This document discusses underground cables, including their structure, construction, classification, insulating materials, and comparison to overhead systems. It provides details on the following:
- Underground cables consist of one or more conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering, and are buried directly in the ground or installed in underground ducts.
- Cable construction generally includes cores or conductors, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving.
- Cables are classified based on voltage level as low, high, super, extra high, or extra super voltage cables.
- Important properties of insulating materials include high resistivity, dielectric strength, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Common materials are
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de conductores eléctricos. Explica que los conductores eléctricos están compuestos de un alma conductora, un aislamiento y cubiertas protectoras. Se clasifican según el material del alma (cobre o aluminio), su forma (alambre o cable) y el número de almas conductoras (monoconductor o multiconductor). El objetivo del aislamiento es evitar el contacto eléctrico y de las cubiertas protectoras es proteger el aislamiento y el alma conductora de daños mecánicos.
1. Aluminum is lighter and cheaper than copper, though it has lower conductivity.
2. PVC wire is durable against water, heat, oil and UV light and widely used with long life.
3. 'Bad' conductors are used to convert electrical energy into heat, light and sound in devices.
4. Exceeding a cable's current carrying capacity can cause overheating, damage insulation, and result in short circuits.
This document discusses underground cables for electrical power distribution. It covers the construction of cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armouring and serving. Common insulating materials like XLPE are described. Cables are classified based on voltage level. Methods of laying cables underground include direct laying, draw-in systems and solid systems. Potential cable faults include open circuits, short circuits and earth faults. Underground cables have advantages over overhead systems like better appearance, lower maintenance needs and fewer faults, but the installation costs are higher.
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
Study of Insulators- cotton insulator, Enamel, insulating oil, mica, paper insulator, Pin type insulator, Porcelain, Properties of insulators, rubber insulator, silk, Strain insulators, Suspension type Strain type Insulators, Varnish,
This is a small ppt made by me to describe about the basics of Insulators in HV , EHV transmission lines.Students who want to go through the basics for clearing the fundamentals they can go through this ppt. Thank you.
This document discusses underground cables, including their structure, construction, classification, insulating materials, and comparison to overhead systems. It provides details on the following:
- Underground cables consist of one or more conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering, and are buried directly in the ground or installed in underground ducts.
- Cable construction generally includes cores or conductors, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving.
- Cables are classified based on voltage level as low, high, super, extra high, or extra super voltage cables.
- Important properties of insulating materials include high resistivity, dielectric strength, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Common materials are
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de conductores eléctricos. Explica que los conductores eléctricos están compuestos de un alma conductora, un aislamiento y cubiertas protectoras. Se clasifican según el material del alma (cobre o aluminio), su forma (alambre o cable) y el número de almas conductoras (monoconductor o multiconductor). El objetivo del aislamiento es evitar el contacto eléctrico y de las cubiertas protectoras es proteger el aislamiento y el alma conductora de daños mecánicos.
1. Aluminum is lighter and cheaper than copper, though it has lower conductivity.
2. PVC wire is durable against water, heat, oil and UV light and widely used with long life.
3. 'Bad' conductors are used to convert electrical energy into heat, light and sound in devices.
4. Exceeding a cable's current carrying capacity can cause overheating, damage insulation, and result in short circuits.
This document discusses underground cables for electrical power distribution. It covers the construction of cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armouring and serving. Common insulating materials like XLPE are described. Cables are classified based on voltage level. Methods of laying cables underground include direct laying, draw-in systems and solid systems. Potential cable faults include open circuits, short circuits and earth faults. Underground cables have advantages over overhead systems like better appearance, lower maintenance needs and fewer faults, but the installation costs are higher.
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems. While Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
Study of Insulators- cotton insulator, Enamel, insulating oil, mica, paper insulator, Pin type insulator, Porcelain, Properties of insulators, rubber insulator, silk, Strain insulators, Suspension type Strain type Insulators, Varnish,
This is a small ppt made by me to describe about the basics of Insulators in HV , EHV transmission lines.Students who want to go through the basics for clearing the fundamentals they can go through this ppt. Thank you.
