This document summarizes research on the reproductive barrier between Asian and African cultivated rice species. The researchers characterized hybrid sterility in crosses between Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima. They found pollen and embryo sac abortion in hybrids, occurring during early microspore and post-meiosis stages, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed structural changes in candidate sterility genes, F-box genes at the S1 and S1A loci. Expression analysis showed highest F-box expression in hybrids during critical gametogenesis stages. This supports the hypothesis that altered F-box genes cause hybrid sterility between the two rice species.
This document discusses Solynta's work on developing diploid hybrid potato varieties for Africa through hybrid breeding. Some key points:
- Solynta is developing diploid hybrid potato varieties using F1 hybrid breeding techniques, which can introduce new traits like disease resistance faster than traditional breeding methods.
- Their hybrid breeding approach involves developing elite inbred female and male parent lines, making test crosses between lines, then selecting high performing hybrid varieties.
- Preliminary results show experimental hybrids grown in Africa had higher yields than traditional seed potatoes over 90 days.
- Solynta aims to "double stack" hybrids with resistance to Phytophthora infestans using marker assisted breeding
Structural and functional annotation of mads box gene in grape vinesJatindra Nath Mohanty
This document summarizes research on MADS-box transcription factor genes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The researchers identified 90 functional MADS-box genes in the grapevine genome, including 37 that had not been identified previously. They grouped the genes into different classes (MIKC, MIKC*, Mα, Mγ) based on phylogenetic analysis. Several newly discovered grapevine genes did not have clear homologs in other plant species. The MADS-box genes were found to be distributed across 17 grapevine chromosomes. This study provides the most comprehensive analysis of MADS-box genes in grapevine to date.
Molecular mechanism of male sterility in plant systemShilpa Malaghan
This document summarizes a seminar on molecular approaches for genetic engineering of male sterility. It begins by defining male sterility as the inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen. It then describes different types of male sterility including genic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced sterility. The document discusses the molecular basis of male sterility and anther development, using the T cytoplasm in maize as a model system. It also outlines several genetic engineering approaches that have been used to induce male sterility in crops like tobacco, including the use of ribonuclease genes, a deacetylase system, a two-component barnase system, and engineering chloroplast-induced sterility.
Biotechnological applications in Male Sterility and Hybrid BreedingJwalit93
Male sterility refers to the inability of plants to produce or release functional pollen grains. There are several types of male sterility including genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced sterility. Male sterility is important for hybrid seed production as it allows for the elimination of manual emasculation. Various biotechnological techniques can be used to induce and control male sterility, such as targeting the tapetum tissue, using RNA interference to silence genes involved in pollen development, or developing inducible or two-component sterility systems. These methods allow for more efficient hybrid seed production.
This document discusses vegetable production and hybrid seed production in India and Himachal Pradesh. It provides the following key points:
1. India is the world's largest vegetable producer and Himachal Pradesh produces over 1.3 million metric tons annually.
2. Productivity can be increased by using hybrid seeds along with improved cultivation techniques. Hybrid seeds have higher yields but also higher costs.
3. Self-incompatibility and male sterility are genetic mechanisms that can reduce the cost of hybrid seed production and make hybrids more accessible to farmers. The document then goes into details about these mechanisms.
Hybrid seed production and male sterility in maizemegha25887
Hybrid seed production in maize relies on male sterility of the female parent. This can be achieved through manual emasculation, genetic male sterility using recessive genes, or cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS). CMS uses mitochondrial mutations that lead to pollen abortion and is divided into T, C, and S types distinguished by their mitochondrial DNA and proteins. The T-CMS system confers both male sterility and disease susceptibility through the T-urf13 gene. Restoration of fertility is achieved through nuclear genes and can be sporophytic or gametophytic depending on the CMS type.
The document summarizes the present perspective of hybrid seed production using male sterility in cotton. It discusses two main hybrid seed production methods - hand emasculation and pollination, and male sterility based hybrids. For male sterility based hybrids, it covers the mechanisms of genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also provides examples of thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS) and photo-period sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS) in cotton, describing their temperature and photoperiod responses that control male sterility and fertility.
