This document provides information on centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It includes classifications based on ANSI/API standards for overhung, between bearing, and vertically suspended pump designs. The document also details maintenance procedures and checklists for pump systems, mechanical components, electrical systems, diesel engines, and more. Common centrifugal pump problems like low flow are addressed along with potential causes such as air leaks, low speed, and high system head.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Centrifugal pumps work by using centrifugal force to push liquid outwards from the center of an impeller. As the liquid passes through the impeller and then the volute casing, its kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy. The main components are the shaft, impeller, and volute casing. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on how fluid enters the impeller as open, semi-open, or closed. Radial pumps produce high pressure but low flow, while axial pumps operate at lower pressure but higher flow. Mixed flow pumps provide a balance of pressure and flow. Centrifugal pumps require priming to fill the impeller before startup.
Positive displacement pumps move fluids by trapping a fixed volume and forcing that volume from the suction to discharge side. Reciprocating pumps, like piston pumps, use reciprocating motion powered by engines while rotary pumps use rotating components like gears or lobes. Piston pumps have two check valves and a reciprocating piston powered by translating rotary motion into linear motion. They can be direct or indirect acting, simplex or duplex, and single or double acting. Diaphragm pumps use a flexible diaphragm instead of pistons. Rotary pumps have gears, lobes, screws, cams, or vanes that rotate to trap and move fluid and include gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
Compressors presentation on Types, Classification and governing EquationsHassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Compressors. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
-Types.
-Selection.
-Performance.
-Worked Example.
-Excel Sheets for Calculation.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/rotatingequipment/compressors/
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
The document discusses the basics of steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the potential energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam into kinetic energy and then mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can be used to drive rotating equipment. Steam turbines are preferred in process plants because waste heat from reactions generates high-pressure steam. The document describes the main types of turbines and compares impulse and reaction turbines. It also outlines key components, safety devices, starting procedures, maintenance checks, and losses within steam turbine systems.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
Centrifugal pumps work by using centrifugal force to push liquid outwards from the center of an impeller. As the liquid passes through the impeller and then the volute casing, its kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy. The main components are the shaft, impeller, and volute casing. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on how fluid enters the impeller as open, semi-open, or closed. Radial pumps produce high pressure but low flow, while axial pumps operate at lower pressure but higher flow. Mixed flow pumps provide a balance of pressure and flow. Centrifugal pumps require priming to fill the impeller before startup.
Positive displacement pumps move fluids by trapping a fixed volume and forcing that volume from the suction to discharge side. Reciprocating pumps, like piston pumps, use reciprocating motion powered by engines while rotary pumps use rotating components like gears or lobes. Piston pumps have two check valves and a reciprocating piston powered by translating rotary motion into linear motion. They can be direct or indirect acting, simplex or duplex, and single or double acting. Diaphragm pumps use a flexible diaphragm instead of pistons. Rotary pumps have gears, lobes, screws, cams, or vanes that rotate to trap and move fluid and include gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
Compressors presentation on Types, Classification and governing EquationsHassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Compressors. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
-Types.
-Selection.
-Performance.
-Worked Example.
-Excel Sheets for Calculation.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/rotatingequipment/compressors/
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
The document discusses the basics of steam turbines. It explains that steam turbines convert the potential energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam into kinetic energy and then mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can be used to drive rotating equipment. Steam turbines are preferred in process plants because waste heat from reactions generates high-pressure steam. The document describes the main types of turbines and compares impulse and reaction turbines. It also outlines key components, safety devices, starting procedures, maintenance checks, and losses within steam turbine systems.
The document discusses different types of pumps used in fluid transport systems. It describes positive displacement pumps which use a fixed volume cavity to trap and transport fluid with each cycle. Dynamic pumps are also discussed, which add momentum to fluid without a fixed volume. Centrifugal pumps are described in detail, with their construction, working principle, performance parameters and efficiency calculations explained. The key aspects covered are the use of impellers to impart energy and velocity to fluid which is then converted to pressure by the volute casing.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSNamitha M R
The document discusses maintenance and troubleshooting of centrifugal pumps. It covers routine maintenance such as performance monitoring, alignment checks, and lubrication. Overhaul maintenance includes cleaning and replacing worn components like impellers, shafts, wearing rings and shaft sleeves. Troubleshooting addresses issues like insufficient or no water delivery, overloading of motors, and excessive vibration or heating, which could be due to problems like air leaks, worn parts, or improper speed. Proper maintenance and timely repairs are important to ensure efficient and reliable operation of centrifugal pumps.
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to impart velocity energy to fluid and increase pressure. They consist of a casing and impeller on a shaft. As fluid enters the impeller eye, the impeller blades spin and eject fluid outward, increasing pressure. The volute collects and redirects the fluid, converting velocity energy to pressure. During operation, pressure imbalances across the impeller cause both radial and axial thrusts. Radial thrust is balanced through design of the casing and volute. Axial thrust is balanced through methods like balancing holes, wear rings, back vanes, or double suction impellers.
This document provides a project report on the design, installation, and fabrication of a reciprocating pump. It includes sections on the project plan, classification of reciprocating pumps, pump components, performance, selection, design calculations, and applications. The objectives are to demonstrate a functional reciprocating pump and facilitate local access to water. The report covers pump types, components, performance characterization, and applications in areas like water supply.
Pumps are devices that use mechanical energy to increase the velocity, pressure, or elevation of liquids and gases. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps and dynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps apply direct pressure on a liquid using a reciprocating piston or rotating components. Dynamic pumps use centrifugal force to generate high rotational velocities and convert the kinetic energy of liquids into pressure energy. Common positive displacement pump types include piston pumps, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps. Common dynamic pump types include centrifugal pumps which contain an impeller and casing. Proper consideration of factors like net positive suction head are important for pump selection and operation.
This document summarizes the key components and operation of a Pelton turbine. It begins by describing Pelton turbines as impulse turbines that operate under high head with a jet of water impinging on buckets around the wheel. It then discusses the main components of Pelton turbines including the guide mechanism, buckets and runner, and casing. The guide mechanism controls water flow to maintain constant wheel speed. Buckets are designed to deflect the jet and withstand impact forces. Various Pelton turbine layouts and dimensions are also covered. Formulas for speed number, hydraulic efficiency, and sample dimensioning calculations are provided.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
Centrifugal pumps are rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a liquid. The impeller spins and throws liquid outward via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Key parts include the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on impeller shape, working head, number of stages, flow direction, and number of suctions. They work by converting the kinetic energy of the liquid into pressure energy. The minimum speed required for startup depends on the manometric head. Cavitation can occur if the pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse and damage surfaces.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
This document provides guidance on pump maintenance and troubleshooting. It discusses different types of maintenance including fix-on-failure, scheduled, preventive, and predictive maintenance. The document then covers mechanical and hydraulic pump problems, whether internal or external to the pump. Specific issues that could cause problems are identified. The importance of qualitative measurements like sounds and smells is emphasized. Case studies using gauge readings to troubleshoot issues are presented. Maintaining pumps is important to avoid downtime and costs.
This document outlines technical requirements for positive displacement pumps used in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries according to API 675 standards. It covers hydraulic diaphragm and packed plunger pump designs, excluding rotary pumps. Requirements include materials of construction, pressure containment, liquid end connections, flanges, check valves, diaphragms, relief valves, gears, bearings, lubrication, capacity control, and accessories like drivers, motors, couplings and guards.
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to increase the velocity and kinetic energy of a fluid. This increase in kinetic energy is then converted to pressure energy as the fluid passes through a volute casing, increasing the pressure. Centrifugal pumps have major components including a shaft, impeller, and volute casing. Radial pumps produce high pressure but low flow, while axial pumps operate at lower pressures but higher flow rates than radial pumps. Centrifugal pumps require priming to fill the impeller with liquid before startup.