Wires and cables are purpose-built conductors that come in different sizes and types to suit various power ratings and uses. There are several types of wires including VIR, TRS, PVC, lead alloy sheathed, weatherproof, and flexible wires. Cables consist of conductors, insulation, sheathing for protection and strength, and are used to transmit power over longer distances. Cables can be categorized as low, medium, or high voltage based on their intended voltage levels.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de conductores eléctricos. Explica que los conductores eléctricos son materiales que ofrecen poca resistencia al movimiento de carga eléctrica y que los más utilizados son el cobre y el aluminio. Luego clasifica los conductores en de alta conductividad, como la plata y el cobre, y describe las partes que componen los conductores eléctricos, distinguendo entre alambre, cable, monoconductor y multiconductor.
This document provides information on underground cables, including their construction, classification, insulating materials, and types. It discusses how underground cables consist of conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering to reduce interference from external disturbances. The general construction of a 3-conductor cable is described, including its cores or conductors, insulation, metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. Various types of cables are classified based on voltage levels. Key properties and examples of insulating materials used in cables are also outlined, along with the advantages and disadvantages of underground cables compared to overhead systems.
Underground cables consist of one or more conductors surrounded by insulation and protective covering. They are buried directly in the ground or in ducts to protect from external disturbances. Underground cables have advantages like better appearance and reduced faults but also higher maintenance costs and longer repair times for faults. Cables use various materials for insulation like rubber, paper, PVC and XLPE, with different properties suitable for different voltages. Cables are classified based on voltage as low, high, extra high tension cables. Faults like open circuits, short circuits and earth faults can occur and be detected using a megger. The maximum length of underground cables is limited by higher capacitance causing increased line charging currents at higher voltages.
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is impractical, difficult, or dangerous to use the overhead lines. They are widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
The underground cables have several advantages over the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of developing faults and have low maintenance costs. However, they are more expensive to manufacture, and their cost may vary depending on the construction as well as the voltage rating.
The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage capacity, or by the construction.
By Voltage
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
By Construction
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: the Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
The document discusses different types of wires and cables. It describes common wire types like PVC wires, weatherproof wires, and flexible wires. It also covers different cable types such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, ribbon cable, and directly buried cable. The document provides details on the construction and uses of these various wires and cables.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
Ceramic capacitors are the most commonly used type of capacitor. They consist of alternating layers of ceramic and metal electrodes. Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) allow for large capacitance values in small packages. Ceramic capacitors are used for coupling, decoupling, filtering, and smoothing circuits. They have advantages like being non-polarized and able to withstand high voltages. However, ceramic capacitors generally have lower maximum capacitance values than other types and can be subject to microphonic effects.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Electrical Engineering (EE) presentation on POWER CABLESPritish Parihar
The document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses various types of power cables used for transmission and distribution of electricity, including overhead conductors such as AAC, AAAC, ACSR, ACAR, and underground cables. It provides details on the composition, properties, specifications and applications of different conductor types. The report aims to help understand the characteristics and selection criteria for optimal conductors based on transmission line design requirements.
The document discusses different types of cables used for temperature sensing and instrumentation. It describes the key components of cables which include conductors, insulation, screening, inner and outer sheathing. Common conductor materials are copper, thermocouple alloys, and nickel. Insulation includes plastics like PVC, polymers like Teflon, and ceramics suitable for temperatures from -260°C to 1200°C. Screening is either aluminum foil or braided copper mesh. Specific cable types are discussed for thermocouples, instrumentation signals, power and control, heat resistance, lead wires, and other special applications. Temperature ranges and insulation materials vary depending on the intended cable use.
An electric cable is composed of a conductor, usually copper, surrounded by insulation to contain the electric current flow. Cables use color coding and markings like green insulation with yellow stripes for easy wire identification and safety. Different cable types exist for various applications - coaxial cable has a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding for uses like TV, while shielded and unshielded twisted pair cables are used in networks with twisted wire pairs providing interference cancellation. Materials like copper, aluminum, and alloys are commonly used for cable conductors.
This document summarizes different types of power cables. It describes the general construction of cables which includes a conductor, insulation, sheath, bedding, armouring and serving. It then discusses various cable types such as belted cables, screened cables, super tension cables, oil filled cables and gas pressure cables. Screened cables include H-type and S.L. cables. The document provides details on the construction and advantages and disadvantages of each cable type.
