This document provides an overview and summary of topics related to Doordarshan Kendra, the public service broadcaster of India. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction describing Doordarshan's role in entertainment, education, and information services. The document then covers the history of broadcasting in India, components of a TV camera, lighting techniques, transmitters, receivers, satellite communication including orbits and antennas, and DD Direct+ DTH services. It includes diagrams to illustrate camera and lighting equipment as well as antenna designs.
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In the Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow, provided useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This report gives an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of Electronics and communication. Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, Lucknow is the Program Production Center and transmission. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the Lucknow.
The document discusses satellite communication systems. It provides background on the history of satellite communications beginning in 1945. It then describes different types of satellite systems including geostationary, low earth orbit (LEO), and medium earth orbit (MEO) systems. Finally, it discusses key concepts for satellite systems such as localization, handover procedures, and examples of operational LEO and MEO networks.
A communication satellite receives radio signals from earth stations, amplifies them, and redirects them back to earth. It acts as a radio relay in space, allowing signals to be transmitted over greater distances than would be possible with terrestrial communication methods alone. A satellite's transponder receives uplink signals, amplifies them using a low-noise amplifier, down converts the frequency, filters it, amplifies it again using a power amplifier, and retransmits it back to earth on the downlink frequency. This allows the satellite to receive and redirect communications between various earth stations.
The document summarizes the history and activities of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It discusses key ISRO missions and systems including the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT), the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS), the Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS), the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). The document outlines ISRO's role in applying space technology to address national needs and its contributions to India's development.
Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharti, and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is amilestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, muzaffarpur is the Program Production Center and transmition .. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the muzaffarpur.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment for the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters cover more than 90.7% of India's
The document discusses satellite communication and provides details about various topics related to satellites. It begins with defining what a satellite is and describing different types of satellites. It then discusses the advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication. The document outlines the components of a satellite and how satellites stay in orbit. It also covers look angle determination, antenna types, link design, satellite orbits, applications, and the future of satellite communication.
Geostationary Satellites, Geosynchronous Satellites, Polar Satellites
(All Geostationary orbit are Geosynchronous orbit
But Not all the Geosynchronous orbits are Geostationary orbit).
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In the Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Lucknow, provided useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This report gives an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of Electronics and communication. Doordarshan Kendra is a milestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, Lucknow is the Program Production Center and transmission. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the Lucknow.
The document discusses satellite communication systems. It provides background on the history of satellite communications beginning in 1945. It then describes different types of satellite systems including geostationary, low earth orbit (LEO), and medium earth orbit (MEO) systems. Finally, it discusses key concepts for satellite systems such as localization, handover procedures, and examples of operational LEO and MEO networks.
A communication satellite receives radio signals from earth stations, amplifies them, and redirects them back to earth. It acts as a radio relay in space, allowing signals to be transmitted over greater distances than would be possible with terrestrial communication methods alone. A satellite's transponder receives uplink signals, amplifies them using a low-noise amplifier, down converts the frequency, filters it, amplifies it again using a power amplifier, and retransmits it back to earth on the downlink frequency. This allows the satellite to receive and redirect communications between various earth stations.
The document summarizes the history and activities of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It discusses key ISRO missions and systems including the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT), the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS), the Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS), the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). The document outlines ISRO's role in applying space technology to address national needs and its contributions to India's development.
Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharti, and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is amilestone in the field of entertainment and education media source. Doordarshan, muzaffarpur is the Program Production Center and transmition .. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located at the muzaffarpur.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment for the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters cover more than 90.7% of India's
The document discusses satellite communication and provides details about various topics related to satellites. It begins with defining what a satellite is and describing different types of satellites. It then discusses the advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial communication. The document outlines the components of a satellite and how satellites stay in orbit. It also covers look angle determination, antenna types, link design, satellite orbits, applications, and the future of satellite communication.
Geostationary Satellites, Geosynchronous Satellites, Polar Satellites
(All Geostationary orbit are Geosynchronous orbit
But Not all the Geosynchronous orbits are Geostationary orbit).
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a satellite communication course. The course covers the historical development of satellite technology, satellite frequency bands, satellite orbits and principles of satellite communication. It discusses satellite components like the transponder and earth station. It covers different types of satellite systems including active vs passive satellites and station keeping of geosynchronous satellites. Multiple access techniques like TDMA and DAMA are also covered. The document concludes with sections on GPS, remote sensing, and GIS.
