conductors such as ACSR and AAAC, insulator types including pin, suspension, and strain, and circuit breaker types such as oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum.
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The document discusses the key elements of transmission systems including:
- Transmission lines carry bulk power over long distances at high voltages from generating stations to substations.
- Standard transmission voltages include primary (110kV-400kV) and secondary (66kV-33kV).
- Distribution then moves power from substations to consumers at lower voltages like primary (33kV-11kV) and secondary (400V/230V).
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This document discusses the mechanical design of overhead transmission lines. It covers the key components of overhead lines including conductors, supports, insulators, and cross-arms. For conductors, it describes common materials like copper, aluminum, and steel reinforced aluminum. For supports, it outlines wood, concrete, and steel poles. It also lists different types of insulators like pin, suspension, and strain insulators. In overviewing cross-arms, it notes line arms and side arms are used to hold conductors on transmission towers.
Mechanical Design of Transmission Line (In context of Nepal)
This slide contains
1. Introduction of Overhead and Underground Cables
2. Main Components of Overhead Lines
3. Propertis of Conductor Materials
4. Commonly Used Conductor Materials
5. Line Supports
6. Different types of Line Support with properties
7. Insulator and its properties
8. Types of Insulator
9. Transmission Line Challenges in Nepal
Attenuation and surge impedance loading
- Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength that occurs along transmission lines and is measured in decibels per kilometer. It is influenced by factors like line construction, frequency, weather conditions, and faults.
- The attenuation constant α determines the exponential decrease in amplitude per unit length of the line. The phase constant β determines the linear change in phase per unit length.
- Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a lossless line and is a measure of the maximum power that can be delivered by the line at unity power factor, known as surge impedance loading. It can be increased by raising voltages or decreasing the surge impedance through series and shunt capacitors.
519 transmission line theory
The document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It defines transmission lines as physical structures that guide electromagnetic waves from place to place. Common types of transmission lines include two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It also covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance, standing waves, and the Smith chart for solving complex transmission line problems.
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Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
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This document provides information about transmission lines presented by Shivam Patel. It begins with an introduction to transmission lines and defines them as electrical lines used to transmit electrical waves. It then describes four main types of transmission lines: open-wire lines, cables, co-axial lines, and waveguides. Finally, it discusses the four transmission line parameters - inductance, resistance, capacitance, and conductance - and explains the role each parameter plays in transmission lines.
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This document discusses the design of extra high voltage transmission lines and bundled conductors in EHV lines. It outlines the advantages of EHV lines such as reduced transmission losses and material requirements. However, it also notes disadvantages like increased corona losses and insulation needs. Key design considerations for EHV lines include the choice of operating voltage, grounding method, conductor selection, and insulator selection. For lines above 400kV, bundled conductors are used and the document discusses formulas for calculating the inductance, capacitance, surge impedance, and surge impedance loading to determine bundling requirements.
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This document provides information on tower spotting and tower scheduling for transmission lines. Some key points:
- A sag template is used to determine tower locations so that conductor sags conform to clearance requirements and tower loading limits. It contains curves showing minimum and maximum conductor sags.
- Tower spotting involves placing the sag template on the line profile to mark tower locations where the footing curve touches the ground profile, ensuring clearance curves stay above ground.
- After spotting, a tower schedule is prepared with information like tower types, spans, sags, hardware, and objects near the line.
- Tower loading is checked against the tower spotting data limits for spans, sags and wind loads. Ext
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This document discusses sag and tension in transmission line conductors. It defines sag as the difference in level between support points and the lowest point of the conductor. Sag is mandatory to prevent excessive tension on the conductor. The proper amount of sag allows for safe tension while preventing overstretching. The document provides formulas for calculating sag when supports are at equal and unequal levels, and discusses how wind and ice loading affect sag calculations. It includes examples of sag calculations for different transmission line scenarios.