The document discusses steam turbines, including:
- Their basic principle of converting steam energy into rotational energy through fixed and moving blades in stages.
- The two main types: impulse turbines which use nozzles to direct steam onto rotor blades, and reaction turbines which use fixed blades to expand steam before it hits moving blades.
- Key components like the casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings and gearbox.
- Common problems like stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and thermal fatigue.
- Impulse turbines use pressure drops in nozzles while reaction turbines utilize expanded steam from fixed blades.
Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to rotational energy. The main types are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, which use jet velocity, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan, which use changing fluid pressure. Steam turbines convert thermal energy from pressurized steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators using combustion. Wind turbines have rotors to capture kinetic wind energy and generators to produce electricity. Turbines are used widely in power generation and industrial applications.
The document discusses centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It begins with an overview of centrifugal pump classification according to ANSI/API standards, describing various pump designs and their type codes. It then covers topics like pump installation, maintenance processes and tasks, and common issues that can cause insufficient discharge flow such as the pump not being primed, low speed, high system head, and more.
The document discusses centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It begins with an overview of centrifugal pump classification according to ANSI/API standards, describing various pump designs and their type codes. It then covers topics like pump installation, maintenance processes and tasks, and common issues that can cause insufficient discharge flow such as the pump not being primed, low speed, high system head, and more.
The document discusses different types of pumps used in fluid transport systems. It describes positive displacement pumps which use a fixed volume cavity to trap and transport fluid with each cycle. Dynamic pumps are also discussed, which add momentum to fluid without a fixed volume. Centrifugal pumps are described in detail, with their construction, working principle, performance parameters and efficiency calculations explained. The key aspects covered are the use of impellers to impart energy and velocity to fluid which is then converted to pressure by the volute casing.
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSNamitha M R
The document discusses maintenance and troubleshooting of centrifugal pumps. It covers routine maintenance such as performance monitoring, alignment checks, and lubrication. Overhaul maintenance includes cleaning and replacing worn components like impellers, shafts, wearing rings and shaft sleeves. Troubleshooting addresses issues like insufficient or no water delivery, overloading of motors, and excessive vibration or heating, which could be due to problems like air leaks, worn parts, or improper speed. Proper maintenance and timely repairs are important to ensure efficient and reliable operation of centrifugal pumps.
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Centrifugal pumps work by using a rotating impeller to impart velocity energy to fluid and increase pressure. They consist of a casing and impeller on a shaft. As fluid enters the impeller eye, the impeller blades spin and eject fluid outward, increasing pressure. The volute collects and redirects the fluid, converting velocity energy to pressure. During operation, pressure imbalances across the impeller cause both radial and axial thrusts. Radial thrust is balanced through design of the casing and volute. Axial thrust is balanced through methods like balancing holes, wear rings, back vanes, or double suction impellers.
This document provides a project report on the design, installation, and fabrication of a reciprocating pump. It includes sections on the project plan, classification of reciprocating pumps, pump components, performance, selection, design calculations, and applications. The objectives are to demonstrate a functional reciprocating pump and facilitate local access to water. The report covers pump types, components, performance characterization, and applications in areas like water supply.
Pumps are devices that use mechanical energy to increase the velocity, pressure, or elevation of liquids and gases. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps and dynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps apply direct pressure on a liquid using a reciprocating piston or rotating components. Dynamic pumps use centrifugal force to generate high rotational velocities and convert the kinetic energy of liquids into pressure energy. Common positive displacement pump types include piston pumps, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps. Common dynamic pump types include centrifugal pumps which contain an impeller and casing. Proper consideration of factors like net positive suction head are important for pump selection and operation.
This document summarizes the key components and operation of a Pelton turbine. It begins by describing Pelton turbines as impulse turbines that operate under high head with a jet of water impinging on buckets around the wheel. It then discusses the main components of Pelton turbines including the guide mechanism, buckets and runner, and casing. The guide mechanism controls water flow to maintain constant wheel speed. Buckets are designed to deflect the jet and withstand impact forces. Various Pelton turbine layouts and dimensions are also covered. Formulas for speed number, hydraulic efficiency, and sample dimensioning calculations are provided.
The document provides information about pumps, including:
1) Pumps are mechanical devices that use rotation or reciprocation to move fluid from one place to another by converting energy into hydraulic energy.
2) The main purposes of pumps are to transfer fluid from low to high pressure areas, from low to high elevations, and from local to distant locations.
3) There are two main types of pumps - positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use centrifugal force to move fluid by spinning an impeller.
Centrifugal pumps are rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a liquid. The impeller spins and throws liquid outward via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Key parts include the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on impeller shape, working head, number of stages, flow direction, and number of suctions. They work by converting the kinetic energy of the liquid into pressure energy. The minimum speed required for startup depends on the manometric head. Cavitation can occur if the pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse and damage surfaces.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
This document provides guidance on pump maintenance and troubleshooting. It discusses different types of maintenance including fix-on-failure, scheduled, preventive, and predictive maintenance. The document then covers mechanical and hydraulic pump problems, whether internal or external to the pump. Specific issues that could cause problems are identified. The importance of qualitative measurements like sounds and smells is emphasized. Case studies using gauge readings to troubleshoot issues are presented. Maintaining pumps is important to avoid downtime and costs.
This document outlines technical requirements for positive displacement pumps used in the petroleum, chemical, and gas industries according to API 675 standards. It covers hydraulic diaphragm and packed plunger pump designs, excluding rotary pumps. Requirements include materials of construction, pressure containment, liquid end connections, flanges, check valves, diaphragms, relief valves, gears, bearings, lubrication, capacity control, and accessories like drivers, motors, couplings and guards.
Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy and come in various types. The main types are positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are frequently used in water distribution systems and work by spinning an impeller to push water outward. Axial flow pumps have flow entering and leaving along the pump axis. Multiple impellers can be arranged in series for higher head applications. Pump performance is characterized by curves showing how head and efficiency vary with flow. Total dynamic head and net positive suction head are important concepts for pump sizing and operation. Cavitation can occur if net positive suction head drops too low. Pumps can be arranged in series or parallel to meet different flow
Centrifugal pumps work by using an impeller to increase the velocity and kinetic energy of a fluid. This increase in kinetic energy is then converted to pressure energy as the fluid passes through a volute casing, increasing the pressure. Centrifugal pumps have major components including a shaft, impeller, and volute casing. Radial pumps produce high pressure but low flow, while axial pumps operate at lower pressures but higher flow rates than radial pumps. Centrifugal pumps require priming to fill the impeller with liquid before startup.
The document discusses steam turbines, including:
- Their basic principle of converting steam energy into rotational energy through fixed and moving blades in stages.
- The two main types: impulse turbines which use nozzles to direct steam onto rotor blades, and reaction turbines which use fixed blades to expand steam before it hits moving blades.
- Key components like the casing, rotor, blades, valves, bearings and gearbox.
- Common problems like stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and thermal fatigue.
- Impulse turbines use pressure drops in nozzles while reaction turbines utilize expanded steam from fixed blades.
Turbines extract energy from moving fluids and convert it to rotational energy. The main types are water, steam, gas, and wind turbines. Water turbines include impulse turbines like Pelton and cross-flow, which use jet velocity, and reaction turbines like Francis and Kaplan, which use changing fluid pressure. Steam turbines convert thermal energy from pressurized steam. Gas turbines power aircraft and generators using combustion. Wind turbines have rotors to capture kinetic wind energy and generators to produce electricity. Turbines are used widely in power generation and industrial applications.
