The document discusses centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It begins with an overview of centrifugal pump classification according to ANSI/API standards, describing various pump designs and their type codes. It then covers topics like pump installation, maintenance processes and tasks, and common issues that can cause insufficient discharge flow such as the pump not being primed, low speed, high system head, and more.
This document provides information on centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It includes classifications based on ANSI/API standards for overhung, between bearing, and vertically suspended pump designs. The document also details maintenance procedures and checklists for pump systems, mechanical components, electrical systems, diesel engines, and more. Common centrifugal pump problems like low flow are addressed along with potential causes such as air leaks, low speed, and high system head.
This document provides instructions for properly aligning coupled machinery. It outlines important checks to perform before starting alignment like ensuring low shaft and coupling runout. It describes taking initial alignment readings and calculating required movement if misalignment is found. The key steps are correcting for radial and axial misalignment separately, then total alignment by adding or removing shims at the machine legs as needed. The final step confirms alignment is within tolerance by taking a last reading. Overall the document stresses performing top-bottom alignment before side-to-side for best results.
1. The document discusses industrial fans and draft systems for combustion. It describes natural draft produced by chimneys and mechanical draft produced using fans.
2. The main types of mechanical draft systems are induced draft, forced draft, and balanced draft. Induced draft uses a fan to draw exhaust gases into the chimney. Forced draft uses a fan to push air into the furnace.
3. The document provides details on fan construction, types of fans including axial and centrifugal, installation procedures, and maintenance best practices like lubrication and vibration checking.
Bearing designations provide information about the bearing type, size, and any supplementary details. The basic designation indicates the product type, standard design, and size. Supplementary designations specify alternative designs, bearing components, and special types. Designations are broken into categories including internal design, external design, cage design, and performance enhancements. Together, the basic and supplementary designations precisely identify bearing characteristics.
MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSNamitha M R
The document discusses maintenance and troubleshooting of centrifugal pumps. It covers routine maintenance such as performance monitoring, alignment checks, and lubrication. Overhaul maintenance includes cleaning and replacing worn components like impellers, shafts, wearing rings and shaft sleeves. Troubleshooting addresses issues like insufficient or no water delivery, overloading of motors, and excessive vibration or heating, which could be due to problems like air leaks, worn parts, or improper speed. Proper maintenance and timely repairs are important to ensure efficient and reliable operation of centrifugal pumps.
This document provides an overview of piping materials and selection guidelines. It defines key piping terms like pipe and tubing. It describes various types of pipes based on the manufacturing method, such as electric resistance welded pipe, furnace butt welded pipe, seamless pipes, and more. The document outlines factors to consider for material selection like design life, temperature, pressure, corrosion allowance, service conditions, and economics. It provides specific guidelines for material selection for high temperature exposures above 232°C and ambient/intermediate temperatures from 0°C to 232°C. The focus is on selecting materials that will be resistant to various deterioration modes over the design life of the piping system.
For all the Gas Turbine lovers, the following presentation is aimed to cover the Major Inspection of the Gas Turbine (GE, Fr-9E). It is weaved with all of the major activities involved in MI, tools and tactics with addition of the reference values. Each activity is described with aid of pictures for detailed understanding.
This document provides information on centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It includes classifications based on ANSI/API standards for overhung, between bearing, and vertically suspended pump designs. The document also details maintenance procedures and checklists for pump systems, mechanical components, electrical systems, diesel engines, and more. Common centrifugal pump problems like low flow are addressed along with potential causes such as air leaks, low speed, and high system head.
This document provides instructions for properly aligning coupled machinery. It outlines important checks to perform before starting alignment like ensuring low shaft and coupling runout. It describes taking initial alignment readings and calculating required movement if misalignment is found. The key steps are correcting for radial and axial misalignment separately, then total alignment by adding or removing shims at the machine legs as needed. The final step confirms alignment is within tolerance by taking a last reading. Overall the document stresses performing top-bottom alignment before side-to-side for best results.
1. The document discusses industrial fans and draft systems for combustion. It describes natural draft produced by chimneys and mechanical draft produced using fans.
2. The main types of mechanical draft systems are induced draft, forced draft, and balanced draft. Induced draft uses a fan to draw exhaust gases into the chimney. Forced draft uses a fan to push air into the furnace.
3. The document provides details on fan construction, types of fans including axial and centrifugal, installation procedures, and maintenance best practices like lubrication and vibration checking.
Bearing designations provide information about the bearing type, size, and any supplementary details. The basic designation indicates the product type, standard design, and size. Supplementary designations specify alternative designs, bearing components, and special types. Designations are broken into categories including internal design, external design, cage design, and performance enhancements. Together, the basic and supplementary designations precisely identify bearing characteristics.
MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSNamitha M R
The document discusses maintenance and troubleshooting of centrifugal pumps. It covers routine maintenance such as performance monitoring, alignment checks, and lubrication. Overhaul maintenance includes cleaning and replacing worn components like impellers, shafts, wearing rings and shaft sleeves. Troubleshooting addresses issues like insufficient or no water delivery, overloading of motors, and excessive vibration or heating, which could be due to problems like air leaks, worn parts, or improper speed. Proper maintenance and timely repairs are important to ensure efficient and reliable operation of centrifugal pumps.
This document provides an overview of piping materials and selection guidelines. It defines key piping terms like pipe and tubing. It describes various types of pipes based on the manufacturing method, such as electric resistance welded pipe, furnace butt welded pipe, seamless pipes, and more. The document outlines factors to consider for material selection like design life, temperature, pressure, corrosion allowance, service conditions, and economics. It provides specific guidelines for material selection for high temperature exposures above 232°C and ambient/intermediate temperatures from 0°C to 232°C. The focus is on selecting materials that will be resistant to various deterioration modes over the design life of the piping system.
For all the Gas Turbine lovers, the following presentation is aimed to cover the Major Inspection of the Gas Turbine (GE, Fr-9E). It is weaved with all of the major activities involved in MI, tools and tactics with addition of the reference values. Each activity is described with aid of pictures for detailed understanding.
The document discusses the hydrogen seal oil system on a generator. It describes the purpose of the system as preventing hydrogen gas from escaping along the generator shaft by forming an oil film between the shaft and seal ring. It outlines the normal flow path of oil through the main seal oil pump and other components like the vacuum tank, emergency seal oil pump, and detraining tanks. It also discusses potential failures of components like pumps and the float trap, and the appropriate operator actions to take in response.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
List of API standards for rotating equipmentravisriniv
List of American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards used for rotating equipment in Petroleum, Petrochemical and Oil and Gas Industries like Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Auxiliary Systems supplied with these rotating equipment and packages.
Mechanical seals provide a running seal between rotating and stationary parts in pumps. They have advantages over conventional packing such as reduced leakage to meet environmental standards, lower maintenance costs, and ability to seal higher pressures. The basic components of a mechanical seal are the primary seal faces (one stationary, one rotating), secondary seals, and hardware. Seals work by creating a tight sealing contact between flat faces, and can be classified by type (pusher, unbalanced, etc.) and arrangement (single, double, cartridge). Proper seal selection requires considering the liquid, pressure, temperature, liquid characteristics, and reliability/emission needs.