Satellite technology has progressed significantly over the last 50 years and now provides broadband communications, audio/video distribution, navigation, customer service, and military applications. Satellites play an important role in emerging 4G infrastructure and the vision of connectivity anywhere, anytime. Satellites orbit Earth and help with communication, mapping weather, TV, internet, and phone services. There are three main types of orbits - low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO).
This document provides an outline for a course on digital satellite communications. It begins with course objectives, then provides an introduction to satellite communication principles. The basics section explains how satellite communication works, including earth station components and signal transmission. It also covers satellite types like GEO, LEO and MEO, as well as factors that impair signals. The document discusses frequency bands, network configurations, capacity allocation methods, and applications of satellite technology. Overall it aims to give students an overview of digital satellite communication systems and components.
This document discusses satellite communications, including the basics of how satellites relay signals between earth stations, advantages like wide coverage area, and disadvantages like high launch costs. It describes different types of satellite orbits - GEO provides fixed coverage while LEO and MEO satellites move and require networks. The document also covers frequency bands, and capacity allocation methods for satellites like FDMA and TDMA.
This is the slide of Satellite Broadcasting commonly useful for Satellite and Broadcasting describing different orbitals of satellite, frequency allocation, its use for broadcasting, Components of Broadcasting and many more. Feel free to comment but do add source if you are using it as a reference.
The document discusses satellite communications, beginning with the basics of how satellites work as relay stations between two earth stations. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication compared to terrestrial systems. The types of satellite orbits - GEO, LEO, MEO, and Molniya - are outlined, along with factors that affect satellite transmission. The document concludes by covering capacity allocation methods like FDMA and TDMA, and the frequency bands used in satellite communications.
This document discusses the history and basics of satellite communication systems. It covers:
- The first satellites launched in the 1940s-1990s and the development of satellite phone systems.
- The types of satellite orbits including LEO, MEO, and GEO and how factors like altitude and inclination determine satellite period and coverage areas.
- How satellite systems extend cellular networks to provide global mobile communication through techniques like inter-satellite links and handovers between satellites and gateways.
- The challenges of satellite systems including higher latency compared to terrestrial networks and the need for complex routing and localization as satellites move.
Communication satellites orbit Earth and are used to transmit radio, television and other signals. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. There are different types of satellites including active satellites that amplify and retransmit signals, addressing disadvantages of early passive satellites. Geostationary satellites orbit at the same rate as Earth's rotation, allowing ground antennas to remain fixed. Other orbits include medium Earth orbit and low Earth orbit. VSAT systems use small ground terminals to communicate via satellite. GPS uses a constellation of satellites to provide location services worldwide.
1. The document discusses different types of satellite orbits, including low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), geostationary earth orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO).
2. LEO satellites orbit closer to Earth between 500-1500km, while GEO satellites orbit at around 36,000km to remain stationary over one spot of Earth. MEO satellites orbit between the altitudes of LEO and GEO.
3. Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for communication purposes. LEO satellites provide lower latency but require more satellites for global coverage, while GEO satellites use fewer satellites but have higher latency.
This document provides an overview of Vandana Manral's summer training at ONGC regarding satellite communication. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, different orbit types including LEO, MEO, and GEO. It describes components of satellites and earth stations, including modules on satellites and specifications of ONGC's earth station. Frequency bands and multiple access techniques used in satellite communication are also summarized. The training focused on understanding satellite communication systems used by ONGC for its operations.
Communications satellites play a major role in telephone transmission,television and radio program distribution,computer communications,maritime navigation and military command and control.
Satellite communications combines such diverse topics as Radio wave propagation ,antennas, orbital mechanics , modulation , detection , coding and radio electronics.
This document discusses satellite communication, including what satellites are, how satellite communication systems work, different types of satellite orbits, the evolution of satellite technology from passive to active satellites, services provided by satellites such as television and radio broadcasting, advantages of satellite communication such as its universal and reliable coverage, and applications such as military and internet access. The future of satellite communication is discussed, with expectations that satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities and power to handle higher bandwidth demands.
This document is a report submitted by Rakshit Choubey to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Instrumentation. It summarizes his industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra in Indore. Doordarshan Kendra is equipped with a studio and two 10kW transmitters for DD National and DD News. The report describes the working of different types of microphones used such as dynamic, ribbon, and condenser microphones. It provides technical details of the transmitters including frequency, power output, and coverage area.