Classification of transmission lines
Presentation on transmission line and their classification including, underground cables. overhead line plus long, medium and short transmission lines
Transmission system
This document provides an overview of overhead transmission and distribution lines. It discusses conductor materials like copper and aluminum, support structures like wooden poles, concrete poles, and steel towers, insulator materials like porcelain and glass, and different insulator types. The network transports power from generation stations to load centers using overhead lines consisting of these components.
typesofconductorshantanu-170307193908.pptx
The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and poles used in power transmission lines. It describes common conductor materials like copper and aluminum, and different types of conductors including hard drawn copper, cadmium copper, steel core copper, copper welded, aluminum, and ACSR conductors. It also explains the main types of insulators used - pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators - and provides details on their construction and applications.
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Surge impedance sil
Power flow through overhead transmission lines is limited by concerns over electrical phase shift, voltage drop, and thermal effects. Specifically:
- Surge impedance loading limits power flow to prevent excessive phase shift, which can cause instability. This limit depends on system voltage and transmission line characteristics.
- Voltage drop limits power flow to maintain voltage levels within 5-10% of the sending voltage. This usually limits lines 50-150 miles long.
- Thermal limits prevent overheating of conductors and maintain structural integrity. This usually determines the limit for lines under 50 miles. Longer lines are limited by phase shift or voltage drop first.
Tl book
This document provides a table of contents for a guidebook on electrical power transmission lines. It outlines chapters that will cover topics like electricity basics, types of power transmission, overhead and underground transmission lines, tower manufacturing, preliminary and detailed surveys, soil investigation, foundation works, tower erection, and stringing of conductors. The table of contents lists over 15 chapters and subsections that will be included in the reference book, which is intended for engineers and supervisors working in tower manufacturing and power line construction projects.
Problems in overhead transmission line
This document discusses problems with overhead transmission lines and techniques for condition monitoring. It outlines common causes of deterioration like damage to insulators from thermal cycling and corrosion, and vibration damage to conductors. Symptoms of problems can be identified through techniques like measuring transmission line corona and gap discharges. Novel condition monitoring techniques are deployed to inspect lines and identify defective equipment online for maintenance.
Equipments of power transmission
1. The document discusses various types of equipment and accessories used in power transmission systems including transmission lines, conductors, insulators, busbars, isolators, cross-arms, lightning arrestors, circuit breakers, and transformers.
2. It classifies transmission lines based on length and voltage into short, medium, and long lines and describes common types of line supports including wooden poles, steel poles, RCC poles, and lattice steel towers.
3. The document provides details on conductors such as ACSR and AAAC, insulator types including pin, suspension, and strain, and circuit breaker types such as oil, air blast, SF6, and vacuum.
TDU - Unit 01 Transmission system
The document discusses the key elements of transmission systems including:
- Transmission lines carry bulk power over long distances at high voltages from generating stations to substations.
- Standard transmission voltages include primary (110kV-400kV) and secondary (66kV-33kV).
- Distribution then moves power from substations to consumers at lower voltages like primary (33kV-11kV) and secondary (400V/230V).
- Transmission can be overhead via towers and conductors or underground via insulated cables. High voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) are the main types of transmission.
Analysis and design of three legged 400 kv double circuit steel transmission
This document summarizes the analysis and design of three-legged 400kV double circuit steel transmission line towers with angle and tube sections. The study models the towers in STAAD.Pro to analyze member forces and deflections under various loading conditions. It finds that the tube section tower design has better force-weight performance, with member forces and overall weight reduced by around 20% compared to the angle section tower. The tube section tower thus provides a more economical design for the three-legged 400kV transmission line towers.
Transmission and distribution line design final
Transmission Line designed on basis of data available for a given Hydropower system.
Looking this document you can yourself design the Transmission Line system.
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission lines
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
Electrical transmission
This document discusses the mechanical design of overhead transmission lines. It covers the key components of overhead lines including conductors, supports, insulators, and cross-arms. For conductors, it describes common materials like copper, aluminum, and steel reinforced aluminum. For supports, it outlines wood, concrete, and steel poles. It also lists different types of insulators like pin, suspension, and strain insulators. In overviewing cross-arms, it notes line arms and side arms are used to hold conductors on transmission towers.