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for overhauling a turbine. It outlines the preparation, alignment checks, disassembly, non-destructive testing, fact-finding, reassembly, and commissioning processes. The specific tasks listed include opening bearing pedestals, uncoupling various components, checking alignments, disassembling the high pressure and low pressure turbines and valve blocks, performing non-destructive testing, inspecting individual parts, reassembling components, and conducting final alignment checks and commissioning. Detailed procedures are provided for selected tasks such as opening bearing pedestals and uncoupling various turbine sections.
This document provides information on machinery alignment including definitions, types of misalignment, symptoms, causes, methods, and tools. It defines alignment as positioning rotating shafts so their centerlines match under operating conditions. The two main types of misalignment are radial, where shafts are parallel but offset, and axial, where one shaft is angled relative to the other. Methods discussed include rough alignment using straight edges or wires, and precision alignment using rim and face, reverse/graphical, or laser techniques. Tolerances, symptoms like vibration, and effects like increased wear are also covered.
This document discusses shaft couplings and alignment. It describes different types of shaft couplings like flange, sleeve, muff couplings. It discusses the requirements of good shaft couplings and problems that can occur in couplings. The document also covers alignment of shafts, methods to detect and correct misalignment like soft foot. It describes different alignment methods including dial gauge, reverse indicator and laser alignment. It discusses the effects of misalignment on vibration and characteristics to identify different types of misalignments.
Optimux globe control valves provide superior performance while permitting easy, fast, and inexpensive maintenance. Unlike diaphragm-operated control valves, the Piston cylinder-actuated OpGL™ provides stiffness, maintains high positioning accuracy control – making for the world’s most efficient and accurately responsive valve.
For more information on TrimTeck OpGL valves in Northern California, contact:
Belilove Company Engineers
21060 Corsair Blvd
Hayward, CA 94545
Phone: (510) 274-1990
Fax: (510) 274-1999
E-mail: sales@belilove.com
Pressure relieving valves like safety valves and safety relief valves are used in thermal power plants to prevent overpressure in pressurized systems. There are different types including safety valves, safety relief valves, and power operated relief valves. Safety valves open fully at a set pressure while safety relief valves can open proportionally. Standards like ASME Section I provide requirements for safety valve installation, capacity, materials, and settings to ensure systems are properly protected from overpressure. Safety valves are part of defense-in-depth protection schemes used in power plants to prevent accidents.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
Valve maintenance is important to ensure worker safety, smooth operation, and that the valve is functioning properly. Key maintenance items include changing the gasket, changing the gland packing at least every two years or as needed, and lapping the disc and seat to ensure a tight seal when the valve is closed.
The document discusses fluid couplings, which transmit power through a fluid between a driven impeller and rotor. Fluid couplings allow variable speed operation and controlled startups. Specifically, it discusses Voith variable speed turbo couplings, which can vary their oil filling level using a scoop tube to achieve infinitely variable speed control over a wide range. The scoop tube positioning determines the oil level and coupling's torque characteristics. An oil pump circulates oil through the coupling to enable this speed control function.
The document discusses gas turbine power plants. It describes the key components of a gas turbine - the air compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, and turbine. Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle and can be open or closed cycle. They have higher efficiency than steam plants but require specialized alloys due to high operating temperatures. Major applications include aviation, power generation, oil and gas industries, and marine propulsion.
Important measurements in Pump Maintenance Part 1
Measurements for Bearings
Shaft lift Check for Bearings Clearance measurement by Dial Gauge
Shaft lift Check in rolling element bearing
Clearance check in plain bearing
Plain Bearing clearance check by Blue Matching
Plain Bearing clearance check by Plastic gauge
Plain Bearing clearance check by Led, Babbit Metal wire
Measurements for Shaft
Shaft deflection or whip measurements by dial gauge.
Shaft end play measurements by Dial Gauge.
Shaft eccentric(radial run out) measurements
Shaft perpendicular (face run out) measurements
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
This document discusses shaft alignment, including definitions, symptoms of misalignment, pre-alignment checks, types of alignment, alignment methods, and effects of misalignment. It defines shaft alignment as positioning rotational centers of two or more shafts to be co-linear under normal operation. Symptoms of misalignment include premature failures, vibration, high temperatures, leakage, and structural issues. Methods discussed include indicator-based rim and face alignment and reverse shaft alignment using graphical techniques. Laser alignment is highlighted as an efficient modern method. Misalignment can cause excessive vibration, noise, lost production, poor quality, and reduced profits.
Pre-alignment is important to save time and money during shaft alignment. It involves observing the system for any issues like soft foot, thermal growth potential, or worn components. The alignment target or tolerance should be determined based on factors like coupling type and speed. Soft foot must be corrected by shimming feet to be level before alignment. Shaft alignment is done in four steps - correcting angular misalignment vertically, then parallel offset vertically, then angular misalignment horizontally, then parallel offset horizontally. Backlash and vibration need to be controlled during measurement.
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to increase the pressure and flow of a liquid. Liquid enters the center of the impeller and is accelerated outward by the curved blades of the impeller. This increases the pressure and flow of the liquid. Calculating the required head of a centrifugal pump involves accounting for static head, pipe friction losses, and adding additional head for safety. Proper pump selection is based on matching the required head and flow rate to the pump performance curves. Cavitation and ensuring adequate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) are also important considerations for centrifugal pump operation.
This document discusses automatic recirculation valves (ARVs), which are multi-functional valves installed in centrifugal pump lines. ARVs ensure a minimum flow through pumps to prevent overheating and damage. They incorporate a check valve, bypass valve, and pressure control in one body. The document describes the operating principles of ARVs and provides an overview of common scenarios where ARVs protect centrifugal pumps. It also outlines SchuF Fetterolf's product ranges for ARVs, including standard and custom designs, and provides technical details.
The document provides information about the boiler feed water pump system used in a power plant, including its purpose, components, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting guidelines. The system consists of a booster pump and larger feed water pump coupled together and driven by a single electric motor. Key components are described in detail, such as the pumps, turbo coupling, motor, and balancing device. Periodic maintenance tasks and clearances are outlined. Common issues that may arise are identified along with recommended solutions.
The document discusses the hydrogen seal oil system on a generator. It describes the purpose of the system as preventing hydrogen gas from escaping along the generator shaft by forming an oil film between the shaft and seal ring. It outlines the normal flow path of oil through the main seal oil pump and other components like the vacuum tank, emergency seal oil pump, and detraining tanks. It also discusses potential failures of components like pumps and the float trap, and the appropriate operator actions to take in response.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
List of API standards for rotating equipmentravisriniv
List of American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards used for rotating equipment in Petroleum, Petrochemical and Oil and Gas Industries like Pumps, Compressors, Turbines and Auxiliary Systems supplied with these rotating equipment and packages.
Mechanical seals provide a running seal between rotating and stationary parts in pumps. They have advantages over conventional packing such as reduced leakage to meet environmental standards, lower maintenance costs, and ability to seal higher pressures. The basic components of a mechanical seal are the primary seal faces (one stationary, one rotating), secondary seals, and hardware. Seals work by creating a tight sealing contact between flat faces, and can be classified by type (pusher, unbalanced, etc.) and arrangement (single, double, cartridge). Proper seal selection requires considering the liquid, pressure, temperature, liquid characteristics, and reliability/emission needs.