There are two main ways to transmit electrical power: overhead cables or underground cables. Underground cables have several advantages over overhead cables such as being safer, requiring lower maintenance, and having higher reliability. Underground cables come in various types depending on factors like the number of conductors, voltage rating, and insulating material used. Proper installation methods are also important, with options including direct burial, using troughs or tunnels. Cables have several components including conductors, insulation, sheathing, bedding, serving, and armoring. The choice of materials for each component depends on considerations like conductivity, insulation strength, and resistance to heat and chemicals.
Underground cables have several advantages over overhead cables including better appearance, reduced damage from external factors like storms and lighting, lower maintenance costs, and fewer faults. Underground cables consist of one or more insulated conductors surrounded by protective layers. Key components include the conductor, insulation like paper or rubber, a metallic sheath, bedding, armor for protection, and an outer serving. Different types are used for various voltage applications up to extra high voltage cables over 33kV. Selection depends on factors like the number of cores needed, insulation material, and whether solid or pressure cables are required.
it is a ppt on the subject of engineering study. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM. cables type witch is use for the high voltage transmission. in this ppt only under ground cables types are present.
A Presentation based on Underground Cables Used In the Transmission And Distribution System.It is a topic covered in the syllabus of B.E. in Electrical Engineering in 5th semester Subject named "Electrical Power System" For more detail you can check the book "Electrical Power System" by Author V.K.Mehta and S.Chand Publication.
Cables are made up of conductors that transmit electricity surrounded by insulation. Common cable types include fiber optic cables which transmit data using light through glass or plastic fibers, coaxial cables with a copper conductor surrounded by insulating material and a shield, and twisted pair cables which rely on twisting copper wires to reduce interference. Cable components must have appropriate electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties to safely and reliably transmit signals or power. Common conductor materials include copper, aluminum, and alloy-coated steel wires.
This document provides information about cables used in civil engineering. It discusses the structure and composition of cables, including the conductor, insulation, lead sheath, bedding, and armouring. It describes the manufacturing process of cables and the types of cables, including power cables classified by voltage, core, and armouring. It also discusses networking cables, underground cables, common cable brands in Pakistan, color coding of wires, and factors in determining cable suitability.
Electrical Conductors and it's types.pptxSuvankarHati
A conductor is a material that allows electricity or heat to flow through it. The best electrical conductors are plasma and metals like silver, copper, and aluminum. Overhead conductors are installed above ground to transmit electricity. Common materials for overhead conductors include copper, aluminum, aluminum alloy reinforced with steel or carbon fiber, and cadmium-copper alloys. Proper conductor selection depends on factors like conductivity, strength, cost, and application.
- There are three main categories of materials in terms of electric current flow: insulators, conductors, and resistors. Insulators do not allow current to flow, conductors allow easy current flow with little resistance, and resistors allow some current but convert energy.
- Good electrical conductors include silver, copper, steel, gold, aluminum, and brass. Liquids like mercury and salt water also conduct, while gases and non-metals like plastic generally do not.
- Common types of conductors for power lines include all aluminum conductor (AAC), all aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC), aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), and aluminum conductor aluminum-alloy reinforced (ACAR). These vary in conductivity and strength
Wires and cables are purpose-built conductors that come in different sizes and types to suit various power ratings and uses. There are several types of wires including VIR, TRS, PVC, lead alloy sheathed, weatherproof, and flexible wires. Cables consist of conductors, insulation, sheathing for protection and strength, and are used to transmit power over longer distances. Cables can be categorized as low, medium, or high voltage based on their intended voltage levels.
Este documento describe los diferentes tipos de conductores eléctricos. Explica que los conductores eléctricos son materiales que ofrecen poca resistencia al movimiento de carga eléctrica y que los más utilizados son el cobre y el aluminio. Luego clasifica los conductores en de alta conductividad, como la plata y el cobre, y describe las partes que componen los conductores eléctricos, distinguendo entre alambre, cable, monoconductor y multiconductor.
This document provides information on underground cables, including their construction, classification, insulating materials, and types. It discusses how underground cables consist of conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering to reduce interference from external disturbances. The general construction of a 3-conductor cable is described, including its cores or conductors, insulation, metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving. Various types of cables are classified based on voltage levels. Key properties and examples of insulating materials used in cables are also outlined, along with the advantages and disadvantages of underground cables compared to overhead systems.