This document discusses satellite communication systems. It begins with an introduction describing satellites and their components. It then describes the principles of satellite communication, including how they function as repeater stations in space to extend the range of radio signals beyond line-of-sight limits. The key components of satellite systems are the space segment, consisting of satellites in orbit, and the ground segment, including earth stations. Various types of satellite orbits and applications are also outlined, such as global mobile communication, military uses, and navigation. The document concludes with references on satellite channel impairments and modeling.
The document summarizes three common frequency bands used in satellite communication: C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. C-band uses frequencies between 3.7 to 6.425 GHz and is used by many commercial satellites. Ku-band uses frequencies between 11.7 to 14.5 GHz and is primarily used for satellite communications and television broadcasting from remote locations. Ka-band has the highest frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz and is used by communications satellites and military targeting radars.
This document provides information about a course titled "Statistics and Probability" with course code STA 133 at Daffodil International University under the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. The document outlines the course name, code, and institution.
Satellite communications uses satellites as relay stations to transmit signals between Earth stations that are too far for conventional terrestrial communication. There are different types of satellite orbits - GEO satellites remain fixed over one point on the equator, while LEO and MEO satellites have shorter visibility periods from Earth. Various frequency bands are used depending on the satellite application and orbit. Capacity on satellites can be allocated using FDMA, which divides bandwidth into frequency channels, or TDMA, which divides signals into time slots.
If the communication takes place between any two earth stations through a satellite, then it is called as satellite communication. In this communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier signals.
Introduction
Need for communication
Satellite Communication
How a satellite works
Frequency Band of a satellite communication
Kepler’s Laws
Earth Orbit satellites
● Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
● Medium Earth Orbit
● Low Earth Orbit
Subsystems
● Space Subsystem
AOC Subsystem
TTCM Subsystem
Power and Antenna Subsystems
Transponders
● Earth Subsystem
Transmitter
Receiver
Earth Station Antenna
Tracking Subsystem
Multiple Access Techniques
● FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
● TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
● CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Satellite Communication Services
● One-way satellite communication link service
● Two-way satellite communication link service
Global Positioning System
● GPS codes and services
● GPS receiver
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application
Bibliography
Conclusion
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
types & essential features,Models of communication,Barlo's Model of Communication,transaction Model of Communication,Lasswell's Model,Schramm's Interactive Model,Sawtooth model of communication,Foulger's
This document discusses satellite communication systems. It provides details on the components of satellites, including antennas, solar panels, batteries, radio transmitters and receivers, rocket motors and fuel, and cameras. It describes the space and ground segments of satellite systems. The space segment consists of the satellite itself, while the ground segment consists of earth stations that transmit and receive signals. It discusses different types of antennas used in satellites, including wire, horn, array, and reflector antennas. It also covers the different frequency bands, satellite orbits including low earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and medium earth orbit, and the uplink and downlink frequencies used in different bands.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a satellite communication course. The course covers the historical development of satellite technology, satellite frequency bands, satellite orbits and principles of satellite communication. It discusses satellite components like the transponder and earth station. It covers different types of satellite systems including active vs passive satellites and station keeping of geosynchronous satellites. Multiple access techniques like TDMA and DAMA are also covered. The document concludes with sections on GPS, remote sensing, and GIS.
Satellite technology has progressed significantly over the last 50 years and now provides broadband communications, audio/video distribution, navigation, customer service, and military applications. Satellites play an important role in emerging 4G infrastructure and the vision of connectivity anywhere, anytime. Satellites orbit Earth and help with communication, mapping weather, TV, internet, and phone services. There are three main types of orbits - low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary Earth orbit (GEO).
This document provides an outline for a course on digital satellite communications. It begins with course objectives, then provides an introduction to satellite communication principles. The basics section explains how satellite communication works, including earth station components and signal transmission. It also covers satellite types like GEO, LEO and MEO, as well as factors that impair signals. The document discusses frequency bands, network configurations, capacity allocation methods, and applications of satellite technology. Overall it aims to give students an overview of digital satellite communication systems and components.
This document discusses satellite communications, including the basics of how satellites relay signals between earth stations, advantages like wide coverage area, and disadvantages like high launch costs. It describes different types of satellite orbits - GEO provides fixed coverage while LEO and MEO satellites move and require networks. The document also covers frequency bands, and capacity allocation methods for satellites like FDMA and TDMA.