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for overhauling a turbine. It outlines the preparation, alignment checks, disassembly, non-destructive testing, fact-finding, reassembly, and commissioning processes. The specific tasks listed include opening bearing pedestals, uncoupling various components, checking alignments, disassembling the high pressure and low pressure turbines and valve blocks, performing non-destructive testing, inspecting individual parts, reassembling components, and conducting final alignment checks and commissioning. Detailed procedures are provided for selected tasks such as opening bearing pedestals and uncoupling various turbine sections.
This document provides information on machinery alignment including definitions, types of misalignment, symptoms, causes, methods, and tools. It defines alignment as positioning rotating shafts so their centerlines match under operating conditions. The two main types of misalignment are radial, where shafts are parallel but offset, and axial, where one shaft is angled relative to the other. Methods discussed include rough alignment using straight edges or wires, and precision alignment using rim and face, reverse/graphical, or laser techniques. Tolerances, symptoms like vibration, and effects like increased wear are also covered.
This document discusses shaft couplings and alignment. It describes different types of shaft couplings like flange, sleeve, muff couplings. It discusses the requirements of good shaft couplings and problems that can occur in couplings. The document also covers alignment of shafts, methods to detect and correct misalignment like soft foot. It describes different alignment methods including dial gauge, reverse indicator and laser alignment. It discusses the effects of misalignment on vibration and characteristics to identify different types of misalignments.
Optimux globe control valves provide superior performance while permitting easy, fast, and inexpensive maintenance. Unlike diaphragm-operated control valves, the Piston cylinder-actuated OpGL™ provides stiffness, maintains high positioning accuracy control – making for the world’s most efficient and accurately responsive valve.
For more information on TrimTeck OpGL valves in Northern California, contact:
Belilove Company Engineers
21060 Corsair Blvd
Hayward, CA 94545
Phone: (510) 274-1990
Fax: (510) 274-1999
E-mail: sales@belilove.com
Pressure relieving valves like safety valves and safety relief valves are used in thermal power plants to prevent overpressure in pressurized systems. There are different types including safety valves, safety relief valves, and power operated relief valves. Safety valves open fully at a set pressure while safety relief valves can open proportionally. Standards like ASME Section I provide requirements for safety valve installation, capacity, materials, and settings to ensure systems are properly protected from overpressure. Safety valves are part of defense-in-depth protection schemes used in power plants to prevent accidents.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
Valve maintenance is important to ensure worker safety, smooth operation, and that the valve is functioning properly. Key maintenance items include changing the gasket, changing the gland packing at least every two years or as needed, and lapping the disc and seat to ensure a tight seal when the valve is closed.
The document discusses fluid couplings, which transmit power through a fluid between a driven impeller and rotor. Fluid couplings allow variable speed operation and controlled startups. Specifically, it discusses Voith variable speed turbo couplings, which can vary their oil filling level using a scoop tube to achieve infinitely variable speed control over a wide range. The scoop tube positioning determines the oil level and coupling's torque characteristics. An oil pump circulates oil through the coupling to enable this speed control function.
The document discusses gas turbine power plants. It describes the key components of a gas turbine - the air compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, and turbine. Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle and can be open or closed cycle. They have higher efficiency than steam plants but require specialized alloys due to high operating temperatures. Major applications include aviation, power generation, oil and gas industries, and marine propulsion.
Important measurements in Pump Maintenance Part 1
Measurements for Bearings
Shaft lift Check for Bearings Clearance measurement by Dial Gauge
Shaft lift Check in rolling element bearing
Clearance check in plain bearing
Plain Bearing clearance check by Blue Matching
Plain Bearing clearance check by Plastic gauge
Plain Bearing clearance check by Led, Babbit Metal wire
Measurements for Shaft
Shaft deflection or whip measurements by dial gauge.
Shaft end play measurements by Dial Gauge.
Shaft eccentric(radial run out) measurements
Shaft perpendicular (face run out) measurements
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
This document discusses shaft alignment, including definitions, symptoms of misalignment, pre-alignment checks, types of alignment, alignment methods, and effects of misalignment. It defines shaft alignment as positioning rotational centers of two or more shafts to be co-linear under normal operation. Symptoms of misalignment include premature failures, vibration, high temperatures, leakage, and structural issues. Methods discussed include indicator-based rim and face alignment and reverse shaft alignment using graphical techniques. Laser alignment is highlighted as an efficient modern method. Misalignment can cause excessive vibration, noise, lost production, poor quality, and reduced profits.
Pre-alignment is important to save time and money during shaft alignment. It involves observing the system for any issues like soft foot, thermal growth potential, or worn components. The alignment target or tolerance should be determined based on factors like coupling type and speed. Soft foot must be corrected by shimming feet to be level before alignment. Shaft alignment is done in four steps - correcting angular misalignment vertically, then parallel offset vertically, then angular misalignment horizontally, then parallel offset horizontally. Backlash and vibration need to be controlled during measurement.
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to increase the pressure and flow of a liquid. Liquid enters the center of the impeller and is accelerated outward by the curved blades of the impeller. This increases the pressure and flow of the liquid. Calculating the required head of a centrifugal pump involves accounting for static head, pipe friction losses, and adding additional head for safety. Proper pump selection is based on matching the required head and flow rate to the pump performance curves. Cavitation and ensuring adequate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) are also important considerations for centrifugal pump operation.
This document discusses automatic recirculation valves (ARVs), which are multi-functional valves installed in centrifugal pump lines. ARVs ensure a minimum flow through pumps to prevent overheating and damage. They incorporate a check valve, bypass valve, and pressure control in one body. The document describes the operating principles of ARVs and provides an overview of common scenarios where ARVs protect centrifugal pumps. It also outlines SchuF Fetterolf's product ranges for ARVs, including standard and custom designs, and provides technical details.
The document provides information about the boiler feed water pump system used in a power plant, including its purpose, components, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting guidelines. The system consists of a booster pump and larger feed water pump coupled together and driven by a single electric motor. Key components are described in detail, such as the pumps, turbo coupling, motor, and balancing device. Periodic maintenance tasks and clearances are outlined. Common issues that may arise are identified along with recommended solutions.
chiller presentation [Read-Only] part 23-44.pdfRichliHarley
The document provides information about various chiller unit components and operating procedures. It describes:
1. The loss of charge switch and oil pressure switch, which detect refrigerant loss and low oil pressure respectively.
2. Crankcase heaters that prevent liquid refrigerant absorption when compressors are off.
3. A liquid differential pressure switch that shuts off the chiller if chilled water differential pressure drops below a threshold.
4. Periodic inspection and preventative maintenance procedures that should be conducted by facility staff and a service provider to monitor the chiller unit.
The document provides an overview of hydraulic systems, including:
1. It defines a hydraulic system as using pressurized fluid to perform work based on Pascal's Law of uniform pressure transmission.
