The document describes a broadband satellite system. Satellites are spaced every 2 degrees above Earth. Signals are transmitted between satellites and Earth at C-band (6 GHz up, 4 GHz down) and L-band (14 GHz up, 12 GHz down) frequencies. A headend receives signals from satellites and a TV transmitter, then distributes channels over coaxial cable to homes in a cable area. The system can distribute multiple TV and FM channels.

1. Broadband System - A
Satellites are spaced every
2nd degrees above earth
"C" Band
Toward satellite 6.0 GHz "L" Band
Toward earth 4.0 GHz Toward satellite 14.0 GHz
Toward earth 12.0 GHz
TV
TRANSMITTER
Headend
Cable area
1
CATV - 101.

2. Broadband System - A
To give you plenty of time to read the details of each presentation,
you’ll need to press the RIGHT ARROW KEY on your PC, so you
have access to the next slide on this and in all future
presentations.
2

3. Broadband System - A
Before we start the Seminar on Broadband system, let have a look
at the beginning of the CATV industry.
This will help you better understand what are the requirements for
to-day’s Broadband System.
This presentation is only a general idea and every subject
demonstrated in this presentation will be explained in more details
. future presentations.
in
3

4. Broadband System - A
4

5. Broadband System - A
5

6. CATV : Community Antenna Television
CATV systems started in around 1952 and were a one way
communication system, using coaxial cable and RF amplifiers.
These CATV system distributed television signals, from a
distribution center (Headend) to all the homes in a the cabled
area.
Then, these systems were capable of distributing between 2 to
4 TV channels. From been able to distribute 2 to 4 TV channel at
their start, some of the systems finally carried as much as 12
television channels and some FM music.
6

7. In both country, Canada and the USA, you required a license to operate a CATV
system.
In the United States, the cities give the permit to operate a CATV system and
the FCC controls the technical data.
Federal
Communications
Commission
In Canada, the license is warded by the CRTC
•Canadian
•Radio
•Telecommunications
•Commission
7

8. • TV Stations, VHF or UHF.
• FM Stations.
• Satellites, 4 and 12 GHz (around 1975).
• AML (microwave system).
• TV Program from local studio.
8

9. 6.0 MHz
0
-10
-20
-30
Audio section
Video section dB -40
0.9 MHz
4.2 MHz FM technology
Analog -50
technology
-60
Color section
-70
3.59 MHz
4.5 MHz
9

10. VHF Television Signal.
CH-2 : 55.25 MHz CH-7 : 175.25 MHz
CH-3 : 61.25 MHz CH-8 : 181.25 MHz
CH-4 : 67.25 MHz CH:-9 : 187.25 MHz
* 73.5 MHz Int. disaster freq. CH-10 : 193.25 MHz
CH-5 : 77.25 MHz CH-11 : 199.25 MHz
CH-6 : 83.25 MHz CH-12 : 205.25 MHz
FM : 88 to 108 MHz CH-13: 211.25 MHz
* Notice, the difference in frequency, between CH-4 and CH-5, which is
not a multiple of 6 MHz. The reason being, that 73.5 MHz is allocated as
an international disaster frequency, that is used by the Red Cross and
some other international organization.
10

11. UHF Television signal.
CH-14 : 471.25 MHz to CH-69 : 805.25 MHz
All UHF signals, like the VHF signals, are located in a 6.00
MHz spacing, the UHF stations are located between 471 to
810 MHz.
UHF channel, CH-37, 609.25 MHz, in generally not used as it
is employed for Radio Astronomy.
11

12. Each television channel leaving the headend are controlled by;
•Channel processor, ( RF in, RF out)
•Modulator, ( Baseband in, RF out)
•Satellite Receiver, (4 or 12 GHz in, RF out)
All the television channels are combined together with a channel
combiner before they are sent on to the coaxial system.
12

13. Processor
Input IF Output
ch. freq. ch.
Modulator
Baseband IF Output
signal freq. ch.
RF Combiner
Satellite
First Amplifier
Receiver
of the C T system
AV
Modulator
Baseband IF Output
signal freq. ch.
Microwave
Receiver
Combining Signal at a CATV Headend
13

14. 12 channel plan
2 6 FM stations 7 13
This number television channels (12) was the maximum
possible before the coming out of Push Pull amplifier.
14

15. 21 channel plan
2 6 FM stations 14 22 7 13
With Push Pull amplifier, it became possible to carry Mid Band
channels (9) between 121 to 170 MHz, for a total of 21 channels
15