This is the slide of Satellite Broadcasting commonly useful for Satellite and Broadcasting describing different orbitals of satellite, frequency allocation, its use for broadcasting, Components of Broadcasting and many more. Feel free to comment but do add source if you are using it as a reference.
The document discusses satellite communications, beginning with the basics of how satellites work as relay stations between two earth stations. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication compared to terrestrial systems. The types of satellite orbits - GEO, LEO, MEO, and Molniya - are outlined, along with factors that affect satellite transmission. The document concludes by covering capacity allocation methods like FDMA and TDMA, and the frequency bands used in satellite communications.
This document discusses the history and basics of satellite communication systems. It covers:
- The first satellites launched in the 1940s-1990s and the development of satellite phone systems.
- The types of satellite orbits including LEO, MEO, and GEO and how factors like altitude and inclination determine satellite period and coverage areas.
- How satellite systems extend cellular networks to provide global mobile communication through techniques like inter-satellite links and handovers between satellites and gateways.
- The challenges of satellite systems including higher latency compared to terrestrial networks and the need for complex routing and localization as satellites move.
Communication satellites orbit Earth and are used to transmit radio, television and other signals. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched in 1957. There are different types of satellites including active satellites that amplify and retransmit signals, addressing disadvantages of early passive satellites. Geostationary satellites orbit at the same rate as Earth's rotation, allowing ground antennas to remain fixed. Other orbits include medium Earth orbit and low Earth orbit. VSAT systems use small ground terminals to communicate via satellite. GPS uses a constellation of satellites to provide location services worldwide.
1. The document discusses different types of satellite orbits, including low earth orbit (LEO), medium earth orbit (MEO), geostationary earth orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO).
2. LEO satellites orbit closer to Earth between 500-1500km, while GEO satellites orbit at around 36,000km to remain stationary over one spot of Earth. MEO satellites orbit between the altitudes of LEO and GEO.
3. Each orbit type has advantages and disadvantages for communication purposes. LEO satellites provide lower latency but require more satellites for global coverage, while GEO satellites use fewer satellites but have higher latency.
This document provides an overview of Vandana Manral's summer training at ONGC regarding satellite communication. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of satellite communication, different orbit types including LEO, MEO, and GEO. It describes components of satellites and earth stations, including modules on satellites and specifications of ONGC's earth station. Frequency bands and multiple access techniques used in satellite communication are also summarized. The training focused on understanding satellite communication systems used by ONGC for its operations.
Communications satellites play a major role in telephone transmission,television and radio program distribution,computer communications,maritime navigation and military command and control.
Satellite communications combines such diverse topics as Radio wave propagation ,antennas, orbital mechanics , modulation , detection , coding and radio electronics.
This document discusses satellite communication, including what satellites are, how satellite communication systems work, different types of satellite orbits, the evolution of satellite technology from passive to active satellites, services provided by satellites such as television and radio broadcasting, advantages of satellite communication such as its universal and reliable coverage, and applications such as military and internet access. The future of satellite communication is discussed, with expectations that satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities and power to handle higher bandwidth demands.
This document is a report submitted by Rakshit Choubey to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Instrumentation. It summarizes his industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra in Indore. Doordarshan Kendra is equipped with a studio and two 10kW transmitters for DD National and DD News. The report describes the working of different types of microphones used such as dynamic, ribbon, and condenser microphones. It provides technical details of the transmitters including frequency, power output, and coverage area.
This document discusses satellite communication systems. It begins with an introduction describing satellites and their components. It then describes the principles of satellite communication, including how they function as repeater stations in space to extend the range of radio signals beyond line-of-sight limits. The key components of satellite systems are the space segment, consisting of satellites in orbit, and the ground segment, including earth stations. Various types of satellite orbits and applications are also outlined, such as global mobile communication, military uses, and navigation. The document concludes with references on satellite channel impairments and modeling.
The document summarizes three common frequency bands used in satellite communication: C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. C-band uses frequencies between 3.7 to 6.425 GHz and is used by many commercial satellites. Ku-band uses frequencies between 11.7 to 14.5 GHz and is primarily used for satellite communications and television broadcasting from remote locations. Ka-band has the highest frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz and is used by communications satellites and military targeting radars.