Mechanical Design of Transmission Line (In context of Nepal)
This slide contains
1. Introduction of Overhead and Underground Cables
2. Main Components of Overhead Lines
3. Propertis of Conductor Materials
4. Commonly Used Conductor Materials
5. Line Supports
6. Different types of Line Support with properties
7. Insulator and its properties
8. Types of Insulator
9. Transmission Line Challenges in Nepal
Attenuation and surge impedance loading
- Attenuation refers to the loss of signal strength that occurs along transmission lines and is measured in decibels per kilometer. It is influenced by factors like line construction, frequency, weather conditions, and faults.
- The attenuation constant α determines the exponential decrease in amplitude per unit length of the line. The phase constant β determines the linear change in phase per unit length.
- Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a lossless line and is a measure of the maximum power that can be delivered by the line at unity power factor, known as surge impedance loading. It can be increased by raising voltages or decreasing the surge impedance through series and shunt capacitors.
519 transmission line theory
The document discusses transmission line theory for microwave frequencies. It defines transmission lines as physical structures that guide electromagnetic waves from place to place. Common types of transmission lines include two-wire lines, coaxial cables, waveguides, and planar transmission lines. It also covers transmission line concepts such as characteristic impedance, standing waves, and the Smith chart for solving complex transmission line problems.
Construction EHV Transmission Line
Complete details of EHV Transmission Line. Consolidated this presentation from those experts who had contributed separately on slider share and other web pages.Thanks for their valuable inputs.
Transmission Line
The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns & insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate x-rays & particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes & high power amplifier vacuum tubes & other industrial & scientific applications .
Chapter 2 transmission line parameters
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
Types of transmission lines
This document provides information about transmission lines presented by Shivam Patel. It begins with an introduction to transmission lines and defines them as electrical lines used to transmit electrical waves. It then describes four main types of transmission lines: open-wire lines, cables, co-axial lines, and waveguides. Finally, it discusses the four transmission line parameters - inductance, resistance, capacitance, and conductance - and explains the role each parameter plays in transmission lines.
POWER SYSTEM PLANNING AND DESIGN. DESIGN OF EHV TRANSMISSION LINES & BUNDLED ...
This document discusses the design of extra high voltage transmission lines and bundled conductors in EHV lines. It outlines the advantages of EHV lines such as reduced transmission losses and material requirements. However, it also notes disadvantages like increased corona losses and insulation needs. Key design considerations for EHV lines include the choice of operating voltage, grounding method, conductor selection, and insulator selection. For lines above 400kV, bundled conductors are used and the document discusses formulas for calculating the inductance, capacitance, surge impedance, and surge impedance loading to determine bundling requirements.
tower spotting
This document provides information on tower spotting and tower scheduling for transmission lines. Some key points:
- A sag template is used to determine tower locations so that conductor sags conform to clearance requirements and tower loading limits. It contains curves showing minimum and maximum conductor sags.
- Tower spotting involves placing the sag template on the line profile to mark tower locations where the footing curve touches the ground profile, ensuring clearance curves stay above ground.
- After spotting, a tower schedule is prepared with information like tower types, spans, sags, hardware, and objects near the line.
- Tower loading is checked against the tower spotting data limits for spans, sags and wind loads. Ext
Sag and tension
This document discusses sag and tension in transmission line conductors. It defines sag as the difference in level between support points and the lowest point of the conductor. Sag is mandatory to prevent excessive tension on the conductor. The proper amount of sag allows for safe tension while preventing overstretching. The document provides formulas for calculating sag when supports are at equal and unequal levels, and discusses how wind and ice loading affect sag calculations. It includes examples of sag calculations for different transmission line scenarios.
Classification of transmission lines
Presentation on transmission line and their classification including, underground cables. overhead line plus long, medium and short transmission lines
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Analysis and design of three legged 400 kv double circuit steel transmission
Analysis and design of three legged 400 kv double circuit steel transmission
Mechanical Design of Transmission Line (In context of Nepal)
Mechanical Design of Transmission Line (In context of Nepal)
POWER SYSTEM PLANNING AND DESIGN. DESIGN OF EHV TRANSMISSION LINES & BUNDLED ...
