2. Electric wires
• Electric wires are typically made of aluminum or copper. They
are either bare or insulated and typically covered in a thin layer of
PVC.
Electric Cables
• Cables contain at least a neutral wire, ground wire and hot wire
that are twisted or bonded together. Depending on its purpose, the
cable may contain more wires. The wires in a cable are insulated in
their own color-coded layer of PVC. The group of wires is then
encased in an outer sheath to make up the single cable.
3.
4. Copper ( vs ) Aluminium
• Copper is a better conductor of electricity and it will act better
in case of conducting electricity,
• When measuring the conductivity it’s not just the resistivity
but there are two more factors that we must consider which is
the size of the cables and the insulation materials used. In
case of super-high voltage carried for longer distance,
Aluminium is much economical and better conductor as
compared to Copper.
• Aluminium may have 61 percent of Copper’s conductivity but
has only 30 percent weight as that of copper which makes
them easier to spread across. Aluminium is also inexpensive
as compared to Copper and hence used vividly in the making
of electrical wires.
5.
6. Stranded Wire
• A stranded wire is made of a quantity of thin (usually copper)
strands that are twisted and bundled together and generally
enclosed in a PVC material to form a multi-stranded
conductor.
Stranded Wire Applications
• Stranded wires are mainly used for indoor applications.
The benefits of stranded over solid wire is that stranded wire
is made to bend and twist;
7. Types Of Stranded Wire
Concentric Strand
• A concentric stranded conductor consists of a central wire or core
surrounded by one or more layers of helically laid wires. Each layer
after the first has six more wires than the preceding layer.
8. Bunch Strand
• The term bunch stranding is applied to a collection of strands
twisted together in the same direction without regard to the
geometric arrangement.
9. Rope Strand
• A rope stranded conductor is a concentric stranded conductor
each of whose component strands is itself stranded. A rope
stranded conductor is described by giving the number of groups
laid together to form the rope and the number of wires in each
group.
10.
11. Annular Strand
• An annular conductor is a round, stranded conductor whose
strands are laid around a suitable core. The core is usually made
wholly or mostly of non-conducting material. This construction
has the advantage of lower total AC resistance for a given cross-
sectional area of conducting material due to the skin effect.
12. Compact Strand
• A compact stranded conductor is a round or sector conductor
having all layers stranded in the same direction and rolled to a
predetermined ideal shape. The finished conductor is smooth on
the surface and contains practically no interstices or air spaces.
This results in a smaller diameter.
13. Compressed strand
• Compressed conductors are intermediate in size between
standard concentric conductors and compact conductors.
Un- compressed strand
Compressed strand
14. Sector Strand
• A sector conductor is a stranded conductor whose cross-section is
approximately the shape of a sector of a circle. A multiple
conductor insulated cable with sector conductors has a
smaller diameter than the corresponding cable with round
conductors.
15. Segmental Strand
• Segmental conductor is a round, stranded conductor composed of
three or four sectors slightly insulated from one another. This
construction has the advantage of lower AC resistance due to
increased surface area and skin effect.
19. Single Conductor Wire
• Single Conductor wire is the most popular choice for electrical
layout inside a home. It is available in multiple gauges, color and
solid or stranded conductors. A single solid wire provides better
connections but single stranded wires are easier to route through
conduits
20. Non-Metallic Sheathed Wires:
• The non-metallic wires are used for in-house wiring. It may consist
of 2 or more than 2 insulated conductors with an insulated or bare
ground conductor. There is another layer of plastic XLPE sheathing
for more protection.
XLPE - Cross Linked
Polyethylene
21. PVC INSULATED POWER AND CONTROL CABLES
XLPE INSULATED POWER AND
CONTROL CABLES
FLAT SUBMERSIBLE CABLES
(MULTICORE) CCTV CABLES
(3+1 & 4+1 CATEGORY)
XLPE - Cross Linked Polyethylene
22. This type of electrical cable is designed to be used in wet locations or submersed in a liquid.
25. Types of Cables- AYWY, AYWAY, YWY
• A = Appearing as a first letter denotes Aluminium Conductor.
• Y = PVC Insulation or PVC Sheath
• 2X = 2-X (Cross-linked Polyethylene) Insulation.
• W = Round Steel Wire Armouring.
• WW = Double Round Steel Wire Armouring.
• F = Formed Steel Wire (Strip) Armouring.
• FF = Double Formed Steel Wire (Strip) Armouring.
• C = Metallic Screening (Usually of Copper).
• CE = Metallic Screening (usually of Copper) over each individual core.
• WA = Aluminium Round Wire & Aluminium Formed Wire (Strip)
Armouring.
26.
27. • Duplex Cable: The duplex service drop cable is a two core
conductor i.e. it has two conductors; an insulated conductor for
phase line and a bare conductor for neutral line.
• Triplex Cable: The Triplex service drop cable is a three core
conductor. It has two insulated conductors for phase line and a
bare conductor for neutral line.
• Quadruplex Cable: The Quadruplex service drop cable is a quad or
four core conductors. It has 4 conductors; three of them are
insulated conductors for phase lines and a bare conductor for
neutral line. It is used for supplying a 3 phase power supply from
the utility pole to the building.
28. RG-6 Coaxial Cable
• RG-6 is the most common type of coaxial cable used for signal
transmission in residential and commercial applications. It is made
from a solid copper wire with plastic insulation covered by an
aluminum foil and a braided shield for protection against
interference. It is used for audio and video signal transmission in
application such as cable TV, Satellite TV signal and radio etc.
29. Hard line Coaxial or Heliax Cable
• Hard line coaxial or mostly known by its trademark name Heliax
cable is a thick coaxial cable with its center solid conductor made
from copper and the shield made from copper or silver tubing. It is
specifically used for high frequency broadcast transmission. It can
carry hundreds of channels and is usually installed between a
transmitter on ground and aerial antenna.
30. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
• The UTP cables do not have any extra shield for protection against
noise. They twisted pairs may reduce the noise but it still affects it.
Various categories of UTP cables are used in residential and
commercial building with various bandwidth e.g. CAT1, CAT2 etc
31. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• The STP cable has an extra layer of foil that protects the wires from
electromagnetic interferences. They are used for high-end
applications where the cables may get affected by external
environmental interferences.
32. Single Mode or Mono-mode Fiber Optics Cable
• This cable allows only one mode of light to transmit. It is made of a
very thin single strand of fiber that allows only single light wave to
propagate. This decreases the number of light reflection which
reduces the attenuation in signal. It provide high transmission rate
at long distance with very low attenuation but at high cost.
33. Multi-Mode Fiber Optics Cable
• This type of fiber optic cable is made of relatively thicker fibers
that allow more than one light waves so it can transmit relatively
more data. It is used for relatively short distance transmission
such as LAN, security system etc
34.
35.
36. Armoured Cable
• Armoured cables has a protective twisted or braided metallic
layer usually made of steel over its conductor. The external sheath
is made of plastic. The metallic layer provides extra mechanical
strength against any sort of damage and can also be used for
grounding connections. The armoured layer can be wire braid,
steel wire or steel tape. The steel wire armored cable is most
common type of armored cable used for power transmission
44. They are mostly used in electronics for data transmission in application such as:
Transmitting audio signal to audio mixer.
Sending audio and video signal in gaming consoles.
Sending camera signal to CCU (camera control unit) in TV studios
Sending audio and video signal using a single cable from camera.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. The sizes of wires used in apartment projects
• Point wiring is done with 2 Run x 1.5sqmm + 1 x 1.5sqmm (earth)
copper wires. (Wiring between switch point and light /fan point or
between light/fan point to light/fan point etc.)
• Lighting circuit main is with 2 Run x 2.5sqmm + 1 x 1.5sqmm (earth)
copper wires. (Wiring from Distribution board to the first switch point
of the particular circuit )
• Power circuit main is with 2 Run x 4.0sqmm + 1 x 2.5sqmm (earth)
copper wires. (Wiring from Distribution board to the control switches
and then from switch to the socket )-16 A Sockets
• Sub Mains (4 Run x 6 Sq.mm + 4 Run x 2.5 Sq.mm) (3 BHK) & (2 Run x 6
Sq.mm + 4Run x 2.5 Sq.mm) (2 BHK) –EB /DG panel to flat MCB .
Power Cables – Govt Sub Station to RMU(Ring Main Unit)
• Power cables for 11KV application will be 11/11kV grade, 3Cx 400/300
Sq.mm & 3CX240sqmm. Al, AR, XLPE insulated multi core
55. Single Stranded Wire
• Single stranded wire is made of multiple thin strands of wires that
form together one conductor. The stranded design offers flexibility
thus they are suitable for applications where wires need to be bent
or twisted.
56. Single Solid Wire
• Single solid wire is made of single solid core with plastic insulation.
The solid design offer better connection but it is difficult to bend or
twist due to its stiffness. Multiple bending might damage and
break the conductor inside. They are used in applications where
there is no movement or bending required for wires
57. Underground Feeder Cable:
• It is a type of non-metallic sheathed cable designed for use in wet
location such as supplying power to lamp post or street light
58. Flexible Cables
• Flexible cables are a type of electrical cables that can withstand
continues bending in moving applications. The flexibility is
achieved by using stranded conductors. They are used in
automation industries where the machines are continuously
moving such as pick and place machines and CNC based machines
such engraving, milling machines etc
59.
60.
61. Overhead Power Line
• Overhead power lines are conductors suspended from electrical
towers or poles to transmit power over long distance. The
conductors used are completely bare and made from aluminum.
62. All Aluminum Conductor (AAC)
• AAC transmission cable, also known as aluminum stranded
conductor is made from multiple strands of hard drawn 1350
aluminum alloy which is 99 % pure with a little bit of silicon, iron
etc. it has very high conductivity and resistive to corrosion but
very poor strength to weight ratio. That is why it is preferred short
distances in the stations not for rural power transmission over
long distance
All Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC)
• In order to increase the mechanical strength of the AAC cable, a
special aluminum alloy is used made with magnesium and
Silicium. It increases the strength to weight ratio while
maintaining the corrosion resistivity.
63.
64. Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced (ACSR) Cable
• ACSR is also a stranded aluminum cable whose inner strands are
made from galvanized steel surrounded by strands of pure
aluminum conductors. The steel core increases the tensile strength
of cable while the aluminum provides good conductivity and low
weight. They are used in long distance transmission line because
we can alter the strength of its steel core to meet the requirement
Aluminum Conductor Aluminum-alloy Reinforced (ACAR)
• It is made of pure aluminum conductors surrounding an aluminum
core. The structure of ACAR resembles ACSR but instead of its core
made from galvanized steel, it is made of aluminum alloy which
increase the overall conductivity while maintaining the tensile
strength if ACSR
65.
66. •During transmission of electricity, heat is being dissipated. The heat generated by cables
is being minimized via high voltage transmission. The effect of weather and the internal
temperature of the cable make it necessary to let the cables a little bit loose.
•If the cables were made tight and the weather gets cold, it would cause the transmitting
cables to contract thereby creating more tension in the cables which might cause it to cut.
So, the cables are loose so that even if contraction should occur, there won’t be much
tension which would lead to the damage of the cables.
67.
68.
69. 4 Core X 185 Sqmm Aluminium Armoured Power Cable