This document provides information about a course titled "Statistics and Probability" with course code STA 133 at Daffodil International University under the Department of Computer Science and Engineering. The document outlines the course name, code, and institution.
Satellite communications uses satellites as relay stations to transmit signals between Earth stations that are too far for conventional terrestrial communication. There are different types of satellite orbits - GEO satellites remain fixed over one point on the equator, while LEO and MEO satellites have shorter visibility periods from Earth. Various frequency bands are used depending on the satellite application and orbit. Capacity on satellites can be allocated using FDMA, which divides bandwidth into frequency channels, or TDMA, which divides signals into time slots.
If the communication takes place between any two earth stations through a satellite, then it is called as satellite communication. In this communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier signals.
Introduction
Need for communication
Satellite Communication
How a satellite works
Frequency Band of a satellite communication
Kepler’s Laws
Earth Orbit satellites
● Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
● Medium Earth Orbit
● Low Earth Orbit
Subsystems
● Space Subsystem
AOC Subsystem
TTCM Subsystem
Power and Antenna Subsystems
Transponders
● Earth Subsystem
Transmitter
Receiver
Earth Station Antenna
Tracking Subsystem
Multiple Access Techniques
● FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
● TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
● CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Satellite Communication Services
● One-way satellite communication link service
● Two-way satellite communication link service
Global Positioning System
● GPS codes and services
● GPS receiver
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application
Bibliography
Conclusion
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
types & essential features,Models of communication,Barlo's Model of Communication,transaction Model of Communication,Lasswell's Model,Schramm's Interactive Model,Sawtooth model of communication,Foulger's
This document discusses satellite communication systems. It provides details on the components of satellites, including antennas, solar panels, batteries, radio transmitters and receivers, rocket motors and fuel, and cameras. It describes the space and ground segments of satellite systems. The space segment consists of the satellite itself, while the ground segment consists of earth stations that transmit and receive signals. It discusses different types of antennas used in satellites, including wire, horn, array, and reflector antennas. It also covers the different frequency bands, satellite orbits including low earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and medium earth orbit, and the uplink and downlink frequencies used in different bands.
This document provides an overview of All India Radio (AIR) in Jodhpur, India. It discusses:
- The history and establishment of AIR, including its network of transmitters and studios.
- The three-tier broadcasting system used by AIR, including transmitters, studios, and console equipment.
- Key components like antennas, antenna arrays, and the different types of antennas used.
- Facilities like studios for drama, music, and commercial broadcasts, as well as playback and dubbing studios.
The document aims to educate about AIR's infrastructure and the technical aspects of radio broadcasting.
All India Radio (AIR) in Jaipur was established in 1955 and provides radio services across Rajasthan. AIR has a network of broadcasting centers across India that use various antenna types like dipoles, yagis, and arrays to transmit programs. This presentation discussed the history of AIR, described common antenna radiation patterns and lobes, explained how antenna gain and effective area are calculated, and highlighted that antenna arrays can electronically control their radiation patterns. The presenter found the training experience at AIR beneficial for understanding practical communication concepts.
Satellite communication full report original 2Pranoosh T
The document provides an overview of satellite communication techniques for military aircraft. It discusses that while currently used UHF satellite communication is inexpensive and simple to install, it has limited capacity and is prone to interference. SHF and EHF satellite techniques offer increased bandwidth and capabilities like adaptive antennas. The document then discusses various components of satellite communication systems like different frequency bands used, types of satellites including GEO and LEO, advantages of satellite communication over terrestrial networks, and applications.
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas, including early developments by Hertz and Marconi. Examples of important antenna arrays are described, such as the Very Large Array radio telescope. The objectives of the course are then outlined, which are to understand basic antenna terminology and parameters, analyze electric and magnetic fields from antennas, understand different antenna types and their usage, and comprehend wave propagation through different environments. The document outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the 5 units of the course, including dipole antennas, array antennas, antenna measurements, ground wave propagation and sky wave propagation through the ionosphere. References for textbooks and papers are also provided.
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
This document provides lecture notes on antennas and wave propagation. It begins with a brief history of antennas from Heinrich Hertz's experiments in the late 1800s to modern applications. It then covers key topics in the first unit, including different types of antennas like dipoles, monopoles, loops, horns and arrays. The document discusses the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation from antennas and conditions required for radiation. It also introduces important antenna parameters and the different types of dimensions and units used to measure antennas.