Underground cables consist of one or more conductors surrounded by insulation and protective covering. They are buried directly in the ground or in ducts to protect from external disturbances. Underground cables have advantages like better appearance and reduced faults but also higher maintenance costs and longer repair times for faults. Cables use various materials for insulation like rubber, paper, PVC and XLPE, with different properties suitable for different voltages. Cables are classified based on voltage as low, high, extra high tension cables. Faults like open circuits, short circuits and earth faults can occur and be detected using a megger. The maximum length of underground cables is limited by higher capacitance causing increased line charging currents at higher voltages.
Underground cables are used for power applications where it is impractical, difficult, or dangerous to use the overhead lines. They are widely used in densely populated urban areas, in factories, and even to supply power from the overhead posts to the consumer premises.
The underground cables have several advantages over the overhead lines; they have smaller voltage drops, low chances of developing faults and have low maintenance costs. However, they are more expensive to manufacture, and their cost may vary depending on the construction as well as the voltage rating.
The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage capacity, or by the construction.
By Voltage
LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
By Construction
Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA
Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
Pressure cables: the Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
The document discusses different types of wires and cables. It describes common wire types like PVC wires, weatherproof wires, and flexible wires. It also covers different cable types such as coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, ribbon cable, and directly buried cable. The document provides details on the construction and uses of these various wires and cables.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
Ceramic capacitors are the most commonly used type of capacitor. They consist of alternating layers of ceramic and metal electrodes. Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) allow for large capacitance values in small packages. Ceramic capacitors are used for coupling, decoupling, filtering, and smoothing circuits. They have advantages like being non-polarized and able to withstand high voltages. However, ceramic capacitors generally have lower maximum capacitance values than other types and can be subject to microphonic effects.
This is the simple ppt explaining about the main components of the power systems. especially we are determining the insulators and its types with real time pictures which are attractive,
Electrical Engineering (EE) presentation on POWER CABLESPritish Parihar
The document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses various types of power cables used for transmission and distribution of electricity, including overhead conductors such as AAC, AAAC, ACSR, ACAR, and underground cables. It provides details on the composition, properties, specifications and applications of different conductor types. The report aims to help understand the characteristics and selection criteria for optimal conductors based on transmission line design requirements.
The document discusses different types of cables used for temperature sensing and instrumentation. It describes the key components of cables which include conductors, insulation, screening, inner and outer sheathing. Common conductor materials are copper, thermocouple alloys, and nickel. Insulation includes plastics like PVC, polymers like Teflon, and ceramics suitable for temperatures from -260°C to 1200°C. Screening is either aluminum foil or braided copper mesh. Specific cable types are discussed for thermocouples, instrumentation signals, power and control, heat resistance, lead wires, and other special applications. Temperature ranges and insulation materials vary depending on the intended cable use.
An electric cable is composed of a conductor, usually copper, surrounded by insulation to contain the electric current flow. Cables use color coding and markings like green insulation with yellow stripes for easy wire identification and safety. Different cable types exist for various applications - coaxial cable has a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding for uses like TV, while shielded and unshielded twisted pair cables are used in networks with twisted wire pairs providing interference cancellation. Materials like copper, aluminum, and alloys are commonly used for cable conductors.
This document summarizes different types of power cables. It describes the general construction of cables which includes a conductor, insulation, sheath, bedding, armouring and serving. It then discusses various cable types such as belted cables, screened cables, super tension cables, oil filled cables and gas pressure cables. Screened cables include H-type and S.L. cables. The document provides details on the construction and advantages and disadvantages of each cable type.
There are two main ways to transmit electrical power: overhead cables or underground cables. Underground cables have several advantages over overhead cables such as being safer, requiring lower maintenance, and having higher reliability. Underground cables come in various types depending on factors like the number of conductors, voltage rating, and insulating material used. Proper installation methods are also important, with options including direct burial, using troughs or tunnels. Cables have several components including conductors, insulation, sheathing, bedding, serving, and armoring. The choice of materials for each component depends on considerations like conductivity, insulation strength, and resistance to heat and chemicals.
Underground cables have several advantages over overhead cables including better appearance, reduced damage from external factors like storms and lighting, lower maintenance costs, and fewer faults. Underground cables consist of one or more insulated conductors surrounded by protective layers. Key components include the conductor, insulation like paper or rubber, a metallic sheath, bedding, armor for protection, and an outer serving. Different types are used for various voltage applications up to extra high voltage cables over 33kV. Selection depends on factors like the number of cores needed, insulation material, and whether solid or pressure cables are required.
it is a ppt on the subject of engineering study. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM. cables type witch is use for the high voltage transmission. in this ppt only under ground cables types are present.
