The document provides information about in-plant training at Doordarshan. It discusses various components of the television production process including: [1] the TV studio with cameras, lighting, audio equipment and vision mixer; [2] the earth station that receives signals from satellites; and [3] TV transmitters and antennas that broadcast the signals. The document also summarizes the functions of different departments at Doordarshan like awareness, knowledge and entertainment and the hierarchy of production centers from national to regional to local levels.

1. IN-PLANT TRAINING
SUBMITTED BY:
NIBEDAN BHAWSINKA
09BEC039
BTECH-ECE

2. PROGRAMMES / SERVICES
• Awareness by means of – krishi
darshan, Kalyani, etc.
• Knowledge by means of – Hello Doctor,
Ama raosi, etc.
• Entertainment by means of – Jhankaar
& live Coverage of other activities, etc.

3. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• TV STUDIO
• VISION MIXER
• AUDIO/ VIDEO CHAINS
• MSR
• EARTH STATION
• TV Tx
• ANTENNAS & SATELLITES

4. INTRODUCTION
To Broadcasting
• A process of sending information to a distant
place is called Broadcasting.
• Means of Broadcasting in India:
1. Terrestrial
2. Satellite
3. Internet
• Both AIR & DD make use of both Terrestrial &
satellite.

5. For Indian footprint, suitable range of slots is
45 deg to 110 deg.
Earlier, available slots : 74, 83, 95 deg
After, ISRO got additional slots: 48, 55, 111.5
deg
Basic Principal:
Signal from earth station of one channel
should not affect the broadcasting of other
channels.

6. cont...
• DD national has 1500 Transmitters and 70
Production centers across the Country.
• These centers are divided in 3 levels-
1. -National centers
2. -Regional centers
3. -Local centers
• transmission started on 20th sep. 1987.

7. TV STUDIO
• A television studio is an installation in
which television or video productions take
place .

8. COMPONENTS OF TV STUDIO
• Camera
• Lighting
• Microphones
• Vision mixer and Audio consoles
• MSR
• VTR
• Acoustics
• Post production and video effects
• Supporting services like AC, UPS

9. CAMERA
3 parts:
• Lens and Optics
• Transducers
• Electronics
Depending on the variation of the focal length,
18x, 24x Normal DD programs
55x, 70x In-field production ( cricket
match )

10. 2 filters used:
• ND filter- To neutralize the density, i.e. it
reduces the light intensity.
- ND-1: 15%
- ND-2: 30%
- ND-3: 50%
• CC filter- Color correction
4 modes:
1. F1- 3200K (in studio- gives a partial orange
light)
2. F2- 4600K (cloudy weather)
3. F3- 5600K (outdoor/sunny)
4. F4- Opaque

11. VISION MIXER
• A vision mixer (also called video
switcher, video mixer or production
switcher) is a device used to select
between several different video sources and
in some cases mix video sources together
and add special effects.
• It has many input sources such as cameras,
VCR/ server, Graphics/Character
Generators,etc.
• Sources can be changed as cut to cut,
dissolve, wipe and other special effects.

13. SOUND WAVES
Source
SOUND WAVE
of
Sound
MOLECULES
Region of High Pressure (Compression) and
Region of low pressure (Rarefaction)

14. Audio Compression
100 dB
0 dB
1 KHz
Threshold of silence

15. Compression is done by removing the
components in threshold of silence , thus
removing some redundancy.
This is done by :
• MASKING
• SUB-BAND CODING
• TRANSFORM CODING
MP3( MPEG-1 LAYER 3) uses both sub-band
and transform coding.

17. TYPICAL VIDEO CHAIN Earth station
through
Optical Fiber
Sources Vision Mixer LOGO Distributor
Generator
STL
Link
TYPICAL AUDIO CHAIN
Earth station
through
Optical Fiber
Analog to
AES
Converter
Sources Audio Console Distributor
STL Link

18. MSR
• It is the heart of the studio.
• Most of the switching electronics is
kept e.g. camera base stations,
switcher main frame, SPG, Satellite
receivers, MW link, DDA & most of
the patch panels.
• Signal is routed through MSR.
• Signal can be Monitored at various
stages

19. EARTH STATION
• Earth Station is a very important part of satellite
communication system for broadcasting of signals.
• It is an uplink center from which the signals are fed to
Satellite for distribution in a specified area covered by the
Satellite.
• The signal is up-linked from the Earth Station and received
by many down link centers in TV broad casting via PDA.
• Two Types: 1) Analog, 2) Digital
• Digital Earth Stations are widely used because of various
advantages over analog.

20. R
270Mbps
G QPSK
B
135 Mbps
Video
3- 15 Mbps
Audio ENCODER
Normal - 5 Mbps
Sports - 7 Mbps
News - 3-3.5 Mbps

21. Major Components of Digital Earth
Station
Up-
HPA
Convertor
70 MHz Modulator
QPSK
Convolution
RS-Coding Interleaver
coding

22. Types of TV Transmitters
• VLPT - Very Low Power Transmitter
• LPT - Low Power Transmitter
• HPT - High Power Transmitter
LPT is used in the less populated areas
Of ODISHA, like sonapur, koraput, etc.
HPT is used in the highly populated
areas like BBSR, cuttack, sambalpur,
etc.

23. Antennas & Satellites
• An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to
transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In other
words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into
electrical currents and vice versa.
Transmitting Antenna
Electrical signal Electromagnetic wave
Receiving Antenna

24. TYPES
• Isotropic antenna (idealized)-
o Radiates power equally in all directions.
• Dipole antennas-
o Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
o Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi
antenna)
• Parabolic Dish / Reflective Antenna

25. SET-TOP
EARTH BOX
`
STATION
T.V

26. Uplink Frequency : 6 GHz
Downlink Frequency: 4 GHz
Uplink frequency is greater than downlink
frequency coz we need narrow beam to
reach the satellite and a wider footprint
while downlink.
LNBC: It amplifies the received signal before
sending it to the set-top box.

27. Scalable video
Decode according to
required QoS or
available hardware resources.
Encode
once
Quality ~ deployed hardware resources

28. ALL INDIA RADIO
HPA
6 GHz
Up-
Convertor
FM 70 MHz (IF)
Audio Signal

29. Basic Components of a Radio
Production studio

30. Thank You