1) The document discusses key concepts related to communication satellites including their definition, types of orbits such as geostationary and polar orbits, frequency bands used, and applications.
2) It explains the basic elements of a satellite communication system including the space segment consisting of the satellite and launch mechanisms, and the ground segment including earth stations and network control centers.
3) Kepler's laws of planetary motion are introduced which describe how satellites move in elliptical orbits around celestial bodies like the Earth. Characteristics of different orbit types such as geostationary, geosynchronous, and highly elliptical orbits are also covered.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication, including:
- The basic components and working of satellite communication systems, including satellites in orbit that transmit signals between ground stations.
- The different types of satellite orbits used in communication systems, including geostationary orbit which allows antennas to remain fixed, and low earth orbit.
- Key events in the history and development of satellite communication technology, including early concepts in science fiction and the launch of the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1.
- The services and applications that satellite communication enables, such as television and radio broadcasting, telephone networks, and internet access globally.
Satellites orbit Earth and provide important communication functions. There are four main types of orbits - geostationary (GEO), low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). GEO satellites orbit at 36,000 km and remain stationary over one spot on Earth. LEO satellites orbit lower from 500-1500 km and provide better signal strength but require more satellites for global coverage. MEO satellites orbit between 6,000-20,000 km and provide visibility for 2-8 hours. HEO satellites have an elliptical orbit with varying altitudes.
I'm Parikshit Kuldiya. i have done my traing at AIR Jodhpur. This Report is all about ALL INDIA RADIO JODHPUR, Prasar Bharati. as there are now resources to get this Report on net..i had to suffer a lot..so this is dedicated to all my friends who have done their training from AIR JODHPUR.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication systems. It discusses the history of satellites beginning in 1945 and describes various satellite types including GEO, LEO, MEO and HEO. Applications of satellite systems include weather forecasting, radio/TV broadcasting, navigation, telephone networks, and providing remote/rural connectivity. The document also outlines characteristics of satellite systems such as orbital heights, footprints, and specialized antennas.
This document provides an introduction to satellite communication. It discusses the basic structure of a satellite link with uplinks and downlinks using separate frequency bands. Common frequency bands used include C-band, extended C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band. The document also describes geostationary satellites, signal levels, propagation delay, transponder equipment on satellites, and India's INSAT satellite program. Advantages of satellite communication include wide coverage area, suitability for both digital and analog transmission, high quality, flexibility, and ability to provide quick services and mobile/emergency communication.
Satellite communication uses satellites placed in orbit around Earth to relay radio signals between Earth stations. Satellites allow communication across large distances and any location. The first communication satellite was launched in 1958. There are different types of satellite orbits including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. Satellite communication is used for television, radio, telephone, internet, weather monitoring, and tracking resources. While satellites provide wide coverage, their operation has high costs and technological limitations.
Satellite communication uses satellites placed in orbit around Earth to relay radio signals between Earth stations. Satellites allow communication across large distances and any location. The first communication satellite was launched in 1958. There are different types of satellite orbits - low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit - used depending on the application. Satellite communication is used for television, radio, telephone, internet, weather monitoring, and tracking resources. While powerful, satellites are also expensive to launch and operate.
Mohammad Mijanur Rahman completed a one-year job attachment at the Mohakhali Standard-A Satellite Earth Station in Dhaka, Bangladesh. During this time, he was responsible for running international circuits and maintaining satellite communication equipment. In this report, he provides an overview of the earth station, including its satellite orbit and technical components. He also summarizes key aspects of satellite communication systems such as uplinks, downlinks, frequency bands, and antenna size. The knowledge and experience gained during his job attachment provided valuable practical training.
Satellite communication uses satellites placed in orbit around Earth to relay radio signals between Earth stations. Satellites allow communication across large distances and any location. The first communication satellite was launched in 1958. There are different types of satellite orbits including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. Satellite communication is used for television, radio, telephone, internet, weather monitoring, and tracking resources.
This document provides an overview of satellites and satellite communication. It discusses the types of satellites including geostationary, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit satellites. The document describes the different types of orbits that satellites follow, including geostationary orbit, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit. It also discusses satellite communication concepts such as uplinks, downlinks, earth stations, communication bands, direct-to-home systems, and VSAT systems. The document is intended to inform about basic satellite and satellite communication topics.