The document discusses centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It begins with an overview of centrifugal pump classification according to ANSI/API standards, describing various pump designs and their type codes. It then covers topics like pump installation, maintenance processes and tasks, and common issues that can cause insufficient discharge flow such as the pump not being primed, low speed, high system head, and more.
The document discusses centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It begins with an overview of centrifugal pump classification according to ANSI/API standards, describing various pump designs and their type codes. It then covers topics like pump installation, maintenance processes and tasks, and common issues that can cause insufficient discharge flow such as the pump not being primed, low speed, high system head, and more.
The document provides information about the boiler feed water pump system used in a power plant, including its purpose, components, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting guidelines. The system consists of a booster pump and larger feed water pump coupled together and driven by a single electric motor. Key components are described in detail, such as the pumps, turbo coupling, motor, and balancing device. Periodic maintenance tasks and clearances are outlined. Common issues that may arise are identified along with recommended solutions.
This document discusses automatic recirculation valves (ARVs), which are multi-functional valves installed in centrifugal pump lines. ARVs ensure a minimum flow through pumps to prevent overheating and damage. They incorporate a check valve, bypass valve, and pressure control in one body. The document describes the operating principles of ARVs and provides an overview of common scenarios where ARVs protect centrifugal pumps. It also outlines SchuF Fetterolf's product ranges for ARVs, including standard and custom designs, and provides technical details.
Heavy duty gear pumps (Positive DisplacementRotary Twin gear Pumps) type AERN series pumps are useful for pumping and transfer of all kind of viscous Liquids and petroleum products.
The document provides information on servicing the cylinder head, valves, and camshaft of an engine. It includes specifications for parts, torque values for fasteners, and tools needed for the job. The procedures covered can be done with the engine installed in the frame. Cleaning and marking disassembled parts is important to ensure correct reassembly.
chiller presentation [Read-Only] part 23-44.pdfRichliHarley
The document provides information about various chiller unit components and operating procedures. It describes:
1. The loss of charge switch and oil pressure switch, which detect refrigerant loss and low oil pressure respectively.
2. Crankcase heaters that prevent liquid refrigerant absorption when compressors are off.
3. A liquid differential pressure switch that shuts off the chiller if chilled water differential pressure drops below a threshold.
4. Periodic inspection and preventative maintenance procedures that should be conducted by facility staff and a service provider to monitor the chiller unit.
The document provides an overview of hydraulic systems, including:
1. It defines a hydraulic system as using pressurized fluid to perform work based on Pascal's Law of uniform pressure transmission.
2. It explains key hydraulic components like pumps, motors, valves and cylinders used to control flow and pressure.
3. It outlines the basics of open and closed loop systems and some common hydraulic symbols.
4. It identifies potential hazards like heat, flammability and high pressure failures that require safety precautions when working with hydraulic systems.
The document discusses improvements made to the PV series of industrial piston pumps from a hydraulic pump/motor division. The PVplus design features a new pre-compression chamber (ripple chamber) technology that reduces noise by over 50% through lower flow pulsation. It has higher efficiency and improved robustness over the old PV design. The document provides details on pump specifications, models, control options like pressure compensation and load sensing, test results, and typical lead times.
This document provides a summary of steps to troubleshoot common issues in hydraulic systems. It begins with checking the pump suction strainer for debris, then isolating the pump and relief valve to test pressure buildup. Next, the document outlines testing the pump or relief valve individually. Further steps include checking the cylinder seals, directional control valve, and other components. The goal is to methodically test each component to trace the problem area through an organized process.
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for overhauling a turbine. It outlines the preparation, alignment checks, disassembly, non-destructive testing, fact-finding, reassembly, and commissioning processes. The specific tasks listed include opening bearing pedestals, uncoupling various components, checking alignments, disassembling the high pressure and low pressure turbines and valve blocks, performing non-destructive testing, inspecting individual parts, reassembling components, and conducting final alignment checks and commissioning. Detailed procedures are provided for selected tasks such as opening bearing pedestals and uncoupling various turbine sections.
The document discusses the components and operation of condensate extraction pumps, boiler feed pumps, and turbine driven boiler feed pumps. It describes how condensate extraction pumps extract condensate from the condenser hotwell and pump it to the deaerator. It outlines the multi-stage design and sealing of boiler feed pumps used to pressurize feedwater before entering the boiler. It also provides details on the oil, feedwater, gland seal steam, and extraction steam systems involved in starting up a turbine driven boiler feed pump.
Toyota 5 fbc20 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides an overview of service procedures for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13-30 Series. It contains information on vehicle models, frame numbers, how to read the manual, terminology, abbreviations, operational tips, and the circuit tester. The manual covers exterior views, recommended lubricants and capacities, lubrication charts, periodic maintenance schedules, and the periodic replacement of parts and lubricants. Technicians should use this manual for providing quick and correct servicing of the corresponding forklift models.
Toyota 30 5 fbch20 battery forklift service repair manualfjjskmdmem
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13 - 30. It provides information to technicians for quick and correct servicing of these models. The manual deals with models as of November 1991, noting that designs may have changed since. It includes sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical troubleshooting, and other systems. Technicians are advised to use genuine Toyota parts for replacement and to observe proper tightening torques during reassembly.
Toyota 5 fbc15 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document provides an overview of service procedures for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13-30 Series. It contains information on vehicle models, frame numbers, how to read the manual, terminology, abbreviations, operational tips, and the circuit tester. The manual covers exterior views, recommended lubricants and capacities, lubrication charts, periodic maintenance schedules, and the periodic replacement of parts and lubricants. Technicians should use this manual for providing quick and correct servicing of the corresponding forklift models.
Toyota 5 fbc28 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjejkdmem
This document is a service manual that covers Toyota forklifts models 5FBC13-30. It provides an overview of the manual's contents and how to use it properly. The manual includes sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical troubleshooting, and other major vehicle systems. It outlines procedures for inspection, disassembly, and reassembly of components. Technicians are advised to follow the descriptions carefully and use specified tools, torque values, and replacement parts.
Toyota 30 5 fbc25 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on readings vehicle identification numbers, maintenance schedules, replacement parts, and technical specifications like tightening torques and suspension angles.
Toyota 30 5 fbc30 battery forklift service repair manualfhsjekdmme
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It begins with an exterior view of the forklift and lists the vehicle models covered. The manual aims to provide quick and correct servicing procedures. It notes that designs may have changed since publication and to check for updates. The document includes sections on batteries, controls, electrical systems, motors, axles, steering, brakes and other components. It provides information on readings vehicle identification numbers, maintenance schedules, replacement parts, and technical specifications like tightening torques and suspension angles.
Toyota 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualdfjjsjkemmm
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It contains sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical system troubleshooting, and other major components. The foreword states that the manual covers service procedures for the specified forklift models as of November 1991 and notes that actual vehicles may differ from the descriptions due to design changes. It also directs the user to Toyota publications for any updates to specifications or parts.
Toyota 30 5 fbch25 battery forklift service repair manualfjjskmdmem
This document provides service information for the Toyota Battery Forklift 5FBC13 - 30 Series. It contains sections on the battery, control circuit, electrical system troubleshooting, and other major vehicle systems. The foreword states that the manual covers service procedures for the specified forklift models as of November 1991 and notes that actual vehicles may differ from the descriptions due to design changes. It also directs the user to Toyota publications for any updates to specifications or procedures.
This document discusses fire pumps for oil and gas industries. It covers topics like NFPA-20 standards, governing bodies, design considerations, typical installations, performance curves, and UL/FM certification requirements. The presentation is given by Simon Smith, who has over 40 years of experience in the pump industry. It provides an overview of Ruhrpumpen as a global pump manufacturer and discusses various pump types like horizontal split case pumps, vertical turbine pumps, and jockey pumps that are used in fire protection systems.