2. It explains key hydraulic components like pumps, motors, valves and cylinders used to control flow and pressure.
3. It outlines the basics of open and closed loop systems and some common hydraulic symbols.
4. It identifies potential hazards like heat, flammability and high pressure failures that require safety precautions when working with hydraulic systems.
Toyota 5 fbc20 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides an overview of service procedures for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13-30 Series. It contains information on vehicle models, frame numbers, how to read the manual, terminology, abbreviations, operational tips, and the circuit tester. The manual covers exterior views, recommended lubricants and capacities, lubrication charts, periodic maintenance schedules, and the periodic replacement of parts and lubricants. Technicians should use this manual for providing quick and correct servicing of the corresponding forklift models.
Toyota 30 5 fbch20 battery forklift service repair manualfjjskmdmem
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13 - 30. It provides information to technicians for quick and correct servicing of these models. The manual deals with models as of November 1991, noting that designs may have changed since. It includes sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical troubleshooting, and other systems. Technicians are advised to use genuine Toyota parts for replacement and to observe proper tightening torques during reassembly.
Toyota 5 fbc15 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides an overview of service procedures for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13-30 Series. It contains information on vehicle models, frame numbers, how to read the manual, terminology, abbreviations, operational tips, and the circuit tester. The manual covers exterior views, recommended lubricants and capacities, lubrication charts, periodic maintenance schedules, and the periodic replacement of parts and lubricants. Technicians should use this manual for providing quick and correct servicing of the corresponding forklift models.
Toyota 5 fbc28 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13-30. It provides an overview of the manual's contents and how to use it properly. The manual includes sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical troubleshooting, and other major vehicle systems. It outlines procedures for inspection, disassembly, and reassembly of components. Technicians are advised to follow the descriptions carefully and use specified tools, torque values, and replacement parts.
Toyota 30 5 fbc25 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on readings vehicle identification numbers, maintenance schedules, replacement parts, and technical specifications like tightening torques and suspension angles.
Toyota 30 5 fbc30 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on readings vehicle identification numbers, maintenance schedules, replacement parts, and technical specifications like tightening torques and suspension angles.
Toyota 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualdfjjsjkemmm
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It contains sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical system troubleshooting, and other major components. The foreword states that the manual covers service procedures for the specified forklift models as of November 1991 and notes that actual vehicles may differ from the descriptions due to design changes. It also directs the user to Toyota publications for any updates to specifications or parts.
Toyota 30 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualfjjskmdmem
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It contains sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical system troubleshooting, and other major vehicle systems. The foreword states that the manual covers service procedures for the specified forklift models as of November 1991 and notes that actual vehicles may differ from the descriptions due to design changes. It also directs the user to Toyota publications for any updates to specifications or procedures.
Toyota 30 5 fbc20 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on readings vehicle identification numbers, maintenance schedules, replacement parts, and technical specifications like tightening torques and suspension angles.
Toyota 30 5 fbc30 battery forklift service repair manualfjjskmdmem
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on identification, inspection, maintenance and repairs.
Toyota 30 5 fbc13 battery forklift service repair manualdfjjsjkemmm
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13 - 30. It provides information to technicians for quick and correct servicing of these models. The manual describes exterior views, vehicle models, frame numbers, and how to read the manual. It also includes sections on operational tips, recommended circuit testers, standard bolt tightening torques, and periodic maintenance procedures. Technicians should refer to this manual for specifications and repair instructions when servicing Toyota forklifts 5FBC13 - 30.
Toyota 5 fbc30 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The document outlines how to read and use the service manual, including terminology, abbreviations, operational tips, and testing procedures. It provides tables of standard torque specifications, maintenance schedules, and lists of replacement parts and lubricants.
Toyota 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualfjskekxcddmmme
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13 - 30. It provides information to technicians for quick and correct servicing of these models. The manual deals with models as of November 1991, noting that designs may have changed since. It includes sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical troubleshooting, and other systems. Technicians are advised to use genuine Toyota parts for replacement and to observe proper tightening torques during reassembly.
Toyota 30 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on exterior views, frame numbers, manuals, terminology, testing, maintenance schedules and replacement parts.
Toyota 5 fbc18 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It contains sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical system troubleshooting, and other major vehicle systems. The foreword states that the manual covers service procedures for the specified forklift models as of November 1991 and notes that actual vehicles may differ from the descriptions due to design changes. It also directs the user to Toyota publications for any updates to specifications or procedures.
Toyota 30 5 fbch20 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
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36. Definition of Maintenance
Maintenance Pump is function which has an objective :
◦ To optimize the overall Pump effectiveness and perform
required to ensure availability.
◦ Minimize maintenance cost or cost avoidance.
◦ Under respect of the necessary conditions for Production
41
Maintenance Improvement
TPM (Total Productive Maintenance)
◦ Autonomy of operator for maintenance task
◦ Improving equipment utilization
◦ Better relation between Maintenance - Production
RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance)
◦ Maintenance model base on reliability equipment
◦ Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
◦ Maximize of technician experiences
Asset Care and Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
◦ Systematic approach for reducing the total maintenance
cost of equipment during the whole life time of
equipment. (Start from purchase until retirement)
37. Maintenance Process
42
CRITICALITY ANALYSIS
Non-Critical
Mid Range -
Critical
High -Critical
Maintenance /
Spare Decision
Process
Rapid
Maintenance
Asset
FMEA
Detail
Maintenance Decision Process
Identify Maintenance Task,
Frequency, Resources & Spares
Maintenance Summary Sheet
PM Schedule Generation & Analysis
IMPLEMENTATION
MAINTENANCE
SUMMARY
SHEET
Equipment Selection
For Further Analysis
RCM or FMEA
Maintenance Type
Selection
Maintenance Task
Definition
Maintenance Task
& Frequency
Summary Sheet5
Analysis Using
RCM
38. Maintenance Process
43
Entry of Malfunction
Equipment
Malfunction
Maintenance
Execution
Preparation
Completion
Analysis
Preventive Maintenance Plans
39. Maintenance
Implementation
44
Design review
Centrifugal Pump (ANSI/API/DIN/ISO)
Driver
Electric Motor – (NEMA, IEC)
Engine
Power Supplies
Available indicator power supply on the panel (light on controller)
Phase reversal (or normal phase rotation)
Both sources of power
Loss of phase
40. 45
Design review
Fuel Supply & Arrangement for Diesel Engine driven
Fuel tank capacity shall equal 1 gal/hp plus 5% for expansion and 5% for
sump.
Fuel tank shall be located above ground, never buried.
Fuel piping for connection at the Engine shall be flexible hose listed for
this application.
Engine cooling must be part of the Engine assembly can be either a heat
exchanger or radiator.
Heat exchanger water supply shall be taken from the pump discharge.