16. Satellites
12 Satellite
GHz reception
TV
transmitter
FM
transmitter FM
transmitter
4
GHz Headend
CATV
system
Up Link TV
Transmission transmitter
Microwave
System
16

17. Coaxial cable consist of :
•75 ohms cable.
•Center conductor.
•Foam (hold the center conductor in place)
•Aluminum tube.
•Sometimes covert with PVC jacket.
Coaxial cable are the most common way to distribute television channel.
•It frequency range is from 5 to 1000 MHz
•It is also capable of handling 90 Volts AC requires to operate RF amplifiers.
17

18. TYPE 5 50 300 550 865 1,000 MHz
Main coaxial cable: Loss
P-III-500 0.16 0.52 1.31 1.82 2.33 2.52 dB/100’
P-III-625 0.13 0.42 1.08 1.51 1.94 2.07 “ “
P-III-750 0.11 0.30 0.78 1.25 1.60 1.74 “ “
Main drop installation cable:
RG-59 0.86 1.95 4.45 5.95 7.52 8.12 “ “
RG-6 0.58 1.53 3.55 4.90 6.10 6.55 “ “
Above loss are giving @ 68 degrees F. or 20 degrees C.
18

19. Behaviour of the coaxial cable response versus temperature change
Output previous amplifier Input next amplifier after 30 dB spacing at 860 MHz
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
49 49 31 31
48 48 30 30
47 47 29 29
46 46 28 28
45 45 27 27
44 44 26 26
43 43 25 25
42 42 24 24
41 41 -40 o
23 23
40 40 22
22
39 39 60 o
21 21
38 38 20
20
140 o
37 37
19 19
ble equalizer
36 36
18
Signal after ca 18
17 17
Signal after cable equalizer
16 16
Signal after cable
equalizer 4
15 9 15
9
.
14 14
2
5
13 13
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850
19

20. RF amplifier amplifies the signal when it becomes weak
20

21. Ingress Sleeve
Connection to
Outside tube
Connection to
central conductor
Connectors are required to make a connection between the
amplifiers and the passives equipments on the coaxial cable.
21

22. Out
Input
cable
cable
Out
cable
RF splitter and coupler give the possibly to send coaxial
cable into two or more directions.
22

23. Standby power
supply are working
on 110 volts AC
or
36/48 Volts DC
Power supply delivers 60 or 90 volts AC thru the
coaxial cable, to permit RF amplifiers to work.
23

24. RG-59 or RG-6
Multitap make the connection between the CATV
system and the customer.
24

25. Power
5-40 MHz 50-750 MHz Passing
Tap
From Headend BTD BLE
RG-59 or RG-6
A CATV system
25

26. RF amplifier Coaxial cable Power Supply
26

27. 27

28. Broadband CATV systems are now a very complex, Bi-directional
communications network, called; HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial) using
Fiber Optic and Coaxial Cable technologies.
These systems are now delivering the following;
•Analog Television programs.
•Television on demand or pay per view television.
• Digital Television.
•HDTV (High Definition Television).
•High speed Internet service, by Cablemodem.
•Security system.
•IP telephony (VoIP).
28

29. HFC Broadband systems are using fiber optic technology to
transport the signals for the longest distance, between the headend
to a NODE (optical receiver). The node transfers the light signal to RF
signal. The signals then continue thru the coaxial system to feed all
the customers. The coaxial system permits to deliver the signals at
less cost. Fiber optic delivers a better quality signal than coaxial
cable, this is why fiber optic is used to transport the signal for the
long distance.
A HFC system is a bi-directional system, and the working bandwidth
from the headend to the customer is: 50 to 870-1,000 MHz, and from
customer to the headend is: 5 to 40 or 42 MHz.
29

30. 30

31. In a modern Broadband system, the frequencies below 550 MHz are generally
used for the transport analogical channels (NTSC).
225
50 F M s t a t io n s 14 22 MHz
MHz
380
225
MHz
23 40 43 50 MHz
380
MHz
51 77 550
MHz
31

32. In a modern Broadband system, the frequencies above 550 MHz are generally
used for the transport of the digital portion of the HFC system. QAM digital
channels and a standard television channels can well exits side by side.
D D D D D D D D D D D D D
78 103 870
550 MHz
MHz
D = Digital, Data, IP Telephony, Video On Demand
Standard Television channels can be replaced by digital television
or other digital services (Data, Cablemodem, Security system, IP
Telephony system, etc.) on a modern HFC system.
32

33. Response of a 870 MHz HFC system
15 to 20
dBmV
50 108 121.25 225 300 450 550 750 870
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
80 NTSC, Analog channels. 220 MHz of 64 or 256 QAM signals.
33