POWER SYSTEM PLANNING AND DESIGN. DESIGN OF EHV TRANSMISSION LINES & BUNDLED ...
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The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and poles used in power transmission lines. It describes common conductor materials like copper and aluminum, and different types of conductors including hard drawn copper, cadmium copper, steel core copper, copper welded, aluminum, and ACSR conductors. It also explains the main types of insulators used - pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators - and provides details on their construction and applications.
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This document discusses the different types of cables. It defines a cable as two or more wires bonded, twisted, or braided together. The types of cables covered include single core cable, 2 core cable, 3 core cable, 3.5 core cable, 4 core cable, armored cables, and unarmored cables. Each cable type is defined and its common uses are described. For example, single core cable consists of stranded conductors twisted together in PVC covering and is used for supplementary earth bonding, while armored cables contain one or two layers of steel for mechanical protection.
Comparison of conductor material
COMPARISON OF CONDUCTOR MATERIAL
TYPES OF CONDUCTOR MATERIAL:
AAC
AAAC
ACAR
AACSR
ACSS
ACCC
ACSR
Elements of transmission line
All Aluminum Conductors
All Aluminum Alloy Conductors
Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced
Aluminum Conductor Composite Core
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
Transmission_Lines.pptx
The document discusses high voltage transmission lines. It states that high voltage lines are preferred over low voltage lines for transporting power over long distances more efficiently. This is because increasing the voltage decreases the current, which reduces line losses. Lower current also means smaller, less expensive conductors can be used. Bundling multiple conductors further increases power transfer capacity while minimizing costs. High voltage lines require large structures but their costs are much lower than the costs of line losses from low voltage alternatives.
50 ohms.ppt
This document discusses the design considerations for overhead transmission lines. It outlines key electrical factors like minimizing voltage drop and power loss. Mechanically, the lines must withstand conductor weight and weather conditions. The main components are conductors, supports, insulators, and cross arms. Common conductor materials include copper for its conductivity, aluminum for its light weight and lower cost, and steel-cored aluminum which increases aluminum's strength. Aluminum, steel-cored aluminum, and galvanized steel are widely used depending on the transmission distance and power level. Cadmium copper also provides increased strength over pure copper.
Types of cables
Cables have three main sections - a conducting core, insulating material, and protective cover. The core carries current using copper or aluminum wires. Insulation prevents current leakage and is made of rubber, paper, PVC, or other materials. The cover protects the insulation from damage.
Cables are classified by voltage, conductor material, insulation type, and number of cores. Low voltage cables operate at 250/440V while high voltage cables are 650/1100V. Cables have two, three, or more cores to carry current to different phases and the neutral. Three-and-a-half and four core cables have strands of different sizes to reduce costs when the neutral carries less current.
Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines
This is the summary to choose main components of Mechanical design of Overhead T/L .
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Transmission lines of Electrical powe
This document discusses the mechanical design of overhead transmission lines. It describes the key components of overhead transmission lines including conductors, supports, insulators, and cross-arms. For conductors, it discusses various material types including copper, aluminum, steel-cored aluminum. For supports it discusses wooden poles, RCC poles, and steel poles. It also outlines different types of insulators used in transmission lines like pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators. Finally, it briefly covers the two main types of cross-arms used - line arms and side arms.
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Transmission Lines
- 1. power TrANSMISSIoN Presented By, M.RAJESHWARAN P.SAI RAM R.SATHYA PRAKASH VIGNESH M.S.VINOTH KUMAR Guided by, B.RAJESH KUMAR (Asst. professor) M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Thalavapalayam,karur-639113. DEPARTMENT: DATE:22.07.2015
- 2. Introduction Conductors Types of conductors Poles Towers Insulators Types of insulators Cables Types of cables Conclusion Contents
- 3. Commonly used conductor materials:- a)Copper b) Aluminium c)Steel-cored aluminium d) Galvanized steel e)Cadmium copper Conductors are preferably stranded to increase flexibility. Conductors
- 4.