A Presentation based on Underground Cables Used In the Transmission And Distribution System.It is a topic covered in the syllabus of B.E. in Electrical Engineering in 5th semester Subject named "Electrical Power System" For more detail you can check the book "Electrical Power System" by Author V.K.Mehta and S.Chand Publication.
Cables are made up of conductors that transmit electricity surrounded by insulation. Common cable types include fiber optic cables which transmit data using light through glass or plastic fibers, coaxial cables with a copper conductor surrounded by insulating material and a shield, and twisted pair cables which rely on twisting copper wires to reduce interference. Cable components must have appropriate electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties to safely and reliably transmit signals or power. Common conductor materials include copper, aluminum, and alloy-coated steel wires.
This document provides information about cables used in civil engineering. It discusses the structure and composition of cables, including the conductor, insulation, lead sheath, bedding, and armouring. It describes the manufacturing process of cables and the types of cables, including power cables classified by voltage, core, and armouring. It also discusses networking cables, underground cables, common cable brands in Pakistan, color coding of wires, and factors in determining cable suitability.
Electrical Conductors and it's types.pptxSuvankarHati
A conductor is a material that allows electricity or heat to flow through it. The best electrical conductors are plasma and metals like silver, copper, and aluminum. Overhead conductors are installed above ground to transmit electricity. Common materials for overhead conductors include copper, aluminum, aluminum alloy reinforced with steel or carbon fiber, and cadmium-copper alloys. Proper conductor selection depends on factors like conductivity, strength, cost, and application.
- There are three main categories of materials in terms of electric current flow: insulators, conductors, and resistors. Insulators do not allow current to flow, conductors allow easy current flow with little resistance, and resistors allow some current but convert energy.
- Good electrical conductors include silver, copper, steel, gold, aluminum, and brass. Liquids like mercury and salt water also conduct, while gases and non-metals like plastic generally do not.
- Common types of conductors for power lines include all aluminum conductor (AAC), all aluminum alloy conductor (AAAC), aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), and aluminum conductor aluminum-alloy reinforced (ACAR). These vary in conductivity and strength
Copper is one of the most electrically conductive metal elements. It has a characteristic reddish-brown color and is very ductile and malleable. These properties, along with its high thermal and electrical conductivity, make copper useful for electrical wiring, plumbing, and cookware. Common copper alloys include brass and bronze, which are used for applications requiring corrosion resistance, strength, or specific colors.
The document discusses different types of conductors, insulators, and poles used in power transmission lines. It describes common conductor materials like copper and aluminum, and different types of conductors including hard drawn copper, cadmium copper, steel core copper, copper welded, aluminum, and ACSR conductors. It also explains the main types of insulators used - pin, suspension, strain, and shackle insulators - and provides details on their construction and applications.
This document discusses power transmission and provides details on various components used. It describes common conductor materials like copper, aluminum, and steel-cored aluminum. It also discusses different types of line supports including wooden poles, steel poles, and lattice steel towers. Additionally, it covers insulators and cables, describing pin, suspension, strain, and shackle type insulators as well as single core, multi-core, armored, and unarmored cables.
Conductors allow electricity to flow through them easily because their outer electrons are loosely bound and can move freely. Metals like copper and aluminum are good conductors. Insulators restrict electron movement and do not conduct electricity well, like plastics and wood. Semi-conductors behave between conductors and insulators. Superconductors have zero resistance and conduct perfectly, but only at very low temperatures below -200°C.
Why copper wires are used extensively?Ganpati Wires
copper wires are available almost everywhere on local electrical stores; Copper Winding Cables are good for transferring the current. When a high voltage of current passes through a wire, the surface temperature of it is expected to increases.
http://www.ganpatiwires.com/submersible-winding-wire.html
The document discusses electrical conductivity and resistivity in metals. It introduces key concepts like conduction occurring via electron movement, and factors that affect resistivity like temperature, alloying, and defects. It also covers topics like superconductivity, energy bands, and the relationship between conductivity and resistivity for pure metals and alloys. The document provides an overview of fundamental electrical properties of metals from both theoretical and applied perspectives.