Short Course 6- Mechanical Seals and Sealing Systems.pdfyusuf699644
The document provides information about mechanical seals and sealing systems. It begins with an introduction to the presenter, Simon Smith, including his qualifications and experience. It then discusses the basics of sealing pumps, including the use of packing rings and mechanical seals. Several types of mechanical seals are described in detail, such as single pusher seals, bellows seals, and dual seals. Finally, common seal piping plans like Plans 11, 12, and 13 are explained in regards to how they provide flushing and lubrication to mechanical seals.
The document discusses the main parts of a centrifugal compressor, which are divided into rotor parts and stator parts. The rotor parts include the rotor assembly, shaft, impellers, spacer, balance drum, and thrust collar. The stator parts include the casing, diaphragms, bearings, seals, instrumentation, nozzles, and piping. The document provides detailed descriptions and images of each of the rotor and stator parts.
The document provides an overview of the American Petroleum Institute (API) 682 2nd Edition standard for shaft sealing systems for centrifugal and rotary pumps. It describes the purpose and benefits of the standard in promoting best practices for mechanical seal selection and operation. The standard establishes three seal categories and defines acceptable seal types, arrangements, operating ranges, and qualification testing requirements. The 2nd Edition expands the scope of the previous edition to include additional seal types and arrangements.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemeliharaan PLTD yang mencakup definisi pemeliharaan, jenis pemeliharaan berdasarkan waktu dan kondisi, metode pemeliharaan rutin, pemeliharaan berkala seperti top overhaul, semi overhaul, dan major overhaul beserta cakupan pekerjaannya.
Comparison of API610 12th and 11th Editions (1).pdfyusuf699644
This document provides a summary and comparison of key changes between the 12th and 11th editions of API 610, which specifies requirements for centrifugal pumps used in the petroleum, petrochemical, and gas industries. The 12th edition was recently released in January 2021. Some notable changes include new requirements focusing on improved equipment reliability, the introduction of API 691 references, and clarification of parallel pump operation requirements to help ensure pumps operate continuously within their preferred ranges. The presentation also highlights potential issues with pump selection if curve shapes and tolerances are not properly considered.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan panduan operasional genset Caterpillar meliputi persyaratan keselamatan, inspeksi sebelum menjalankan genset, proses menjalankan dan mematikan genset, serta pemantauan parameter selama operasi.
The document discusses gas turbine maintenance planning and procedures. It emphasizes the importance of maintenance for productivity and profitability. It provides details on inspection types and frequencies based on operating factors like fuel type, load, starts and trips. Guidelines are given for combustion inspections, hot gas path inspections, and calculating customized inspection intervals based on unit-specific operation.
The document provides information about operating procedures for a compressor at a refinery project in Paradeep. It discusses various steps involved in taking over the compressor from maintenance, starting it up, normal operation and monitoring, emergency shutdown, and shutting it down for handover to maintenance. Key steps include establishing utilities, warming up piping, starting the turbine slowly, monitoring parameters, and tripping in emergencies. Safety is emphasized throughout compressor operation.
The document discusses Shell's experience installing 251 centrifugal pumps for its Scotford Upgrader Expansion 1 project. It summarizes Shell's quality program aimed at achieving flawless start-up of projects. Specifically, it discusses lessons learned from previous projects that were incorporated into specifications for the pumps. It also outlines the procurement process, construction including installation, and commissioning of the pumps. The goal of the presentation is to discuss installation of the pumps and topics from each phase of the project from design to start-up.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move large volumes of liquid through the use of an impeller and volute. They have external components like couplings and internal components like impellers, bearings, shafts, and seals. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on factors such as shaft position, bearing position, impeller type, and number of impellers. Positive displacement pumps are alternatively used for low volume or high pressure applications, and work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid in a chamber and forcing it out. Common types include reciprocating, gear, screw, lobe, and piston pumps.
This document outlines procedures for commissioning and starting up a plant. It likely contains steps for ensuring all equipment and systems are installed correctly and functioning properly before beginning operations. The document establishes a process to safely start production at the plant by testing operations on a limited basis before ramping up to full capacity.
P&ID (Piping & Instrument Diagram) is a basic engineering document that indicates process requirements, equipment, piping, instrumentation, and logic relations in a plant. It should show all lines, flows, equipment, piping components, instrumentation for control, monitoring, and shutdown, and battery limits. P&IDs are used for detail engineering, planning, construction, commissioning, operation, and maintenance. They go through a verification process and are updated as built. Standard symbols are used to represent different items on P&IDs.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
41. Definition of Maintenance
Maintenance Pump is function which has an objective :
◦ To optimize the overall Pump effectiveness and perform
required to ensure availability.
◦ Minimize maintenance cost or cost avoidance.
◦ Under respect of the necessary conditions for Production
41
Maintenance Improvement
TPM (Total Productive Maintenance)
◦ Autonomy of operator for maintenance task
◦ Improving equipment utilization
◦ Better relation between Maintenance - Production
RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance)
◦ Maintenance model base on reliability equipment
◦ Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
◦ Maximize of technician experiences
Asset Care and Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
◦ Systematic approach for reducing the total maintenance cost
of equipment during the whole life time of equipment.(Start
from purchase until retirement)
42. Maintenance Process
42
CRITICALITY ANALYSIS
Non-Critical
Mid Range -
Critical
High -Critical
Maintenance /
Spare Decision
Process
Rapid
Maintenance
Asset
FMEA
Detail
Maintenance Decision Process
Identify Maintenance Task,
Frequency, Resources & Spares
Maintenance Summary Sheet
PM Schedule Generation & Analysis
IMPLEMENTATION
MAINTENANCE
SUMMARY
SHEET
Equipment Selection
For Further Analysis
RCM or FMEA
Maintenance Type
Selection
Maintenance Task
Definition
Maintenance Task
& Frequency
Summary Sheet5
Analysis Using
RCM
43. Maintenance Process
43
Entry of Malfunction
Equipment
Malfunction
Maintenance
Execution
Preparation
Completion
Analysis
Preventive Maintenance Plans
44. Maintenance Implementation
44
◼ Design review
◼ Centrifugal Pump (ANSI/API/DIN/ISO)
◼ Driver
◼ Electric Motor – (NEMA, IEC)
◼ Engine
◼ Power Supplies
◼ Available indicator power supply on the panel (light on controller)
◼ Phase reversal (or normal phase rotation)
◼ Both sources of power
◼ Loss of phase
45. 45
◼ Design review
◼ Fuel Supply & Arrangement for Diesel Engine driven
◼ Fuel tank capacity shall equal 1 gal/hp plus 5% for expansion and 5% for
sump.
◼ Fuel tank shall be located above ground, never buried.
◼ Fuel piping for connection at the Engine shall be flexible hose listed for
this application.
◼ Engine cooling must be part of the Engine assembly can be either a heat
exchanger or radiator.
◼ Heat exchanger water supply shall be taken from the pump discharge.