Controllers & Instrumentation
Low oil pressure
High Engine coolant temperature
Failure to start
Over speed shut down
Battery failure
Battery charger failure
Low air pressure (for air starter Engine)
Low hydraulic pressure (for hydraulic starter Engine)
Maintenance
Implementation
41. 46
Design
Pipe & Fittings
Valve (Control valve & Relief Valve)
Automatically air relief valve must be installed for all automatically
controlled fire pump to release air from the pump
Jockey Pump (Pressure maintenance pump)
Maintain constant line pressure
Prevent frequent operation of fire pump in non-emergency situation
Check capacity and pressure
Check setting pressure (start at 5-10 psi above start pressure of fire
pump)
Listed pump is not required
Check or re-calibrated of pressure switch setting (when necessary)
Gauge
Battery Starting
Two battery units must be provided
Starting must be alternated between battery
Attempt to start – 6 crank period of 15 second each with 5 rest period of
15 second each
Maintenance
Implementation
42. Item Activity Frequency
Pump house, heating ventilating louvers Inspection Weekly
Fire pump system Inspection weekly
Pump Operation
- Flow condition Test Weekly
Hydraulic system Maintenance Annually
Mechanical Transmission Maintenance Annually
Electrical System Maintenance Annually
Controller and various component Maintenance Annually
Motor Maintenance Annually
Diesel Engine system and various component Maintenance Annually
47
Perform maintenance activity
Maintenance
Implementation
43. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
A Pump System
1. Lubricated Pump Bearing X Annually
2. Check Pump Shaft End-play X Annually
3. Check accuracy of pressure gauge and
sensors
X X Annually (Change or
recalibrated when 5% out of
calibration
4. Check pump coupling X Annually
5. Wet pit suction screen X X After each pump operation.
B Mechanical Transmission
1. Lubricating coupling X Annually
2. Lubricant Right-Angle Gear Drive X Annually
48
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
44. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
C Electrical System
1. Check isolation switch and circuit breaker. X Monthly
2. Trip circuit breaker (if mechanism provided) X Annually
3. Operate manual starting means (electrical) X Semiannually
4. Inspect and operate emergency manual
starting means (without power)
X X Annually
5. Tighten electrical connection as necessary. X Annually
6. Lubricate mechanical moving parts
(excluding starter and relays)
X Annually
7. Calibrated pressure switch setting X Annually
8. Greasing motor bearings X Annually
49
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
45. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
1 Fuel Tank
a. Tank level X X Monthly
b. Tank float switch X X Annually
c. Solenoid valve operation X X Semiannually
d. Strainer, filter or dirt leg or
combination thereof.
X Annually
e. Water and foreign material in tank X Annually
f. Water in system X X Annually
g. Flexible hose and connector X Annually
h. Tank vents and overflow piping
unobstructed
X X Annually
i. Piping X Annually
50
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
46. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
2 Lubrication System
a. Oil level X X Weekly
b. Oil change X 50 hours or annually
c. Oil Filter X 50 hours or annually
d. Lube oil heater X Weekly
e. Crankcase breather X X X Quarterly
51
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
47. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
3 Cooling System
a). Level X X Weekly
b). Antifreeze protection level X Semiannually
c). Antifreeze X Annually
d). Adequate cooling water to heat
exchanger.
X Weekly
e). Rod out heat exchanger X Annually
f). Water pump X X Weekly
g). Condition of flexible hose & connection X X Weekly
h). Jacket water heater X Weekly
i). Inspect duck work, clean louvers
(combustion air)
X X X Annually
j). Water strainer X Quarterly
52
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
48. Item Complete as Applicable Visual
Chec
k
Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
4. Exhaust System
a). Leakage X X Weekly
b). Drain condensate trap X Weekly
c). Insulation and fire hazard X Quarterly
d). Excessive back pressure X Annually
e). Exhaust system hungers and support X Annually
f). Flexible exhaust section X Semiannually
53
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
49. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
5 Battery System
a). Electrolyte level X Weekly
b). Terminal clean and tight X X Quarterly
c). Remove corrosion, case exterior clean
and dry
X X X Monthly
d). Specific gravity or state of charge X Monthly
e). Charger and change rate X Monthly
f). Equalize charge X Monthly
54
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
50. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check
Chang
e
Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
6 Electrical System
a). General inspection X Weekly
b). Tighten control and power wiring
connection
X Annually
c). Wire chafing where object to
movement.
X X Quarterly
d). Operation of safeties and alarm X X Semiannually
e). Boxes, panel and cabinets X Semiannually
f). Circuit breaker and fuses X X Monthly
g). Circuit breaker and fuses X Biennially
55
Maintenance
Implementation
Perform maintenance activity
51.
52. Consequences of Bearing Failure
• Lost production
• Increased vibration effects equipment performance
• Shortened seal life
• High heat generation (risk of fire)
• Coupling failure due to high vibration
• High maintenance costs
54. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LITTLE OR NO DISCHARGE FLOW
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. PUMP NOT PRIMED
2. SPEED TOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD TOO HIGH
4. SUCTION LIFT HIGHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH
PUMP IS DESIGNED.
5. IMPELLER COMPLETELY PLUGGER
6. IMPELLER INSTALLED BACKWARD
7. WRONG DIRECTION OF ROTATION
8. AIR LEAK THROUGH STUFFING BOX
9. WELL DRAW-DOWN BELOW MINIMUM
SUBMERGENCE
10.PUMP DAMAGE DURING INSTALLATION
11.BROKEN LINE SHAFT OR COUPLING
12.IMPELLER LOOSE ON SHAFT
13.CLOSED SUCTION OR DISCHARGE VALE
55. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
INSUFFICIENT DISCHARGE FLOW OR PRESSURE
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. AIR LEAKS IN SUCTION AND STUFFING BOXES
2. SPEED TOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN ANTICIPATED
4. INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
5. FOOT VALVE TOO SMALL
6. WEAR RING WORN
7. IMPELLER DAMAGE
8. IMPELLER(S) LOOSE ON SHAFT
9. VORTEX AT SUCTION SUPPLY
10.SUCTION OR DISCHARGE VALVE PARTIALLY CLOSED
11.IMPELLER INBSTALLED BACKWARDS
12.WRONG DIRECTION ROTATION
56. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LOSS OF SUCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. LEAKY SUCTION LINE
2. WATER LINE TO SEAL PLUGGED
3. SUCTION LIFT TOO HIGH OR INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
4. AIR OR GAS IN LIQUID
5. SUCTION FLANGE GASKET DEFECTIVE
6. CLOGGED STRAINER
7. EXCESSIVE WELL DRAW-DOWN
57. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
EXCESSIVE POWER CONSUMPTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. SPEED TO HIGH
2. SYSTEM HEAD LOWER THAN RATING, PUMPS TOO MUCH
LIQUID (RADIAL & MIXED FLOW PUMPS)
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN RATING, PUMP TOO LITTLE
LIQUID (AXIAL FLOW PUMPS)
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OR VISCOSITY OF LIQUID PUMPED IS
TOO HIGH
5. SHAFT BENT
6. ROTATING ELEMENT BINDS
7. STUFFING BOXES TOO TIGHT
8. WEARING RING WORN
9. UNDERSIZE MOTOR CABLE
10.INCORRECT LUBRICATION
11.MECHANICAL SEAL POWER CONSUMPTION
12.PUMP AND MOTOR OPERATING IN REVERSE DIRECTION
13.IMPELLER MOUNTED ON SHAFT WITH INVERTED
ORIENTATION.
58. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP VIBRATION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. MISALIGNMENT SHAFT
2. UNBALANCE ROTOR ELEMENT
1. IMPELLER ERRODED
2. SHAFT RUBBING
3. BEARING FAILURE
3. RESONANCE
4. PUMP CAVITATION
5. JOURNAL BEARING CLEARANCE OVERSIZE
6. SHAFT WORN-OUT
7. ROTATING ELEMENT CRITICAL SPEED
8. PUMP RUNNING LESS THAN MINIMUM CONTINUOUS
FLOW.
9. PUMP TOO MUCH FLOW
59. CRITERIA
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
BEARING HOUSING PUMP SHAFT
PUMP BEARING TYPE
ALL HYDRODINAMIC JOURNAL BEARING
VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
OVERALL
FOR PUMP RUNNING AT UP TO 3600 r/min
AND ABSORBING UP TO 300kW (400hp) PER
STAGE :
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
(0,12 in/s RMS)
FOP PUMP RUNNING ABOVE 3600 r/min OR
ABSORBING MORE THAN 300 Kw (400hp)
PER STAGE
Au < (5,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK
{(8000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 50 µm PEAK TO PEAK
(2,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)
DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu FOR f < n : Af < 0,33 Au
ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT
FLOWS OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED
OPERATING REGION BUT WITHIN THE
ALLOWABLE OPERATING REGION
30 % 30 %
POWER CALCULATED FOR BEP OF RATED IMPELLER WITH LIQUID RELATIVE DENSITY (SPECIFIC GARVITY) = 1.0
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
Ƒ = IS THE FREQUANCY
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT
FIGURE.
VIBRATION LIMITS FOR OVERHUNG AND BETWEEN BEARING PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
60. VIBRATION LIMITS FOR VERTICAL SUSPENDED PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
CRITERIA
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
PUMP THRUST BEARING HOUSING OR
MOTOR MOUNTING FLANGE
PUMP SHAFT (ADJACENT TO BEARING)
PUMP BEARING TYPE
ALL
HYDRODINAMIC GUIDE BEARING
ADJACENT TO ACCESSIBLE REGION OF
SHAFT
VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
OVERALL
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
(0,12 in/s RMS)
Au < (6,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK
{(10000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 100 µm PEAK TO PEAK
(4,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)
DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu Af < 0,75 Au
ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT
FLOWS OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED
OPERATING REGION BUT WITHIN THE
ALLOWABLE OPERATING REGION
30 % 30 %
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
61. NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa)
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa) IS THE TOTAL SUCTION HEAD OF
LIQUID ABSOLUTE DETERMINED AT THE FIRST STAGE IMPELLER DATUM, LESS THE
ABSOLUTE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID IN HEAD OF LIQUID PUMPED:
NPSHa = h sa - h vp
WHERE :
h sa = TOTAL SUCTION HEAD ABOSUTE
= h atm + h s
OR :
NPSHa = h atm + h s - h vp
OR :
(METRIC) NPSHa = ( (Patm – Pvp) / 9.8 s )+
h s
(US UNITS) NPSAa = ( 2.31/s (Patm – Pv) ) +
h s
62.
63. S.G.= 0.8
Atm. Press
14m Total Line Losses = 5m
Vapor Press = 0.3 kg/cm2
NPSH (A) = [ Z (m) + Atm Press. ] – [Line Losses+ Vapor Press]
= [14 + ( 1.03 x 10/0.8 ) ] –
[ 5 + 0.3 x 10 / 0.8 ) ]
= ?????
NPSH ( A ) Calculation
69. HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
366
US Unit (HP)
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
3960
Where :
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
H = Head (Meter)
PUMP EFFICIENCY
THE RATIO OF THE PUMP OUTPUT POWER (Pw) TO THE PUMP INPUT POWER (Pp); THAT IS THE
RATIO OF THE HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER TO THE BRAKE HORSEPOWER EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENT :
Ƞp = Hydraulic Horsepower x 100%
Brake Horsepoer
Where :
Q = Capacity (GPM)
H = Head (FEET)
70. MOTOR HORSEPOWER
THE POWER MEASURED BASE ON MOTOR’s AMPERE AND VOLTAGE WHEN THE PUMP RUNNING :
Motor (kW) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф / 1000
Motor (HP) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф x 1.341 / 1000
73. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE TOLERANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Condition Rated Point (%) Shutoff(%)
Rated Differential Head :
- 0 m to 150 m (0 Ft to 500 Ft)
-2
+5
+10
-10 a
- 151 m to 300 m (501 Ft to 1000 Ft)
-2
+3
+8
-8 a
- > 300 m (1000 Ft)
-2
+2
+5
-5 a
Rated Power +4 b -
Rated NPSH 0 -
Note : Efficiency is not rating value
a. If a rising head flow curve is specified (see 5.1.13) the negative tolerance specified here
shall be allowed only if the test curve still shows a rising characteristic.
b. Under any combination of the above (cumulative tolerances are not acceptable)
75. WEAR RING AND RUNNING CLEARANCE
RADIAL RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL BE USED TO LIMIT INTERNAL LEAKAGE
AND, WHERE NECESSARY , BALANCE AXIAL THRUST.
RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL MEET THE
REQUIREMENT :
• CONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO PUMPING
TEMPERATURE, SUCTION CONDITION, THE LIQUID
PROPERTIES, THERMAL EXPANSION AND GALLING
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MATERIALS AND PUMP
EFFICIENCY.
• FOR CAST IRON, BRONZE, HARDENED MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEEL AND MATERIAL WITH SIMILARLY
LOW GALLING TENDENCIES, THE MINIMUM
CLEARANCE GIVEN IN THE TABLE.
• FOR MATERIALS WITH HIGHER GALLING
TENDENCIES AND FOR ALL MATERIALS OPERATING
AT TEMPERATURE ABOVE 260OC (500 OF), 125 µm
(0.005 Inch) SHALL BE ADDED TO THESE DIAMETRAL
CLEARANCE.
• FOR NON-METALLIC WEAR RING MATERIALS WITH
VERY LOW OR NO GALLING TENDENCIES
CLEARANCES LESS THAN THOSE GIVEN IN TABLE.
79. WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(mm)
Minimum diametral
clearance (mm)
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(inch)
Minimum diametral
clearance (inch)
<50 0.25 < 2.00 0.010
50 to 64.99 0.28 2.000 to 2.499 0.011
65 to 79.99 0.30 2.500 to 2.999 0.012
80 to 89.99 0.33 3.000 to 3.499 0.013
90 to 99.99 0.35 3.500 to 3.999 0.014
100 to 114.99 0.38 4.000 to 4.499 0.015
115 to 124.99 0.40 4.500 to 4.999 0.016
125 to 149.99 0.43 5.000 to 5.999 0.017
150 to 174.99 0.45 6.000 to 6.999 0.018
175 to 199.99 0.48 7.000 to 7.999 0.019
200 to 224.99 0.50 8.000 to 8.999 0.020
225 to 249.99 0.53 9.000 to 9.999 0.021
250 to 274.99 0.55 10.000 to 10.999 0.022
275 to 299.99 0.58 11.000 to 11.999 0.023
80. WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(mm)
Minimum diametral
clearance (mm)
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(inch)
Minimum diametral
clearance (inch)
300 to 324.99 0.60 12.000 to 12.999 0.024
325 to 349.99 0.63 13.000 to 13.999 0.025
350 to 374.99 0.65 14.000 to 14.999 0.026
375 to 399.99 0.68 15.000 to 15.999 0.027
400 to 424.99 0.70 16.000 to 16.999 0.028
425 to 449.99 0.73 17.000 to 17.999 0.029
450 to 474.99 0.75 18.000 to 18.999 0.030
475 to 499.99 0.78 19.000 to 19.999 0.031
500 to 524.99 0.80 20.000 to 20.999 0.032
525 to 549.99 0.83 21.000 to 21.999 0.033
550 to 574.99 0.85 22.000 to 22.999 0.034
575 to 599.99 0.88 23.000 to 23.999 0.035
600 to 624.99 0.90 24.000 to 24.999 0.036
625 to 649.99 0.95 25.000 to 25.999 0.037
81.
82. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PROBLEM :
- Pump jammed
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
-Shaft misalignment
-Bearing clearance
oversize
-Shaft bend during install
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump
83. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump
EQUIPMENT :
- Firewater Pump
PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
FACT FINDING :
-Casing too much
scalling
-Case wear ring
oversize
84. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
- Vertical Suspended
Pump
EQUIPMENT :
- Seawater Lift Pump
PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
-Vibration during
running
FACT FINDING :
- Impeller wear ring clearance
oversize
- Impeller wear ring corroded
109. CONCEPT OF FLUID
A FLUID IS A SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE CONSTITUENT MOLECULES ARE FREE TO MOVE
RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.
CONVERSELY, IN A SOLID, THE RELATIVE POSITION OF MOLECULES REMAIN ESSENTIALLY
FIXED UNDER NON-DESCTRUCTIVE CONDITION OF TEMEPARTURE AND PRESSURE. WHILE
THESE DEFINITIONS CLASSIFY MATTER INTO FLUIDS AND SOLIDS, THE FLUID SUB-DIVIDE
FURTHER INTO LIQUID AND GASES.
MOLECULES OF ANY SUBSTANCE EXHIBIT AT LEAST TWO TYPES OF FORCES; AN ATTRACTIVE
FORCE THAT DIMINISHES WITH THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MOLECULES, AND A
FORCE OF REPULSION THAT BECOMES STRONG WHEN MOLECULES COME VERY CLOSE
TOGETHER.
IN SOLIDS, THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS SO DOMINANT THAT THE MOELCULES REMAIN
ESSENTIALLY FIXED IN POSITION WHILE THE RESISTING FORCE OF REPULSION PREVENTS
THEM FROM COLLAPSING INTO EACH OTHER. HOWEVER, IF HEAT IS SUPPLIED TO THE SOLID,
THE ENERGY IS ABSORBED INTERNALLY CAUSING THE MOLECULES TO VIBRATE WITH
INCREASING AMPLITUDE. IF THAT VIBRATION BECOMES SUFFICIENTLY VIOLENT, THEN THE
BONDS OF ATTACHTION WILL BE BROKEN.
MOLECULES WILL THEN BE FREE TO MOVE IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER – THE SOLID MELTS
TO BECOME A LIQUID.
110. VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION
MOST MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPING SYSTEM ARE BASED ON THE VOLUME OF FLUID (M3)
THAT PASSES THROUGH A GIVEN CROSS SECTION OF PIPE OR FLUID WAY IN UNIT TIME (1 SECOND).
THE UNITS OF VOLUME FLOW, Q, ARE, THEREFORE, M3/S. HOWEVER, FOR ACCURATE ANALYSES
WHEN DENSITY VARIATIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, IT IS PREFERABLE TO WORK IN TERMS
OF MASS FLOW – THAT IS, THE MASS OF AIR (Kg) PASSING THROUGH THE CROSS SECTION IN 1
SECOND. THE UNITS OF MASS FLOW, M, ARE THEN Kg/S
IN ANY CONTINUOUS PIPE OR FLUID WAY, THE MASS FLOW PASSING THROUGH ALL CROSS
SECTIONS ALONG ITS LENGTH ARE EQUAL, PROVIDED THAT THE SYSTEM IS AT STEADY STATE
AND THERE ARE NO INFLOWS OR OUTFLOWS OF FLUID BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS. IF THESE
CONDITIONS ARE MET THEN,
111. VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION
THIS IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION. A COMMON METHOD OF MEASURING
VOLUME FLOW IS TO DETERMINETHE MEAN VELOCITY OF AIR, u, OVER A GIVEN CROSS SECTION,THEN
MULTIPLY BY THE AREA OF THAT CROSS-SECTION, A.
THEN THE CONTINUITY EQUATION BECOMES :
AS INDICATED IN THE PRECEDING SUBSECTION, WE CAN ACHIEVE ACCEPATBLE ACCURACY IN
MOST SITUATIONS WITHIN VENTILATION SYSTEMS BY ASSUMING A CONSTANT DENSITY. THE
CONTINUITY EQUATION THE SIMPLIFIES BACK TO
112. 2. FLUID PRESSURE
THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
PRESSURE HEAD
HEAD
GAUGE HEAD
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
113. THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
WHEN A MOLECULE REBOUNDS FROM ANY CONFINING BOUNDARY, A FORCE EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CHANGE OF MOMENTUM OF THAT MOLECULE IS EXERTED UPON THE BOUNDARY. IF
THE AREA OF THE SOLID/FLUID BOUNDARY IS LARGE COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE DISTANCE
BETWEEN MOLECULAR COLLISIONS THEN THE STATISCAL EFFECT WILL BE TO GIVE A UNIFORM
FORCE DISTRIBUTED OVER THAT BOUNDARY. THIS IS THE CASE IN MOST SITUATION OF
IMPORTANCE IN SUBSURFACE VENTILATION ENGINEERING.
TWO FURTHER CONSEQUENCES ARISE FROM THE BOMBARDMENT OF A VERY LARGE NUMBER
OF MOLECULES ON A SURFACE, EACH MOLECULE BEHAVING ESSENTIALLY AS A PERFECTLY
ELASTIC SPERE. FIRS, THE FORCE EXERTED BY A STATIC FLUID WILL ALWAYS BE NORMAL TO
THE SURFACE. SECONDLY, AT ANY POINT WITHIN A STATIC FLUID, THE PRESSURE IS THE SAME IN
ALL DIRECTIONS.
THE QUANTITATIVE DEFINITION OF PRESSURE, P, IS CLEARLY AND SIMPLE
114. PRESSURE HEAD
IF A LIQUID OF DENSITY, ρ IS POURED INTO A VERTICAL TUBE OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, A,
UNTIL THE LEVEL REACHES A HEIGHT, h, THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IS
THEN FROM THE DEFINISTION OF DENSITY (MASS/VOLUME), THE MASS OF THE LIQUID IS :
MASS = VOLUME X DENSITY
THE WEIGHT OF THE LIQUID WILL EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE BASE OF TUBE EQUAL TO MASS X
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g).
