A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
A study of Transformer - e world, electrical basics, electrical world, hazards in transformer, ilektech, transformer, transformer parts, transformer protection
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core.
A study of Transformer - e world, electrical basics, electrical world, hazards in transformer, ilektech, transformer, transformer parts, transformer protection
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Transformer Accessories for Testing and ProtectionSAGAR D
Standard Accessories on an Oil Filled Transformer:
Liquid level gauge
Liquid temperature gauge
Pressure-vacuum gauge
Pressure relief device
Winding temperature gauge
Transformer cooling fans
High voltage bushings
Low voltage bushings
De-energized tap-changer
Buchholz relay
galvanized radiators
Breather
Lifting lugs
Jacking facilities
Multi-ratio, current transformers (CTs) for relaying service
Surge arresters
Grounding devices, such as reactors and resistors
De-energized tap changer (DETC)
Load tap changers
Conservator oil preservation systems
Various monitoring devices for gas, oil and winding temperatures; power factor; moisture; etc.
Most customer-specified accessories
In-Country Training
On
Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation
Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays.
Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
Transformer Accessories for Testing and ProtectionSAGAR D
Standard Accessories on an Oil Filled Transformer:
Liquid level gauge
Liquid temperature gauge
Pressure-vacuum gauge
Pressure relief device
Winding temperature gauge
Transformer cooling fans
High voltage bushings
Low voltage bushings
De-energized tap-changer
Buchholz relay
galvanized radiators
Breather
Lifting lugs
Jacking facilities
Multi-ratio, current transformers (CTs) for relaying service
Surge arresters
Grounding devices, such as reactors and resistors
De-energized tap changer (DETC)
Load tap changers
Conservator oil preservation systems
Various monitoring devices for gas, oil and winding temperatures; power factor; moisture; etc.
Most customer-specified accessories
In-Country Training
On
Operation, Maintenance, Protection & Control of 33/11 kV Substation
Project Name: Design, Supply, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of 33/11 kV sub-stations with source end feeder bays.
Contract No: BREB/UREDS/W-01A-001/02/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-002/03/2016-2017
BREB/UREDS/W-01A-004/04/2016-2017
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
What is a Power Transformer?
Power Transformers are the major equipment in the power
system network.
As we know the Transformers are used to deliver the power to
the consumer without changing its power and frequency.
The transformer has numerous kinds of protection in order to
maintain the transformer healthy at all the conditions of the power system
network.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 2
3. List of Major Transformer Protection:
OTI
WTI
Buchholz Protection
Surge Protection
Pressure Relief Valve Protection
Differential Protection
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 3
TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
4. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
OTI:
OTI is abbreviated as Oil Temperature Indicator.
OTI is used to measure the temperature of the Oil inside the
Transformer Main Tank.
OTI has the temperature indicator connected with Thermostat
along with the probe. This thermostat is mounted at the top of the
transformer main tank.
Since hot oil will be at top of the tank, it is mounted anywhere
at the topmost part of the tank.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 4
5. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
OTI:
Normal OTI indicator will have lobe like structure, inside which
the mercury is filled along with the contacts. It is called a mercury
switch.
This switch is fixed in a circular disk along with a marking scale
in it. Whenever the temperature increases the mercury starts melting
and makes the disk to rotate indicating the temperature.
By rotating, the contacts inside the mercury switch/lobe get
changed from NO/NC position giving signals to the cooling system.
This contacts of OTI is used to control the Air forced/oil forced
cooling system in the transformer.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 5
6. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
WTI:
WTI is called a Winding Temperature Indicator.
WTI indicator is like an OTI indicator. But here the only change is
the Thermostat.
In WTI, thermostat can’t be used in the winding to measure the
winding temperature.
Instead of using the Thermostat, a rheostat is being used. This
rheostat, having some standard resistance is connected to the control
circuit.
Based on the level of temperature near the winding area, the
resistance of the device will vary. This value is converted into
temperature using a separate Current conversion unit and a transducer
unit.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 6
7. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
WTI:
The Output from the WTI indicator unit will be utilized for
activating the Cooling unit.
The digital output from the CCU unit will be given to control
devices.
For both OTI and WTI, Alarm temperature and Trip temperature
can be adjusted manually based on the user's needs.
When the temperature reaches the fixed alarm state, the
device will give an alarm indication.