◼ Controllers & Instrumentation
◼ Low oil pressure
◼ High Engine coolant temperature
◼ Failure to start
◼ Over speed shut down
◼ Battery failure
◼ Battery charger failure
◼ Low air pressure (for air starter Engine)
◼ Low hydraulic pressure (for hydraulic starter Engine)
Maintenance Implementation
46. 46
◼ Design
◼ Pipe & Fittings
◼ Valve (Control valve & Relief Valve)
◼ Automatically air relief valve must be installed for all automatically
controlled fire pump to release air from the pump
◼ Jockey Pump (Pressure maintenance pump)
◼ Maintain constant line pressure
◼ Prevent frequent operation of fire pump in non-emergency situation
◼ Check capacity and pressure
◼ Check setting pressure (start at 5-10 psi above start pressure of fire
pump)
◼ Listed pump is not required
◼ Check or re-calibrated of pressure switch setting (when necessary)
◼ Gauge
◼ Battery Starting
◼ Two battery units must be provided
◼ Starting must be alternated between battery
◼ Attempt to start – 6 crank period of 15 second each with 5 rest period of
15 second each
Maintenance Implementation
47. Item Activity Frequency
Pump house, heating ventilating louvers Inspection Weekly
Fire pump system Inspection weekly
Pump Operation
- Flow condition Test Weekly
Hydraulic system Maintenance Annually
Mechanical Transmission Maintenance Annually
Electrical System Maintenance Annually
Controller and various component Maintenance Annually
Motor Maintenance Annually
Diesel Engine system and various component Maintenance Annually
47
◼ Perform maintenance activity
Maintenance Implementation
48. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
A Pump System
1. Lubricated Pump Bearing X Annually
2. Check Pump Shaft End-play X Annually
3. Check accuracy of pressure gauge and
sensors
X X Annually (Change or
recalibrated when 5% out of
calibration
4. Check pump coupling X Annually
5. Wet pit suction screen X X After each pump operation.
B Mechanical Transmission
1. Lubricating coupling X Annually
2. Lubricant Right-Angle Gear Drive X Annually
48
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
49. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
C Electrical System
1. Check isolation switch and circuit breaker. X Monthly
2. Trip circuit breaker (if mechanism provided) X Annually
3. Operate manual starting means (electrical) X Semiannually
4. Inspect and operate emergency manual
starting means (without power)
X X Annually
5. Tighten electrical connection as necessary. X Annually
6. Lubricate mechanical moving parts
(excluding starter and relays)
X Annually
7. Calibrated pressure switch setting X Annually
8. Greasing motor bearings X Annually
49
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
50. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
1 Fuel Tank
a. Tank level X X Monthly
b. Tank float switch X X Annually
c. Solenoid valve operation X X Semiannually
d. Strainer, filter or dirt leg or
combination thereof.
X Annually
e. Water and foreign material in tank X Annually
f. Water in system X X Annually
g. Flexible hose and connector X Annually
h. Tank vents and overflow piping
unobstructed
X X Annually
i. Piping X Annually
50
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
51. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
2 Lubrication System
a. Oil level X X Weekly
b. Oil change X 50 hours or annually
c. Oil Filter X 50 hours or annually
d. Lube oil heater X Weekly
e. Crankcase breather X X X Quarterly
51
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
52. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
3 Cooling System
a). Level X X Weekly
b). Antifreeze protection level X Semiannually
c). Antifreeze X Annually
d). Adequate cooling water to heat
exchanger.
X Weekly
e). Rod out heat exchanger X Annually
f). Water pump X X Weekly
g). Condition of flexible hose & connection X X Weekly
h). Jacket water heater X Weekly
i). Inspect duck work, clean louvers
(combustion air)
X X X Annually
j). Water strainer X Quarterly
52
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
53. Item Complete as Applicable Visual
Chec
k
Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
4. Exhaust System
a). Leakage X X Weekly
b). Drain condensate trap X Weekly
c). Insulation and fire hazard X Quarterly
d). Excessive back pressure X Annually
e). Exhaust system hungers and support X Annually
f). Flexible exhaust section X Semiannually
53
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
54. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check Change Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
5 Battery System
a). Electrolyte level X Weekly
b). Terminal clean and tight X X Quarterly
c). Remove corrosion, case exterior clean
and dry
X X X Monthly
d). Specific gravity or state of charge X Monthly
e). Charger and change rate X Monthly
f). Equalize charge X Monthly
54
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
55. Item Complete as Applicable Visual Check
Chang
e
Clean Test Frequecny
D Diesel Engine System
6 Electrical System
a). General inspection X Weekly
b). Tighten control and power wiring
connection
X Annually
c). Wire chafing where object to
movement.
X X Quarterly
d). Operation of safeties and alarm X X Semiannually
e). Boxes, panel and cabinets X Semiannually
f). Circuit breaker and fuses X X Monthly
g). Circuit breaker and fuses X Biennially
55
Maintenance Implementation
◼ Perform maintenance activity
56.
57. Consequences of Bearing Failure
• Lost production
• Increased vibration effects equipment performance
• Shortened seal life
• High heat generation (risk of fire)
• Coupling failure due to high vibration
• High maintenance costs
59. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LITTLE OR NO DISCHARGE FLOW
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. PUMP NOT PRIMED
2. SPEEDTOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD TOO HIGH
4. SUCTION LIFT HIGHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH PUMP IS
DESIGNED.
5. IMPELLER COMPLETELY PLUGGER
6. IMPELLER INSTALLED BACKWARD
7. WRONG DIRECTION OF ROTATION
8. AIR LEAK THROUGH STUFFING BOX
9. WELL DRAW-DOWN BELOW MINIMUM SUBMERGENCE
10. PUMP DAMAGE DURING INSTALLATION
11. BROKEN LINE SHAFT OR COUPLING
12. IMPELLER LOOSE ON SHAFT
13. CLOSED SUCTION OR DISCHARGEVALE
60. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
INSUFFICIENT DISCHARGE FLOW OR PRESSURE
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. AIR LEAKS IN SUCTION AND STUFFING BOXES
2. SPEEDTOO LOW
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN ANTICIPATED
4. INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
5. FOOTVALVETOO SMALL
6. WEAR RINGWORN
7. IMPELLER DAMAGE
8. IMPELLER(S) LOOSE ON SHAFT
9. VORTEX AT SUCTION SUPPLY
10. SUCTION OR DISCHARGEVALVE PARTIALLY CLOSED
11. IMPELLER INBSTALLED BACKWARDS
12. WRONG DIRECTION ROTATION
61. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
LOSS OF SUCTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. LEAKY SUCTION LINE
2. WATER LINETO SEAL PLUGGED
3. SUCTION LIFTTOO HIGH OR INSUFFICIENT NPSHA
4. AIR OR GAS IN LIQUID
5. SUCTION FLANGE GASKET DEFECTIVE
6. CLOGGED STRAINER
7. EXCESSIVEWELL DRAW-DOWN
62. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
EXCESSIVE POWER CONSUMPTION
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
1. SPEEDTO HIGH
2. SYSTEM HEAD LOWER THAN RATING, PUMPSTOO MUCH
LIQUID (RADIAL & MIXED FLOW PUMPS)
3. SYSTEM HEAD HIGHER THAN RATING, PUMPTOO LITTLE
LIQUID (AXIAL FLOW PUMPS)
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY ORVISCOSITY OF LIQUID PUMPED ISTOO
HIGH
5. SHAFT BENT
6. ROTATING ELEMENT BINDS
7. STUFFING BOXES TOO TIGHT
8. WEARING RINGWORN
9. UNDERSIZE MOTOR CABLE
10. INCORRECT LUBRICATION
11. MECHANICAL SEAL POWER CONSUMPTION
12. PUMP AND MOTOR OPERATING IN REVERSE DIRECTION
13. IMPELLER MOUNTED ON SHAFT WITH INVERTED
ORIENTATION.