This document provides an overview of satellites and satellite communication. It discusses the types of satellites including geostationary, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit satellites. The document describes the different types of orbits that satellites follow, including geostationary orbit, medium earth orbit, and low earth orbit. It also discusses satellite communication concepts such as uplinks, downlinks, earth stations, communication frequency bands, direct-to-home services, and very small aperture terminals. The document seeks to explain the basic concepts and components of satellite systems and satellite-based communication networks.
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3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to thanks to Mr. R. sahni and Mr. B.S. chaudhary because he
give me right concept to complete this training .Also I want to thanks
doordarshan Kendra because different types of metterials are present
there help me a lot .
Doordarshan Kendra has provided such a big support in making
this training work because it would be possible without the books
available in the industry.
5. 5
Abbreviation
CCVS COLOR COMPOSITE VIDEO CHAIN
ENG ELECTRONICS NEWS GATHERING
LOS LINE OF SIGHT
MSR MASTER SWITCHING ROOM
VM VIDEO MIXER
CG COMPUTER GRAPHICS
PDA PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA
IRD INTEGRATOR RECEIVER DECODER
LNA LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
LNBC LOW NOISE BLOCK CONVERTER
6. 6
Chapter 1- INTRODUCTION
Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar
Bharti, and nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest
broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and
transmitters.
Doordarshan Kendra is amilestone in the field of entertainment and education
media source. Doordarshan, muzaffarpur is the Program Production Center and
transmition .. The studios are housed at same campus and the transmitter is located
at the muzaffarpur.
AIR and Doordarshan aims to provide information, education and entertainment
for the public. Its network of 1400 terrestrial transmitters cover more than 90.7%
of India's population.
7. 7
Chapter 2- HISTORY
India in collaboration with P&T department broadcasts a musical programme. In
the year 1930 radio broadcasting started operating under the Indian broadcasting
company. The birth of broadcasting in India has started on an experimental basis in
year 1921 whenTimes Government took over the charge of broadcasting in March
1935, a separate office of the controller of broadcasting was created. The land
mark in the history of broadcasting is change of name of the Indian broadcasting to
AIR in 1936 and in same year Delhi station was formed. From 1936 onwards the
development of AIR was very slow, nine stations were opened up in different
places like Delhi, Calcutta, Bombay, madras, lucknow and tiruchi. From 1956
onwards AIR was popularly known as akashwani.
On 12th
November 1947 the voice of Gandhi ji was broadcasted in AIR and since
then it is celebrated as broadcasting day. Television (Doordarshan) started in India
in the year 1959 with black and white transmission. The black & white
transmission was converted fully into colour in 1982 during Asian games.
8. 8
Chapter 3 - TV CAMERA
A TV Camera consists of three sections:
a) A Camera lens and optical block
b) A transducer or pick up device
c) Electronics
9. 9
Chapter 4 - LIGHTING
Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative talent. There is always a
tremendous scope for doing experiments to achieve the required effect. Light is a
kind of electro magnetic radiation with a visible spectrum from red to violet i.e.
wavelength from 700 nm to 380 Nm respectively.
Basic three pointing lighting
Key light:- It gives shape and modeling by a casting shadow. It is treated as a
“sun” in the sky and should cast only one shadow.
Fill light:- Controls the lighting contrast by filling in shadows. It can also provide
catch lights in the eyes.
Back light:-Separates the body from the background, gives roundness to the
subject and reveals texture.
Background lights:- Separates person from the background and reveals
background interest and shape.
10. 10
Lighting equipments:-
HMI lights compared to standard incandescent lights deliver five times the light
output per watt. They generate less heat, which is an important consideration when
shooting inside in a confined space. (HMI stands for Hydrargyrum Medium Arc-
length Iodide). The light on the left side of this picture is a HMI light; the one on
the right a standard quartz light.
Cycs (large, seamless, neutral backgrounds) can be lit from the top and bottom with
cyclights.The one here sits on the studio floor and is directed up at the background.
11. 11
Chapter 5 - TRANSMITTER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution. For full earth coverage from a geostationary
satellite, a horn antenna is used. Horns are also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
A small earth terminal, the feed horn is located at the focus or may be offset to one
side of the focus. Large earth station antennas have a sub reflector at the focus. In
the Cassegrain design, the sub reflector is convex with an hyperboloid surface,
while in the Gregorian design it is concave with an ellipsoidal surface. These
antennas are used to transmit signal from earth station to satellite.