Electrical material (conducting materials)1MoonmoonSen1
This document discusses different types of electrical materials including conducting, magnetic, and insulating materials. It focuses on copper and aluminum as highly conducting materials. Copper has the highest conductivity but is more expensive than aluminum. While aluminum has lower conductivity than copper, it has a higher cross-sectional area for the same resistance due to its lower cost and abundance. Aluminum is increasingly being used instead of copper in electrical applications due to its lower cost, although copper remains more commonly used for applications requiring high conductivity like motor windings.
Magnet wire or enameled wire is an aluminum or copper wire covered with a thin layer of protection. It is a crucial piece of a twisting in each electrical machine or mechanical assembly. Contrasted with sinewy protections, enameled copper, and <a> Magnet wire or enameled wire </a> aluminum wire offers a great space sparing variable together with an abnormal state of breakdown voltage.
Electricity is a form of energy that flows through conductors due to an applied voltage or electric potential difference. There are three main characteristics of electricity - current, voltage, and resistance. Current is the flow of electrons, voltage provides the force to push electrons through a circuit, and resistance opposes the flow of electrons. Electricity can flow as direct current (DC), where the flow is constant in one direction, or alternating current (AC) where the flow rapidly alternates direction. Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Electric circuits use components like wires, batteries, light bulbs and switches connected in series or parallel configurations. Proper protection devices like fuses and circuit
The document discusses different types of conductors used in transmission lines. It describes 8 types: hard drawn copper, cadmium copper, steel core copper, copper welded, all aluminium, aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), smooth body ACSR, and expanded ACSR. Each type has its own advantages - for example, ACSR conductors have high tensile strength, are lightweight, and have small sag. The document concludes that each conductor has its own application depending on factors like conductivity, strength, cost and local conditions.
The document discusses different types of conductors used in transmission lines. It describes 8 types: hard drawn copper, cadmium copper, steel core copper, copper welded, all aluminium, aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR), smooth body ACSR, and expanded ACSR. Each type has its own advantages - for example, ACSR conductors have high tensile strength, are lightweight, and have small sag. The document concludes that each conductor has its own application depending on factors like conductivity, strength, cost and local conditions.
This document provides an overview of non-ferrous alloys, including copper and its alloys, aluminum and its alloys, magnesium, titanium, nickel, tin, and lead. It discusses the properties and production of these materials as well as some of their common uses. Key alloys described include brasses, bronzes, duralumin, Y-alloys, nickel alloys like monel and nichrome. The document is intended as an educational guide on non-ferrous metals and alloys for engineering students.
Electroplating is a process where the surface of one metal is coated with a layer of a different metal. The metal being used to coat is less reactive than the one being coated. The anode is made from the pure metal used to coat, while the cathode is the object being electroplated. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the pure metal at the anode. Electroplating is done to make metals more resistant to corrosion or damage and also to improve their appearance, such as chromium and nickel plating for resistance and silver plating cutlery for appearance.
This document provides an overview of basics of electrical engineering including wires, cables, types of wires, three core wire, cable structure, cable classification, cable grading, cable termination, cable safety, and electrical joints. It also discusses Ohm's law, electric circuits including series and parallel circuits, and mixed circuits. Key topics covered include that wire thickness must match power needs, common wire types like PVC and their uses, color coding in wiring, cable components, and calculating equivalent resistances in various circuit configurations.
Conductors are materials that allow electricity to flow through them easily. Good conductors include metals like copper, silver, gold and aluminum. Copper is commonly used in wires due to its high conductivity and low cost. Conductors have low electrical resistance while insulators have high resistance. Conductors are used in many applications to transfer heat, like copper pipes in refrigerators and aluminum pans. The resistance of a conductor depends on its cross-sectional area, length, and temperature - with resistance decreasing with increased area or decreased length or temperature.
Electrical conductors allow electric current to flow through, such as metals like copper and aluminum, as well as some non-metals like graphite. Good electrical conductors are also generally good heat conductors. Electrical insulators do not allow electric current to flow through, with examples being plastics, wood, rubber and glass. A circuit tester can be used to determine if a material is a conductor or insulator by seeing if it allows a bulb in the circuit to light up when placed between the clips.
The document discusses different types of electric cables. Electric cables are constructed with three main components: a conductor to transmit electricity, an insulator to separate conductors and prevent unwanted electricity flow, and a sheath to protect the wire from chemical reactions. Cables are classified based on their structure and application, and include ribbon, twisted pair, coaxial, shielded, and fiber optic cables. The document also discusses the working principle of cables which relies on the interaction of their layered components to transmit electricity.