34. 34

35. coating
cladding
core
9 mc
The transmitted light is guided down the fiber by reflecting off the outside of the
core. The core's index of refraction is slightly higher than that of the surrounding
cladding to insure internal refraction. The core is surrounded by optical material
called the cladding. The cladding causes the light to remain inside the core. The
core and the cladding are usually made of ultra-pure glass called silica. The
materials need to be ultra-pure because impurities in the material can lead to a
reduction of power output. Impurities can add to absorption and scattering,
which would reduce the effectiveness of the fiber. The buffer coating covers the
core and the cladding. The buffer coating is generally made of plastic, which
protects the fiber from moisture and other damages.
35

36. T k’T
Mono-mode fiber optic operating frequencies in a HFC system
are 1310 or 1550 nanometers.
36

37. Performance Characteristics of single mode fiber optic.
SINGLE-MODE STANDARD FIBER OPTIC ALLWAVE SINGLE-MODE FIBER OPTIC
Spectral Attenuation ( typical fiber ): Spectral Attenuation ( All Wave fiber ):
4.0 4.0
Loss at : Loss at :
3.5 850 nm = 1.31 dB/km 850 nm = 1.31 dB/km
1310 nm = 0.33 dB/km 3.5 1310 nm = 0.33 dB/km
1550 nm= 0.19 dB/km 1550 nm= 0.19 dB/km
3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5
dB
a
dB
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
0.5 b c d e 0.5
0.0 0.0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
nm nm
The standard fiber optic is mostly used for every day signal transport.
The new AllWave fiber is used for the DWDM and long distance transport.
Notice that the humidity peak at 1400 nm, have been removed on AllWave fiber
37

38. Dual armored fiber optic cable.
Non-metallic covert fiber optic cable.
Fig-8 Self supporting fiber optic cable.
38

39. 5-40 MHz
50-870 MHz
50-
Optical Transmitter
and
Optical Node
Return Optical Receiver
39

40. 30 kilometers
of P-III-625 coaxial cable
RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp. RF Amp.
This coaxial length spaced at:
22 dB spacing at 450 MHz,
able to carry 60 NTSC TV signal, C/N here will be:
will requires 80 RF Amplifiers. 40.97 dB for 4.2 MHz spacing.
30 kilometres of fiber optic, operating at 1310 nm
will means a 9.9 dB loss
C/N here will be:
53.00 dB for 4.2 MHz spacing.
Above, shows advantage of fiber optic, over coaxial cable, which are:
•Better Carrier to Noise, CTB, CSO specifications at the end of the system.
Noise, specifications
•The 30 km fibre link will give more stable signal even with temperature change.
•The fibre optic link will require less actives equipments than the coaxial link.
the
•A 30 km coaxial section will require 80 amplifiers.
•A 30 km fiber optic link will require a 12 dBm optical transmitter and one optical receiver.
40

41. An OTDR uses microwave technology to verify the quality and the length of fiber optic.
41

42. Coaxial Section
NODE
Coaxial Return 5 / 40 MHz Fiber optic Return 5 / 40 MHz RSVP
Coaxial Forward 50 / 870 MHz Fiber Optic Forward 50 / 870 MHz
Optical Interconnection
Monitoring System
T1 / OC 192 Optical Equipment
to Tel Co
RF Interconnection
5 to 42 MHz
Cablemodem
Headend Equipment IP-Telephone RF Interconnection
50 to 870 MHz
RF Sweep
Return Alignment and
Ingress Control System
50 to 52 or 73.5 MHz 42

43. Response of a Optical Receiver or a RF amplifier
for a 870 MHz HFC system.
48.5 dBmV
47.0 dBmV
10 dB 11.5 dB
6 dB
4 dB
37.0 dBmV
50 108 121.25 225 300 450 550 750 870
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
80 NTSC, Analog channels. 220 MHz of 64 or 256 QAM signals.
43

44. Each pocket (section) of a HFC system can have 50 to 1,500 subs.
Optical receiver Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable Bi-directional RF amplifier
44

45. •Headend of a HFC system.
•Description of a HFC Headend.
•Coaxial cable - Fiber optic.
•Passive equipments for a HFC system.
•Description of the outside plan.
•RF Amplifiers.
•Fiber optic.
•Fiber optic management.
•System distortion calculation.
•Understanding bi-directionality.
•Adjusting a HFC system.
•Home installation.
•Test equipments required for a HFC system.
•CLI. (Ingress & Egress)
•CMTS, DOCSIS, QAM signal. Cablemodem.
45

46. 46