Likewise, if the temperature goes beyond the fixed value of trip
temperature, the command will be initiated by the protection system to
the transformer connected breaker to isolate the transformer from the
grid.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 7
8. OTI &
WTI
Image of OTI
and WTI
Indicators
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 8
9. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Buchholz Relay:
Buchholz relay is an internal protection device of a
power transformer.
These relays are used to protect the transformer from internal
faults.
These relays are very fast and sense the internal fault against
the transformer.
Buchholz relay is fixed in-between the Transformer Main tank
and the Conservator Tank.
Buchholz relay has two floats inside it. These floats are used to
sense the internal faults in a transformer.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 9
10. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Buchholz Relay Operation:
For example, there is a sudden rise in the temperature
inside the transformer due to some spark or any other burning inside the
tank.
Due to this, there will be the formation of some unwanted gases
inside the tank. These unwanted gases are collected at the top of the
Buchholz relay which is installed at the topmost point of the transformer
main tank.
This results in the activation of the Buchholz relay giving alarm or
trip signals to the protection system.
DGA sample collection device is also installed with the Buchholz
relay point.
Buchholz relay will mal-operate if the level of oil inside the Relay
changes, which disturbs the position of floats under normal condition.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 10
11. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Surge Protection:
A surge Protection relay is used in the transformer that
is equipped with OLTC’s.
Surge relay is installed between the OLTC tank and the OLTC
conservator tank.
Each phase of the transformer will have a separate OLTC tank.
Its working is the same as that of a Buchholz relay, but it has only one
float.
It is used to monitor the level of oil in the OLTC’s conservator
tank and how force the oil enters and leaves the chamber of the OLTC
tank.
Surge relay will not operate during the normal transformer tap
changing process. It will operate only when surge develops inside the
OLTC tank.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 11
12. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Pressure Relief Valve Relay:
PRD called a Pressure relief device installed in the
transformer main tank.
PRD is used to relieve the high pressure inside the transformer
tank during a fault condition.
PRD has a spring-loaded diaphragm, which is designed to
release a huge amount of pressure rapidly under abnormal conditions.
Based on the amount of oil, and the rating of the transformer,
the number of PRD’s mounted on the transformer tank will differ.
The operation of PRD will trip the transformer/ reactor
considering a sudden rise in temperature and pressure as a fault
occurrence.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 12
13. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Differential Protection:
Differential protection is one of the important
protection in the power transformer.
Differential protections are employed in order to measure the
difference in current between the primary and secondary of the power
transformer and take necessary action against the conditions.
Differential protection schemes of any transformer, based on
its conversion ratio, will have a current transformation ratio. Any
difference in this ratio/values can be sensed with the help of neutral CT.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 13
14. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Differential Protection:
Under normal conditions, changes in the ratio will be
minimum and current flowing through the Neutral CT will be negligible.
If Fault in any one of the phases, the return current will be
flowing through the Neutral CT measuring fault current.
During this condition, the ratio of current will not be the same
and hence the relay operates.
This protection is main for transformer, reactor, and bus bar
protection.
For this protection in the transformer’s, bay CT’s will be used
based on the electrical scheme.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 14
15. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Restricted Earth Fault Protection:
This relay is used in the transformer for
finding the internal earth faults.
This is the same as that of Differential protection, but it is for
sensing earth fault.
Each transformer will have 6+1 CT mounted in the turret and
connected with bushing lead.
This relay is connected along with the neutral CT. The common
phases of Individual phase Ct will be connected to the secondary of NCT
is such a way that secondary unbalanced phase current of phase CT’s
will opposes the secondary current of NCT.
Under normal conditions, both these currents will nearly be the
same and relay will not respond. Under abnormal conditions, the value
will change and the relay operates.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 15
16. TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
Restricted Earth Fault Protection:
In-order to nullify the phase shift at bushings
of the power transformer (Primary will be Delta Connected and
Secondary will be Star connected with Solid Grounding), the CT's are
connected Star side with Delta and vice-versa.
By connecting the Delta side(Primary side) CT’s as Star
connected, 30degree electrical phase shift can be nullified.
This method was employed in olden days while using
Electromagnetic relays.
Nowadays, numerical relays are equipped and it's not necessary
to physically do the wiring as mentioned above. All the numerical relays
have an in-built algorithm to sense the differences.
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 16
17. Thanks for Watching the Video
S U B S C R I B E O U R C H A N N E L FO R M O R E E L EC T R I C A L R E L AT E D V I D EO S
SUBSCRIBE OUR CHANNEL FOR MORE VIDEOS 17