- 5. High electrical conductivity Greater tensile strength Hard drawn copper used High current density Smaller cross-sectional area required High cost & non availability Copper
- 6. Cheaper & light in weight, for small span Small conductivity & tensile strength (60% of copper) Cross-sectional area of conductor larger than copper(Aluminium diameter= 1.26 times of copper) Higher tower with greater sag Specific gravity lower than copper Larger cross-arms required Not suitable for long distance transmission Aluminium
- 7. • High mechanical strength can be utilized by using spans of larger lengths. • Tower of smaller height can be used • A reduction in the number of supports also include reduction in insulators and the risk of lines outage due to flash over or faults is reduced. • losses are reduced due to larger diameter of conductor. • High current carrying capacity. Advantages
- 8. Wooden poles Steel poles RCC poles Lattice steel towers Types of line supports
- 9. Shorter span up to 50 m Less cost & used for distribution purpose in rural areas Pesticides required e.g. creosote oil Used for voltage up to 20 kv Smaller life(20-25 years) Less mechanical strength Made of Sal or Chir Moderate cross-sectional area Wooden poles
- 10. Wooden Poles
- 11. • Greater mechanical strength • Longer life • Larger spans • Used for distribution purpose in cities • Three types: Rail poles Tubular poles Rolled steel joints Steel poles
- 12. Steel Poles
- 13. 1- Suspension Tower 2- Tension Tower 3- Angle Tower Types of tower
- 14. Conductors are simply suspended from the tower Mechanical strength Tower carry a downward force and a lateral force But not an longitudinal force Suspension tower
- 15. Tension tower
- 16. Angle tower
- 17. Types: Pin type :- For transmission and distribution upto 33 KV Suspension type :- For voltage greater than 33 KV Strain type:- For dead ends,corner or sharp curve Shackle type:- For low voltage distribution lines & canbe used either in a horizontal or vertical position Insulators
- 18.
- 19. High mechanical strength High electrical resistance to avoid leakage currents to earth Insulator material should be porous,free from impurities & cracks Properties
- 20.
- 21. 1. Single core Cable 2. 2 core Cable 3. 3 Core Cable 4. 3.5 core Cable 5. 4 Core Cable 6. Armoured Cable 7. Unarmoured Cable Types of Cable
- 22. A cable is most often two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or braided together to form a single assembly. What is Cable ?
- 23. A single core cable consists of stranded conductors twisted together and housed in a PVC covering. It comes as a 6 mm sq. single core, colour coded green and yellow, and is used for supplementary earth bonding. Single Core Cables
- 24. In 2 Core cable, one conductor acts as a face and another acts as natural conductors, both the conductors have equal cross sectional area. – It is used in telephone service and to connect computer devices 2 Core Cable
- 25. In 3 Core cable all the conductors have equal cross sectional area. 3 strands carry R,Y & B phase respectively It is used as a Neutral wire. 3 Core Cable
- 26. 3conductors are having the same cross sectional area & are used for 3 different phase. Therefore this conductor is treated as half conductor and hence the name is 3.5 core cable. It is used to carry the Neutral Current. 3.5 Core Cable
- 27. In case of unbalanced load some neutral current exists. Therefore in some cases 4 core cable is proffered. It is used for lighting, load distribution & applications where unbalanced loading conditions occur frequently. 4 Core Cable
- 28. It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tap. It is used protection against mechanical injury. Armoured Cables
- 29. Constructions of unarmoured cables are same as that armoured cables expect that Unarmoured cables are not provided with armouring. Unarmoured cables also consists of all parts such as insulation metallic sheath, bedding & serving. Unarmoured Cables
- 30. High electrical conductivity. High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stresses. Low cost so that it can be used for long distances Low specific gravity so that weight t volume is small. Properties
Editor's Notes
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