BUT AS A PRESSURE = FORCE / AREA, THE PRESSURE ON THE BASE OF THE TUBE IS
115. HEAD (h)
HEAD IS EXPRESSED OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF THE LIQUID REFERRED TO ANY ARBITRARY
DATUM. IT IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF LIQUID. THE MEASURING
UNIT FOR HEAD IS METERS (FEET) OF LIQUID.
GAUGE HEAD (hg)
THE ENERGY OF THE LIQUID DUE TO ITS PRESSURE ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC AS DTERMINED BY A
PRESSURE GAUGE OR OTHER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE.
METRIC
(Meter)
hg = Pressure Gauge (Kg/cm2)
(Gravity x Specific Gravity of the Liquid)
US unitsn
(Feet)
hg = (Pressure Gauge (PSI) x 2.31)
Specific Gravity of the Liquid)
116. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
THE BLANKET OF AIR THAT SHROUDS THE EARTH EXTENDS TO APPROXIMATELY 40Km ABOVE
THE SURFACE. AT THAT HEIGHT, ITS PRESSURE AND DENSITY TEND TOWARDS ZERO. AS WE
DESCEND TOWARDS THE EARTH, THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES PER UNIT VOLUME INCREASES,
COMPRESSED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR ABOVE. HENCE, THE PRESSURE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE ALSO INCREASES. HOWEVER, THE PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN THE LOWER
ATMOSPHERE IS INFLUENCED NOT ONLY BY THE COLUMN OF AIR ABOVE IT BUT ALSO BT THE
ACTION OF CONVECTION, WIND CURRENTS AND VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND WATER
VAPOUR CONTENT.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE NEAR THE SURFACE, THEREFORE,VARIES WITH BOTH PLACE AND
TIME. AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC PRESURE IS OF THE ORDER OF 100,000
Pa. FOR PRATICAL REFERENCE THIS IS OFTEN TRANSLATED INTO 100kPa ALTHOUGH THE BASIC
SI UNITS SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED IN CALCULATIONS. OLDER UNITS USED IN METEOROLOGY
FOR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ARE THE BAR (105Pa) AND THE MILIBAR (100 Pa)
FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSE, REFERENCE IS OFTEN MADE TO STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE. THIS IS THE PRESSURE THAT WILL SUPPORT A 0.790M COLUMN OF MERCURY
HAVING A DENSITY OF 13.5951 X 103 (Kg/m3) IN A STANDARD EARTH GRAVITATION FIELD OF 9.8066
(m/s2)
117. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
FOR MANY PURPOSES, IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE DIFFERENCES IN ORESSURE. ONE
COMMON EXAMPLE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESSURE WITHIN A SYSTEM SUCH AS
A DUCT AND THE EXTERIOR ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE. THIS IS REFERRED TO AS GAUGE
PRESSURE..
IF THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE SYSTEM IS BELOW THAT THE LOCAL AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE, THEN THE NEGATIVE GAUGE PRESSURE IS OFTEN TERMED THE SUCTION
PRESSURE OR VACUUM AND THE SIGN IGNORED.
THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE. ALTHOUGH MANY QUOTED MEASUREMENTS
ARE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES, IT IS THE ABOSOLUTE PRESSURE THAT ARE USED IN
THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS. WE MUST NOT FORGET TO CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY.
118. 3. FLUIDS IN MOTION
BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
119. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
AS A FLUID STREAM PASSES THROUGH A PIPE, THERE WILL BE CHANGE IS ITS VELOCITY, ELEVATION
AND PRESSURE. WE WILL CONSIDER THAT THE FLUID IS IDEAL; THAT IS, IT HAS NO VISCOSITY AND
PROCEEDS ALONG THE PIPE WITH NO SHEAR FORCES AND NO FRICTIONAL LOSSES. AND WILL IGNORE
ANY THERMAL EFFECTS AND CONSIDER MECHANICAL ENERGY ONLY
KINETIC ENERGY
SUPPOSE WE HAVE A MASS, m, OF FLUID MOVING AT VELOCITY, u, AT AN ELEVATION, Z, AND
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, P. THERE ARE THREE FORMS OF MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT WE NEED
TO CONSIDER. ENERGY QUANTITY FROM ZERO TO ITS ACTUAL VALUE IN THE PIPE..
IF WE COMMENCE WITH THE MASS, m, AT REST AND ACCERATE IT TO VELOCITY u IN t SECONDS BY
APPLYING A CONSTANT FORCE F, THEN THE ACCELERATION WILL BE UNIFORM AND THE MEAN
VELOCITY IS…
THEN, DISTANCE TRAVELLED = MEAN VELOCITY X TIME
120. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FURTHERMORE, THE ACCELARATION IS DEFINED AS
THE FORCE IS GIVEN BY :
AND THE WORK DONE TO ACCELERATE FROM REST TO VELOCITY u IS
THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MASS m IS , THEREFORE, m.u2/2 (Joules)
121. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
POTENTIAL ENERGY
ANY BASE ELEVATION MAY BE USED AS THE DATUM FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY. IF OUR MASS m IS
LOCATED ON THE BASE DATUM THEN IT WILL HAVE A POTENTIAL ENERGY OF ZERO RELATIVE TO THAT
DATUM. WE THEN EXERT AN UPWARD FORCE, F, SUFFICIENT TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF GARVITY.
WHERE, g IS THE GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION.
IN MOVING UPWARD TO THE FINAL ELEVATION OF Z METERS ABOVE THE DATUM, THE WORK
DONE IS..
THIS GIVES THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE MASS AT ELEVATION Z.
122. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOW WORK
SUPPOSE WE HAVE A HORIZONTAL PIPE, OPEN AT BOTH ENDS AND OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
A AS SHOWN BELOW. WE WISH TO INSERT A PLUG OF FLUID, VOLUME v AND MASS m INTO THE
PIPE. EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF FRICTION, THERE IS A RESISTANCE DUE TO THE PRESSURE OF
FLUID, P, THAT ALREADY EXISTS IN THE PIPE. HENCE, WE MUST EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE
PLUG OF FLUID TO OVERCOME THAT RESISTING PRESSURE. OUR INTENT IS TO FIND THE WORK
DONE ON THE PLUG OF FLUID IN ORDER TO MOVE IT A DISTANCE s INTO THE PIPE.
THE FORCE, F, MUST BALANCE THE PRESSURE, P, WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE AREA, A
HOWEVER, THE PRODUCT AS IS THE SWEPT VOLUME v, GIVING..
123. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOW WORK
NOW, BY DEFINITION, THE DENSITY IS..
HENCE, THE WORK DONE IN MOVING THE PLUG OF FLUID INTO THE PIPE IS :
NOW, WE ARE IN A POSITION TO QUANTITY THE TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY OF OUR MASS OF FLUID, m
TOTAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
KINETIC
ENERGY
POTENTIAL
ENERGY
FLOW
WORK
= + +
124. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
TOTAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
OR
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
366
US Unit (HP)
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
3960
Where :
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
H = Head (Meter)
Where :
Q = Capacity (GPM)
H = Head (FEET)