64. CRITERIA
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
BEARING HOUSING PUMP SHAFT
PUMP BEARING TYPE
ALL HYDRODINAMIC JOURNAL BEARING
VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
OVERALL
FOR PUMP RUNNING AT UP TO 3600 r/min AND
ABSORBING UP TO 300kW (400hp) PER STAGE :
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
(0,12 in/s RMS)
FOP PUMP RUNNING ABOVE 3600 r/min OR
ABSORBING MORE THAN 300 Kw (400hp) PER
STAGE
Au < (5,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK
{(8000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 50 µm PEAK TO PEAK
(2,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)
DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu FOR f < n : Af < 0,33 Au
ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT FLOWS
OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
BUT WITHIN THE ALLOWABLE OPERATING
REGION
30 % 30 %
POWER CALCULATED FOR BEP OF RATED IMPELLER WITH LIQUID RELATIVE DENSITY (SPECIFIC GARVITY) = 1.0
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
Ƒ = IS THE FREQUANCY
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT FIGURE.
VIBRATION LIMITS FOR OVERHUNG AND BETWEEN BEARING PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
65. VIBRATION LIMITS FORVERTICAL SUSPENDED PUMP
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
CRITERIA
LOCATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
PUMP THRUST BEARING HOUSING OR MOTOR
MOUNTING FLANGE
PUMP SHAFT (ADJACENT TO BEARING)
PUMP BEARING TYPE
ALL
HYDRODINAMIC GUIDE BEARING ADJACENT
TO ACCESSIBLE REGION OF SHAFT
VIBRATION AT ANY FLOWRATE WITHIN THE PUMP’S PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
OVERALL
Vu <3,0 mm/s RMS
(0,12 in/s RMS)
Au < (6,2 x 106 / n)0.5 µm PEAK TO PEAK
{(10000 /n)0.5 mils PEAK TO PEAK}
NOTE TO EXCEED:
Au < 100 µm PEAK TO PEAK
(4,0 mils PEAK TO PEAK)
DISCRETE FREQUENCIES Vf < 0,67 vu Af < 0,75 Au
ALLOWABLE ICREASE IN VIBRATION AT FLOWS
OUTSIDE THE PREFERRED OPERATING REGION
BUT WITHIN THE ALLOWABLE OPERATING
REGION
30 % 30 %
VIBRATION VELOCITY AND AMPLITUDE VALUES CALCULATED FROM THE BASIC LIMITS SHALL BE ROUNDED OFF TO TWO SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
WHERE :
Vu = IS UNFILTERED VELOCITY, AS ,MEASURED
Vf = IS FILTERED VELOCITY
Au = IS THE AMPLITUDE OF UNFILTERED DISPLACEMENT, AS MEASURED
Af = IS AMPLITUDE OF FILTERED DISPLACEMENT
N = IS THE ROTAIONAL SPEED, EXPRESSED IN REVOLUTION PER MINUTE
66. NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa)
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD AVAILABLE (NPSHa) ISTHETOTAL SUCTION HEAD OF LIQUID
ABSOLUTE DETERMINEDAT THE FIRST STAGE IMPELLER DATUM, LESSTHE ABSOLUTEVAPOR
PRESSURE OFTHE LIQUID IN HEAD OF LIQUID PUMPED:
NPSHa = h sa - h vp
WHERE :
h sa = TOTAL SUCTION HEAD ABOSUTE
= h atm + h s
OR :
NPSHa = h atm + h s - h vp
OR :
(METRIC) NPSHa = ( (Patm – Pvp) / 9.8 s )+ h s
(US UNITS) NPSAa = ( 2.31/s (Patm – Pv) ) + h s
67.
68. S.G.= 0.8
Atm. Press
14m Total Line Losses = 5m
Vapor Press = 0.3 kg/cm2
NPSH (A) = [ Z (m) + Atm Press. ] – [Line Losses+ Vapor Press]
= [14 + ( 1.03 x 10/0.8 ) ] –
[ 5 + 0.3 x 10 / 0.8 ) ]
= ?????
NPSH ( A ) Calculation
74. HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
366
US Unit (HP)
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
3960
Where :
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
H = Head (Meter)
PUMP EFFICIENCY
THE RATIO OF THE PUMP OUTPUT POWER (Pw) TO THE PUMP INPUT POWER (Pp); THAT IS THE
RATIO OF THE HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER TO THE BRAKE HORSEPOWER EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENT :
Ƞp = Hydraulic Horsepower x 100%
Brake Horsepoer
Where :
Q = Capacity (GPM)
H = Head (FEET)
75. MOTOR HORSEPOWER
THE POWER MEASURED BASE ON MOTOR’s AMPERE AND VOLTAGE WHEN THE PUMP RUNNING :
Motor (kW) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф / 1000
Motor (HP) = Volt x Ampere x 1.73 x Cos Ф x 1.341 / 1000
78. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE TOLERANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Condition Rated Point (%) Shutoff(%)
Rated Differential Head :
- 0 m to 150 m (0 Ft to 500 Ft)
-2
+5
+10
-10 a
- 151 m to 300 m (501 Ft to 1000 Ft)
-2
+3
+8
-8 a
- > 300 m (1000 Ft)
-2
+2
+5
-5 a
Rated Power +4 b -
Rated NPSH 0 -
Note : Efficiency is not rating value
a. If a rising head flow curve is specified (see 5.1.13) the negative tolerance specified here shall be
allowed only if the test curve still shows a rising characteristic.
b. Under any combination of the above (cumulative tolerances are not acceptable)
80. WEAR RING AND RUNNING CLEARANCE
RADIAL RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL BE USEDTO LIMIT INTERNAL LEAKAGE AND,
WHERE NECESSARY , BALANCE AXIAL THRUST.
RUNNING CLEARANCE SHALL MEET THE
REQUIREMENT :
• CONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO PUMPING
TEMPERATURE, SUCTION CONDITION, THE LIQUID
PROPERTIES, THERMAL EXPANSION AND GALLING
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MATERIALS AND PUMP
EFFICIENCY.
• FOR CAST IRON, BRONZE, HARDENED MARTENSITIC
STAINLESS STEEL AND MATERIAL WITH SIMILARLY LOW
GALLING TENDENCIES, THE MINIMUM CLEARANCE
GIVEN INTHETABLE.
• FOR MATERIALS WITH HIGHER GALLING TENDENCIES
AND FOR ALL MATERIALS OPERATING AT TEMPERATURE
ABOVE 260OC (500 OF), 125 µm (0.005 Inch) SHALL BE
ADDEDTOTHESE DIAMETRAL CLEARANCE.
• FOR NON-METALLIC WEAR RING MATERIALS WITH VERY
LOW OR NO GALLING TENDENCIES CLEARANCES LESS
THAN THOSE GIVEN IN TABLE.
84. WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(mm)
Minimum diametral
clearance (mm)
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(inch)
Minimum diametral
clearance (inch)
<50 0.25 < 2.00 0.010
50 to 64.99 0.28 2.000 to 2.499 0.011
65 to 79.99 0.30 2.500 to 2.999 0.012
80 to 89.99 0.33 3.000 to 3.499 0.013
90 to 99.99 0.35 3.500 to 3.999 0.014
100 to 114.99 0.38 4.000 to 4.499 0.015
115 to 124.99 0.40 4.500 to 4.999 0.016
125 to 149.99 0.43 5.000 to 5.999 0.017
150 to 174.99 0.45 6.000 to 6.999 0.018
175 to 199.99 0.48 7.000 to 7.999 0.019
200 to 224.99 0.50 8.000 to 8.999 0.020
225 to 249.99 0.53 9.000 to 9.999 0.021
250 to 274.99 0.55 10.000 to 10.999 0.022
275 to 299.99 0.58 11.000 to 11.999 0.023
85. WEAR RING & MINIMUM RUNNING CLEARANCE
ANSI/API Standard 610 / ISO 13709, 10th Edition, October 2004
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(mm)
Minimum diametral
clearance (mm)
Diameter of rotating
members at clearance
(inch)
Minimum diametral
clearance (inch)
300 to 324.99 0.60 12.000 to 12.999 0.024
325 to 349.99 0.63 13.000 to 13.999 0.025
350 to 374.99 0.65 14.000 to 14.999 0.026
375 to 399.99 0.68 15.000 to 15.999 0.027
400 to 424.99 0.70 16.000 to 16.999 0.028
425 to 449.99 0.73 17.000 to 17.999 0.029
450 to 474.99 0.75 18.000 to 18.999 0.030
475 to 499.99 0.78 19.000 to 19.999 0.031
500 to 524.99 0.80 20.000 to 20.999 0.032
525 to 549.99 0.83 21.000 to 21.999 0.033
550 to 574.99 0.85 22.000 to 22.999 0.034
575 to 599.99 0.88 23.000 to 23.999 0.035
600 to 624.99 0.90 24.000 to 24.999 0.036
625 to 649.99 0.95 25.000 to 25.999 0.037
86.
87. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PROBLEM :
- Pump jammed
POSSIBLE CAUSE :
-Shaft misalignment
-Bearing clearance oversize
-Shaft bend during install
PUMP TYPE :
-Vertical Suspended Pump
88. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
-Vertical Suspended Pump
EQUIPMENT :
- Firewater Pump
PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
FACT FINDING :
-Casing too much scalling
-Case wear ring oversize
89. Centrifugal PUMP
PROBLEMS :
PUMP TYPE :
-Vertical Suspended Pump
EQUIPMENT :
- Seawater Lift Pump
PROBLEM :
-Insufficient Capacity
-Insufficient Pressure
-Vibration during running
FACT FINDING :
- Impeller wear ring clearance oversize
- Impeller wear ring corroded
114. CONCEPT OF FLUID
A FLUID IS A SUBSTANCE IN WHICH THE CONSTITUENT MOLECULES ARE FREE TO MOVE
RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER.
CONVERSELY, IN A SOLID, THE RELATIVE POSITION OF MOLECULES REMAIN ESSENTIALLY
FIXED UNDER NON-DESCTRUCTIVE CONDITION OF TEMEPARTURE AND PRESSURE. WHILE
THESE DEFINITIONS CLASSIFY MATTER INTO FLUIDS AND SOLIDS, THE FLUID SUB-DIVIDE
FURTHER INTO LIQUID AND GASES.
MOLECULES OF ANY SUBSTANCE EXHIBIT AT LEAST TWO TYPES OF FORCES; AN ATTRACTIVE
FORCE THAT DIMINISHES WITH THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN MOLECULES, AND A
FORCE OF REPULSION THAT BECOMES STRONG WHEN MOLECULES COME VERY CLOSE
TOGETHER.
IN SOLIDS, THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION IS SO DOMINANT THAT THE MOELCULES REMAIN
ESSENTIALLY FIXED IN POSITION WHILE THE RESISTING FORCE OF REPULSION PREVENTS
THEM FROM COLLAPSING INTO EACH OTHER. HOWEVER, IF HEAT IS SUPPLIED TO THE SOLID,
THE ENERGY IS ABSORBED INTERNALLY CAUSING THE MOLECULES TO VIBRATE WITH
INCREASING AMPLITUDE. IF THAT VIBRATION BECOMES SUFFICIENTLY VIOLENT, THEN THE
BONDS OF ATTACHTION WILL BE BROKEN.
MOLECULES WILL THEN BE FREE TO MOVE IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER – THE SOLID MELTS
TO BECOME A LIQUID.
115. VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION
MOST MEASUREMENT OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPING SYSTEM ARE BASED ON THE VOLUME OF FLUID (M3)
THAT PASSES THROUGH A GIVEN CROSS SECTION OF PIPE OR FLUID WAY IN UNIT TIME (1 SECOND).
THE UNITS OF VOLUME FLOW, Q, ARE, THEREFORE, M3/S. HOWEVER, FOR ACCURATE ANALYSES
WHEN DENSITY VARIATIONS ARE TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, IT IS PREFERABLE TO WORK IN TERMS
OF MASS FLOW – THAT IS, THE MASS OF AIR (Kg) PASSING THROUGH THE CROSS SECTION IN 1
SECOND. THE UNITS OF MASS FLOW, M, ARE THEN Kg/S
IN ANY CONTINUOUS PIPE OR FLUID WAY, THE MASS FLOW PASSING THROUGH ALL CROSS
SECTIONS ALONG ITS LENGTH ARE EQUAL, PROVIDED THAT THE SYSTEM IS AT STEADY STATE
AND THERE ARE NO INFLOWS OR OUTFLOWS OF FLUID BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS. IF THESE
CONDITIONS ARE MET THEN,
116. VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW &
CONTINUITY EQUATION
THIS IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION. A COMMON METHOD OF MEASURING
VOLUME FLOW IS TO DETERMINETHE MEAN VELOCITY OF AIR, u, OVER A GIVEN CROSS SECTION,THEN
MULTIPLY BY THE AREA OF THAT CROSS-SECTION, A.
THEN THE CONTINUITY EQUATION BECOMES :
AS INDICATED IN THE PRECEDING SUBSECTION, WE CAN ACHIEVE ACCEPATBLE ACCURACY IN
MOST SITUATIONS WITHIN VENTILATION SYSTEMS BY ASSUMING A CONSTANT DENSITY. THE
CONTINUITY EQUATION THE SIMPLIFIES BACK TO
117. 2. FLUID PRESSURE
THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
PRESSURE HEAD
HEAD
GAUGE HEAD
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
118. THE CAUSE OF FLUID PRESSURE
WHEN A MOLECULE REBOUNDS FROM ANY CONFINING BOUNDARY, A FORCE EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CHANGE OF MOMENTUM OF THAT MOLECULE IS EXERTED UPON THE BOUNDARY. IF
THE AREA OF THE SOLID/FLUID BOUNDARY IS LARGE COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE DISTANCE
BETWEEN MOLECULAR COLLISIONS THEN THE STATISCAL EFFECT WILL BE TO GIVE A UNIFORM
FORCE DISTRIBUTED OVER THAT BOUNDARY. THIS IS THE CASE IN MOST SITUATION OF
IMPORTANCE IN SUBSURFACE VENTILATION ENGINEERING.
TWO FURTHER CONSEQUENCES ARISE FROM THE BOMBARDMENT OF A VERY LARGE NUMBER
OF MOLECULES ON A SURFACE, EACH MOLECULE BEHAVING ESSENTIALLY AS A PERFECTLY
ELASTIC SPERE. FIRS, THE FORCE EXERTED BY A STATIC FLUID WILL ALWAYS BE NORMAL TO
THE SURFACE. SECONDLY, AT ANY POINT WITHIN A STATIC FLUID, THE PRESSURE IS THE SAME IN
ALL DIRECTIONS.
THE QUANTITATIVE DEFINITION OF PRESSURE, P, IS CLEARLY AND SIMPLE
119. PRESSURE HEAD
IF A LIQUID OF DENSITY, ρ IS POURED INTO A VERTICAL TUBE OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA, A,
UNTIL THE LEVEL REACHES A HEIGHT, h, THE VOLUME OF LIQUID IS
THEN FROM THE DEFINISTION OF DENSITY (MASS/VOLUME), THE MASS OF THE LIQUID IS :
MASS = VOLUME X DENSITY
THE WEIGHT OF THE LIQUID WILL EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE BASE OF TUBE EQUAL TO MASS X
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g).