Short answers to the following question. Why do we need ACSR conduct.pdfpasqualealvarez467
Short answers to the following question. Why do we need ACSR conductor in the overhead line
system? How to balance to transmission line impedance? How many transmission line models
are defined? Under what condition? Based on the potential energy concept, can we just control
the bus voltage higher to force power flow from generator bus to load bus? What will happen?
What are SIL and BIL? What is \"sparsity technique\" in power system analysis? Why to cause
sparse matrix? What are Y_bus and Z_bus? How are they correlated? What is the wavelength
of 60 Hz power system? What might be constraints to power system operation? What is the
surge impedance of the transmission? How is the reliability concern for radial type and network
type transmission/distribution system?
Solution
(a)
Transmission line is an important part of power system. The cost and life of transmission line
primarily depend on the material used for making conductor for transmission line.
The choice of suitable material for transmission line depends upon–
The most important and much suitable material for conductor of transmission line is copper as it
having high conductivity and high tensile strength. More ever it is having good ductility. The
only limitation is its cost. The most extensively used material in transmission line is Aluminum.
Aluminum is having sufficient conductivity. More ever it is light in weight. Which results in low
conductor weight and less sag. The only limitation is its low tensile strength. To overcome this
limitation steel core is used for increasing the tensile strength of aluminum conductor such as in
ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductor. ACSR conductor is very much popular
for high voltage overhead transmission lines.
Aluminum is an element which is a silver-white, light weight, soft, non-magnetic and ductile
metal. Aluminum is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon) and most
abundant metal found in earth’s crust. The main ore of aluminum is bauxite. Aluminum is having
low density, high ductility, good corrosion resistance and good conductivity, which makes it
suitable to use as electric conductor for transmission and distribution of electricity.
Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength
stranded conductor typically used inoverhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity
aluminium, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low weight and low cost. The center strand, or
strands is/are of steel for additional strength to help support the weight of the conductor. Steel is
higher strength than aluminium which allows for increased mechanical tension to be applied on
the conductor. Steel also has lower elastic and inelastic deformation (permanent elongation) due
to mechanical loading (e.g. wind and ice) as well as a lower coefficient of thermal expansion
under current loading. These properties allow ACSR to sag significantly less than all-aluminium
conductors(AAC).
(b)
To ba.
Low Voltage Switchgear involves switches like power circuits, relays etc. It is important that a periodic inspection and test carried out at least every 1-2 years and 2-6 months when new equipment is installed. In this section we discuss about some guidelines for inspection and maintenance of low voltage switch gear
It is important to make sure that the electrical installation in your property is well maintained. In this section there are number of simple, visual checks that you can carry out yourself
The document provides specifications for proper earthing, including that the earthing electrode must be at least 1.5 meters from the building, be made of the same material as the earth wire with a cross-sectional area between 0.02 and 0.1 square inches, and be a galvanized iron pipe of at least 12mm diameter and 32cm length buried in a mixture of coal and salt. It also specifies that all earth wires must terminate securely at the main circuit board and ensure low enough resistance for protective relays and fuses to operate.
To prevent electric fires, check wiring every 10 years, sockets regularly for burn marks or heat, and turn off unused electrical equipment. Also check appliance cables for fraying before plugging in, be careful with handheld equipment and don't overload adapters or sockets, especially with high-current appliances like kettles or heaters. Place heaters away from flammable items and don't block air vents on storage or fan heaters.
A study of Transformer - e world, electrical basics, electrical world, hazards in transformer, ilektech, transformer, transformer parts, transformer protection
A DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. It produces direct current using a commutator to convert the alternating current induced in the armature coils into pulsating direct current. The key parts of a DC generator are the yoke/frame, armature including coils and commutator, pole cores with field coils, and brushes. The armature rotates in a magnetic field created by the field coils, inducing an electromotive force in the armature coils based on Faraday's law of induction.
This document summarizes a study on using supercapacitors for energy storage in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. MRI relies on magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images but requires significant power. Supercapacitors offer higher power densities and longer lifecycles than conventional batteries, making them suitable for powering the gradient coils in MRI systems. The study models the power requirements of MRI sequences, sizes supercapacitor modules to meet the energy needs, and confirms through testing that supercapacitors can successfully power the MRI system while reducing costs compared to traditional power supplies. In conclusion, supercapacitors are a viable option for energy storage in MRI to enable mobile units and reduce capital costs of stationary systems.