12. 12
Chapter 6 - RECEIVER
The most widely used narrow beam antennas are reflector antennas. The shape is
generally a paraboloid of revolution.
1. For full earth coverage from a geostationary satellite, a horn antenna is used.
Horns are also used as feeds for reflector antennas.
2. They are basically used to receive signals from the satellite which were
transmitted by transmitter.
3. All the waves which fall on receiver are being focused on the feeder which is
placed at the center of receiver antenna.
4. This feeder collects all the waves and sends to master switching room through
cable sand wires.
5. After that again down conversion and decoding of signals takes place and in this
manner we receive our information.
13. 13
Chapter 7- SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication
links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in
the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites
orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to
and from one or many locations worldwide.
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which
consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and
the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link
involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a
satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back
to Earth, where it is received and re-amplified by Earth stations and terminals.
Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite
equipment,mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and hand
held devices.
14. 14
7.1 SATELLITE ORBITS:
a) GEOs = Geostationary Earth Orbits.
b) LEOs -= Low Earth Orbits.
c) MEOs = Medium Earth Orbits.
1. Geostationary orbit
A circular orbit 35,785 km (22,236 miles) above Earth’s Equator in which a
satellite’s orbital period is equal to Earth’s rotation period of 23 hours and 56
minutes. A spacecraft in this orbit appears to an observer on Earth to be stationary
in the sky. This particular orbit is used for meteorological and communications
satellites. The geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit,
which is any orbit with a period equal to Earth’s rotation period.
2. Low- Earth-orbiting satellites
15. 15
A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) typically is a circular orbit about 400 kilometers above
the earth’s surface and, correspondingly, a period (time to revolve around the
earth) of about 90 minutes. Because of their low altitude, these satellites are only
visible from within a radius of roughly 1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite
point. In addition, satellites in low earth orbit change their position relative to the
ground position quickly. So even for local applications, a large number of satellites
are needed if the mission requires uninterrupted connectivity.
Satellite communication
· Started in 1960.
· Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.
· Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.
· Started in India in 1975.
· First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.
· Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence
16. 16
7.2-Antennas:-
Antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves.
In other words,antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or
vice versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio
waves.
Types of antenna:
Isotropic antenna (idealized)
· Radiates power equally in all directions Dipole antennas
· Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)
· Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
Parabolic Reflective Antenna
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and
datacommunications, and also for radio location (radar),on the UHF and SHF parts
of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation at these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to
exhibit the desired highly directional response for both receiving and transmitting.
A typical parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector with a small feed
antenna a tits focus. To find the focus, reflect the light of a flashlight off of the
dish. When the reflected beam is parallel, the flashlight is at the focus. The
17. 17
reflector is a metallic surface formed into a paraboloid of revolution and (usually)
truncated in a circular rim that forms
the diameter of the antenna. This paraboloid possesses adistinct focal point by
virtue of having the reflective property of parabolas in that a point light source at
this focus produces a parallel light beam aligned with the axis of revolution. The
feed antenna at the reflector's focus is typically a low-gain type such as a half-wave
dipole or a small waveguide horn.
19. 19
Chapter 9 - DD Direct+ DTH
DD Direct:
Carries all channels of DD directly to homes.
Also carries few private channels and radio channels of AIR.
20. 20
Features:-
Cost effective alternate to cable TV.
One time expenditure for procuring receive system by viewer.
No monthly/activation charges from subscriber.
No smart card/CAM module required for reception.
Receive Eqpt. consists of a 60/90cm Dish Antenna, a Block converter and a Set
Top Box (STB). STB readily available in the open market.
Dealers of the equipment available all over the country.
Indicative cost of the receive system ± Rs 3000 to Rs 3500.
Cost likely to come down further with volumes.
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my
Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, Jaipur, I have gained useful knowledge
which will surely be of great help in future. This training gave me an opportunity
to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of interest, Electronics
and communication.
21. 21
Chapter 10 - conclusion
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service
broadcasting. It is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my
Industrial training at Doordarshan Kendra, muzaffarpur, I have gained useful
knowledge which will surely be of great help in future.
This training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the
knowledge of my field of interest, Electronics and communication.