BUT AS A PRESSURE = FORCE / AREA, THE PRESSURE ON THE BASE OF THE TUBE IS
120. HEAD (h)
HEAD IS EXPRESSED OF THE ENERGY CONTENT OF THE LIQUID REFERRED TO ANY ARBITRARY
DATUM. IT IS EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT OF LIQUID. THE MEASURING
UNIT FOR HEAD IS METERS (FEET) OF LIQUID.
GAUGE HEAD (hg)
THE ENERGY OF THE LIQUID DUE TO ITS PRESSURE ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC AS DTERMINED BY A
PRESSURE GAUGE OR OTHER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE.
METRIC
(Meter)
hg = Pressure Gauge (Kg/cm2)
(Gravity x Specific Gravity of the Liquid)
US unitsn
(Feet)
hg = (Pressure Gauge (PSI) x 2.31)
Specific Gravity of the Liquid)
121. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
THE BLANKET OF AIR THAT SHROUDS THE EARTH EXTENDS TO APPROXIMATELY 40Km ABOVE
THE SURFACE. AT THAT HEIGHT, ITS PRESSURE AND DENSITY TEND TOWARDS ZERO. AS WE
DESCEND TOWARDS THE EARTH, THE NUMBER OF MOLECULES PER UNIT VOLUME INCREASES,
COMPRESSED BY THE WEIGHT OF THE AIR ABOVE. HENCE, THE PRESSURE OF THE
ATMOSPHERE ALSO INCREASES. HOWEVER, THE PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN THE LOWER
ATMOSPHERE IS INFLUENCED NOT ONLY BY THE COLUMN OF AIR ABOVE IT BUT ALSO BT THE
ACTION OF CONVECTION, WIND CURRENTS AND VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND WATER
VAPOUR CONTENT.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE NEAR THE SURFACE, THEREFORE,VARIES WITH BOTH PLACE AND
TIME. AT THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC PRESURE IS OF THE ORDER OF 100,000
Pa. FOR PRATICAL REFERENCE THIS IS OFTEN TRANSLATED INTO 100kPa ALTHOUGH THE BASIC
SI UNITS SHOULD ALWAYS BE USED IN CALCULATIONS. OLDER UNITS USED IN METEOROLOGY
FOR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ARE THE BAR (105Pa) AND THE MILIBAR (100 Pa)
FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSE, REFERENCE IS OFTEN MADE TO STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE. THIS IS THE PRESSURE THAT WILL SUPPORT A 0.790M COLUMN OF MERCURY
HAVING A DENSITY OF 13.5951 X 103 (Kg/m3) IN A STANDARD EARTH GRAVITATION FIELD OF 9.8066
(m/s2)
122. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
FOR MANY PURPOSES, IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE DIFFERENCES IN ORESSURE. ONE
COMMON EXAMPLE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESSURE WITHIN A SYSTEM SUCH AS
A DUCT AND THE EXTERIOR ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE. THIS IS REFERRED TO AS GAUGE
PRESSURE..
IF THE PRESSURE WITHIN THE SYSTEM IS BELOW THAT THE LOCAL AMBIENT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE, THEN THE NEGATIVE GAUGE PRESSURE IS OFTEN TERMED THE SUCTION
PRESSURE OR VACUUM AND THE SIGN IGNORED.
THE ABSOLUTE PRESSURE IS ALWAYS POSITIVE. ALTHOUGH MANY QUOTED MEASUREMENTS
ARE PRESSURE DIFFERENCES, IT IS THE ABOSOLUTE PRESSURE THAT ARE USED IN
THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS. WE MUST NOT FORGET TO CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY.
123. 3. FLUIDS IN MOTION
BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
124. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
AS A FLUID STREAM PASSES THROUGH A PIPE, THERE WILL BE CHANGE IS ITS VELOCITY, ELEVATION
AND PRESSURE. WE WILL CONSIDER THAT THE FLUID IS IDEAL; THAT IS, IT HAS NO VISCOSITY AND
PROCEEDS ALONG THE PIPE WITH NO SHEAR FORCES AND NO FRICTIONAL LOSSES. AND WILL IGNORE
ANY THERMAL EFFECTS AND CONSIDER MECHANICAL ENERGY ONLY
KINETIC ENERGY
SUPPOSE WE HAVE A MASS, m, OF FLUID MOVING AT VELOCITY, u, AT AN ELEVATION, Z, AND
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, P. THERE ARE THREE FORMS OF MECHANICAL ENERGY THAT WE NEED
TO CONSIDER. ENERGY QUANTITY FROM ZERO TO ITS ACTUAL VALUE IN THE PIPE..
IF WE COMMENCE WITH THE MASS, m, AT REST AND ACCERATE IT TO VELOCITY u IN t SECONDS BY
APPLYING A CONSTANT FORCE F, THEN THE ACCELERATION WILL BE UNIFORM AND THE MEAN
VELOCITY IS…
THEN, DISTANCE TRAVELLED = MEAN VELOCITY X TIME
125. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FURTHERMORE, THE ACCELARATION IS DEFINED AS
THE FORCE IS GIVEN BY :
AND THE WORK DONE TO ACCELERATE FROM REST TO VELOCITY u IS
THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MASS m IS , THEREFORE, m.u2/2 (Joules)
126. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
POTENTIAL ENERGY
ANY BASE ELEVATION MAY BE USED AS THE DATUM FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY. IF OUR MASS m IS
LOCATED ON THE BASE DATUM THEN IT WILL HAVE A POTENTIAL ENERGY OF ZERO RELATIVE TO THAT
DATUM. WE THEN EXERT AN UPWARD FORCE, F, SUFFICIENT TO COUNTERACT THE EFFECT OF GARVITY.
WHERE, g IS THE GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION.
IN MOVING UPWARD TO THE FINAL ELEVATION OF Z METERS ABOVE THE DATUM, THE WORK
DONE IS..
THIS GIVES THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF THE MASS AT ELEVATION Z.
127. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOWWORK
SUPPOSE WE HAVE A HORIZONTAL PIPE, OPEN AT BOTH ENDS AND OF CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
A AS SHOWN BELOW. WE WISH TO INSERT A PLUG OF FLUID, VOLUME v AND MASS m INTO THE
PIPE. EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF FRICTION, THERE IS A RESISTANCE DUE TO THE PRESSURE OF
FLUID, P, THAT ALREADY EXISTS IN THE PIPE. HENCE, WE MUST EXERT A FORCE, F, ON THE
PLUG OF FLUID TO OVERCOME THAT RESISTING PRESSURE. OUR INTENT IS TO FIND THE WORK
DONE ON THE PLUG OF FLUID IN ORDER TO MOVE IT A DISTANCE s INTO THE PIPE.
THE FORCE, F, MUST BALANCE THE PRESSURE, P, WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED OVER THE AREA, A
HOWEVER, THE PRODUCT AS IS THE SWEPT VOLUME v, GIVING..
128. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
FLOWWORK
NOW, BY DEFINITION, THE DENSITY IS..
HENCE, THE WORK DONE IN MOVING THE PLUG OF FLUID INTO THE PIPE IS :
NOW, WE ARE IN A POSITION TO QUANTITY THE TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY OF OUR MASS OF FLUID, m
TOTAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
KINETIC
ENERGY
POTENTIAL
ENERGY
FLOW
WORK
= + +
129. BERNOULLI’s EQUATION for IDEAL FLUID
TOTAL
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
OR
HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
THE POWER IMPARTED TO THE LIQUID :
METRIC (Kw) H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
366
US Unit (HP)
H hp = Q x H x Sp.Gr
3960
Where :
Q = Capacity (M3/Hr)
H = Head (Meter)
Where :
Q = Capacity (GPM)
H = Head (FEET)