This document presents a smart energy meter project developed under the guidance of Mr. Mathew T. Mathews. The project aims to record electric energy consumption in intervals of an hour or less using a PLC and communicate that data daily to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes. It allows reading a customer's meter and generating bills without the utility having to physically visit each property. The system detects energy consumed using CT and PT sensors, records the data using a PLC, transmits it via Zigbee to the utility, and displays the information on a SCADA screen for monitoring.
The document describes an automatic irrigation system that uses a soil moisture sensor and microcontroller to minimize water waste and manual labor in agriculture. The system monitors soil moisture levels and automatically turns a motor on to start irrigation when the soil is dry and off when the soil is wet. An owner can also control the motor remotely via text messages to a GSM modem. The system aims to save water, energy, and labor costs while precisely meeting crops' watering needs. It could help farmers in India where seasonal rainfall means manual pumping is currently required.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
A Study of Conductors
1. Conductors
Conductors are materials with electrons are loosely bound to their atoms or
materials that permit free motion of a large number of electrons. Atoms with only one
valance electron such as copper, silver, gold are examples of good conductors. Most of the
metals are good conductors
Properties of electrical conductors
In equilibrium condition the conductors exhibit the following properties
a) Resistance
Conductors are those substances which offer such a small resistance
b) Inductance
When a conductor is used as ac supply a magnetic flux is produced, which
consist of two parts. One is internal flux and other is external flux. The internal flux is
very low as compare to external flux. Due to this flux linkage to the conductor itself
an inductance is come into picture. This inductance results in extra voltage drop in
conductors. More over this inductance is also effects to skin effect and proximity
effect
c) Electric field
There is no electric field inside a good conductor.
d) Charge density
The electric charge does not exist inside the conductor. The charge exits only
on the surface of a conductor.
e) Potential
All points of a conductor are at the same potential
COMMONLY USED CONDUCTORS
Silver wire
Silver is an excellent conductor of electricity no other metal can compare with it. The
main problem of silver wire is it cost (A silver wire would cost over 100 times of a copper
wire) because Silver is a jewellery metal.
2. Copper
Copper is commonly used for making electrical wires. The copper wiring is known as
heaven of electrician due to its property
1) Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity
2) Copper can be stretched to a good length without breaking
3) Copper wire can withstand adverse climatic conditions
4) Copper wire can withstand sustain temperature fluctuations
Gold
Gold is an efficient conductor that can be used in very low current applications also.
The gold is free from corrosion but it’s costly (gold is a jewellery metal). The gold is used for
electronic components such as connectors, switch and relay contacts, connecting wires etc.
Aluminium
Aluminium wiring is a type of electrical wiring for residential construction or houses
that uses aluminium electrical conductors. Aluminium provides a better conductivity and it
is also used for power grids, includes overhead power transmission lines and local power
distribution lines as well as for power wiring of some applications. It is better than the
3. copper as compare with the basis of cost and weight. The main drawback of the aluminium
is corrosion
Aluminium conductor steel reinforced cable
It is a type of high capacity cables with high strength and the standard conductor used for
overhead power lines. The outer strands of the ACSR cable is purely aluminium and the
center strands of ACSR cable is steel.
The outer strand aluminium provides excellent conductivity, low weight and low
cost. The steel provides higher strength so the mechanical tension of the conductor is
improved.
4. Lead
Lead is a metal so it conducts electricity, but practically lead wires are not used in
wiring because lead is soft, malleable and melts at relatively low temperature. Lead is used
as conductor as in Printed Circuit Boards
Iron
Iron is a good conductor, it have free electrons. Practically iron is not used for wiring
because it shows different conductivity levels at different temperature.
Brass
Brass is non-ferrous metal with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity as well
as good corrosion resistance, ductility and strength. Brass is commonly used for making
switch terminals
5. Carbon
Graphite is an allotrope of carbon, which is very good conductor. Carbon is used as
conductor in generator and motor.
Tungsten
Tungsten is a hard and rare metal. It has the ability to withstand high temperature.
The tungsten is used as filament of bulb
Nichrome
Nichrome is an alloy of Nickel, Chromium and Iron. The nichrome wire is commonly
used as resistance wire.