Transformer protection
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Transformer is one of the most important part of the power system.This presentation provides information about transformer protection.
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The document discusses protective relays, including their introduction, working, qualities, and classifications. Protective relays detect faults and initiate circuit breaker operation to isolate faulty parts of a system. When a short circuit occurs, relay coils close contacts to trip the circuit breaker, disconnecting the fault. Relays must operate reliably, sensitively, and selectively with speed. They are classified as electromagnet attraction, induction, or combination types based on their operating mechanisms.
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Protection of alternator(encrypted)
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Relay
An electrical relay is a device that uses an electromagnet to operate switch contacts to open or close a circuit. It senses conditions in one circuit to automatically trigger changes in another circuit. There are several types of relays based on their characteristics, logic, actuating parameters, and operating mechanisms. The key requirements for protection relays are reliability, sensitivity, speed, and selectivity to ensure they isolate faults while avoiding unnecessary tripping of healthy portions of the system. Relays can be electromagnetic, static, or mechanical and are used in various power system protection applications and schemes.
Static Relay Presentation
Static relays use solid state components like transistors and diodes instead of moving parts to create the relay characteristic. The components of a static relay include a current transformer, rectifier, and relaying measuring unit. When the input from the current transformer reaches the threshold value set by the relaying measuring unit, the output is actuated. This output energizes an electromagnetic trip coil to operate the relay. Static relays offer advantages like quick response, long life, high reliability and accuracy, and reduced burden on measuring instruments. They are commonly used for ultra high speed protection of transmission lines and in overcurrent and earth fault protection schemes.
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Static relays use solid state components like transistors and diodes instead of moving parts to create the relay characteristic. The components of a static relay include a current transformer, rectifier, and relaying measuring unit. When the input from the current transformer reaches the threshold value set by the relaying measuring unit, the output is actuated. This output energizes an electromagnetic trip coil to operate the relay. Static relays offer advantages like quick response, long life, high reliability and accuracy, and reduced burden on measuring instruments. They are commonly used for ultra high speed protection of transmission lines and in overcurrent and earth fault protection schemes.
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Differential Protection Relay
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1) Over current occurs when electric current exceeds intended levels, potentially causing equipment damage from excess heat. It can be caused by short circuits, overloading, design flaws, or ground faults.
2) Over current relays contain a current coil. During normal operation, the magnetic effect is insufficient to trigger the relay. During over currents, the increased magnetic effect overcomes the restraint, moving the contact to isolate the circuit.
3) Over current relays come in instantaneous, definite time, and inverse time variations depending on their time of operation. Inverse time relays isolate faults faster for more severe over currents.
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The document discusses different types of functional relays used in power systems, including:
1) Induction type directional power relay and impedance relay, which operate based on the direction of power flow or the ratio of voltage to current (impedance).
2) Distance relay, which is used for high voltage transmission line protection and can operate instantaneously or with a time delay depending on the type.
3) The main types of distance relays discussed are impedance, reactance, admittance, ohm, and offset mho relays.
Over current Relays
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
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Ground fault protection
1. Ground Fault Protection (GFP) devices are used to protect electrical installations from fire risks by quickly detecting insulation faults.
2. GFP devices operate by measuring residual fault currents, which involves monitoring the vector sum of all live conductor currents and tripping the circuit if it exceeds the device's threshold.
3. Standards like IEC 60 364 and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the use of GFP or Residual Current Devices (RCD) depending on the earthing system, with the NEC specifying very low sensitivity GFP devices for North American TN-S systems to address fire risks from potential high fault currents.
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1) Over current occurs when electric current exceeds intended levels, potentially causing equipment damage from excess heat. It can be caused by short circuits, overloading, design flaws, or ground faults.
2) Over current relays contain a current coil. During normal operation, the magnetic effect is insufficient to trigger the relay. During over currents, the increased magnetic effect overcomes the restraint, moving the contact to isolate the circuit.
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This document discusses different types of distance relays used for transmission line protection. It describes impedance, reactance, and admittance relays. An impedance relay operates based on the ratio of voltage to current, with a torque proportional to current and restraining torque proportional to voltage. During a fault, the impedance ratio decreases and trips the circuit breaker if it falls below a predetermined value.
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The document discusses different types of functional relays used in power systems, including:
1) Induction type directional power relay and impedance relay, which operate based on the direction of power flow or the ratio of voltage to current (impedance).
2) Distance relay, which is used for high voltage transmission line protection and can operate instantaneously or with a time delay depending on the type.
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1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
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1. Ground Fault Protection (GFP) devices are used to protect electrical installations from fire risks by quickly detecting insulation faults.
2. GFP devices operate by measuring residual fault currents, which involves monitoring the vector sum of all live conductor currents and tripping the circuit if it exceeds the device's threshold.
3. Standards like IEC 60 364 and the National Electrical Code (NEC) require the use of GFP or Residual Current Devices (RCD) depending on the earthing system, with the NEC specifying very low sensitivity GFP devices for North American TN-S systems to address fire risks from potential high fault currents.
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Transformer protection
- 1. Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering, Yadrav (Ichalkarnji) A Presentation On transformer protection Presented By, Mr. Chetan Patil. Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engineering
- 2. Problems Arising In differential Protection Applied To Transformer. Harmonic Restraint And Harmonic Blocking. Restricted Earth Fault Protection Buchholz Relay Contents
- 3. Difference in lengths of pilot wires on either sides of relays. Difference in C.T. ratios due to error difference at high values of short circuit current. Magnetizing inrush current. Tap changing. Saturation of magnetic core. Problems Arising In differential Protection Applied To Transformer
- 4. Harmonic Restraint And Harmonic Blocking When transformer is connected to supply it will take large current 16 to 10 times full load, to avoid this difficulty harmonic restraint relay is used. This type of relay sensitive to fault current only it does not operate due to magnetizing current.
- 5. Restricted Earth Fault Protection The restricted earth fault relay does not operate for earth fault beyond the protected zone of transformer. Such type of protection system is not sensitive. Such type of system operate for earth fault current of about 15% of rated winding current.
- 6. Buchholz Relay In this type of relay there are two main circuits are used Alarm circuit Trip circuit The upper element is closes the alarm circuit during incipient fault. The lower element is used to trip the CB for the internal fault.
- 7. It is simplest form of transformer protection. It is used protection against incipient fault. Advantages
- 8. It can be only used for the oil immersed transformer. It detect only the fault below oil level in the transformer. It is only used above 500KVA or 750KVA for the economic consideration. Disadvantages
- 9. There are many problems in transformer such as magnetizing inrush current, tap changing, saturation of magnetic core , difference in C.T. ratios etc. The protective equipment's such as CB, relays are gives the protection to the transformer from earth fault, harmonic blocking, incipient fault and maintain the reliability of transformer. Conclusion
- 10. Thank You
- 11. Power system protection & Switchgear: B.Ram & B.N. Vishwakarma. Switchgear & Protection: Sunil S.Rao, Khanna Publications. References