Bioetcnology applications in male sterility and hybrid production Anilkumar C
This document discusses various methods of inducing male sterility for plant breeding applications. It describes three main types of male sterility - cytoplasmic, nuclear, and chemically-induced. Cytoplasmic male sterility is maternally inherited and can be autoplastic or alloplastic in origin. Nuclear male sterility is governed by nuclear genes. The document also discusses use of cytoplasmic male sterility in hybrid seed production systems using A, B, and R lines. Additionally, it outlines methods for inducing male sterility through recombinant DNA technology, including use of dominant male sterility genes, inducible sterility systems, and two-component systems.
This document discusses Solynta's work on developing diploid hybrid potato varieties for Africa through hybrid breeding. Some key points:
- Solynta is developing diploid hybrid potato varieties using F1 hybrid breeding techniques, which can introduce new traits like disease resistance faster than traditional breeding methods.
- Their hybrid breeding approach involves developing elite inbred female and male parent lines, making test crosses between lines, then selecting high performing hybrid varieties.
- Preliminary results show experimental hybrids grown in Africa had higher yields than traditional seed potatoes over 90 days.
- Solynta aims to "double stack" hybrids with resistance to Phytophthora infestans using marker assisted breeding
Structural and functional annotation of mads box gene in grape vinesJatindra Nath Mohanty
This document summarizes research on MADS-box transcription factor genes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). The researchers identified 90 functional MADS-box genes in the grapevine genome, including 37 that had not been identified previously. They grouped the genes into different classes (MIKC, MIKC*, Mα, Mγ) based on phylogenetic analysis. Several newly discovered grapevine genes did not have clear homologs in other plant species. The MADS-box genes were found to be distributed across 17 grapevine chromosomes. This study provides the most comprehensive analysis of MADS-box genes in grapevine to date.
Molecular mechanism of male sterility in plant systemShilpa Malaghan
This document summarizes a seminar on molecular approaches for genetic engineering of male sterility. It begins by defining male sterility as the inability of flowering plants to produce functional pollen. It then describes different types of male sterility including genic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced sterility. The document discusses the molecular basis of male sterility and anther development, using the T cytoplasm in maize as a model system. It also outlines several genetic engineering approaches that have been used to induce male sterility in crops like tobacco, including the use of ribonuclease genes, a deacetylase system, a two-component barnase system, and engineering chloroplast-induced sterility.
Biotechnological applications in Male Sterility and Hybrid BreedingJwalit93
Male sterility refers to the inability of plants to produce or release functional pollen grains. There are several types of male sterility including genetic, cytoplasmic, and chemically-induced sterility. Male sterility is important for hybrid seed production as it allows for the elimination of manual emasculation. Various biotechnological techniques can be used to induce and control male sterility, such as targeting the tapetum tissue, using RNA interference to silence genes involved in pollen development, or developing inducible or two-component sterility systems. These methods allow for more efficient hybrid seed production.
This document discusses vegetable production and hybrid seed production in India and Himachal Pradesh. It provides the following key points:
1. India is the world's largest vegetable producer and Himachal Pradesh produces over 1.3 million metric tons annually.
2. Productivity can be increased by using hybrid seeds along with improved cultivation techniques. Hybrid seeds have higher yields but also higher costs.
3. Self-incompatibility and male sterility are genetic mechanisms that can reduce the cost of hybrid seed production and make hybrids more accessible to farmers. The document then goes into details about these mechanisms.
Hybrid seed production and male sterility in maizemegha25887
Hybrid seed production in maize relies on male sterility of the female parent. This can be achieved through manual emasculation, genetic male sterility using recessive genes, or cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS). CMS uses mitochondrial mutations that lead to pollen abortion and is divided into T, C, and S types distinguished by their mitochondrial DNA and proteins. The T-CMS system confers both male sterility and disease susceptibility through the T-urf13 gene. Restoration of fertility is achieved through nuclear genes and can be sporophytic or gametophytic depending on the CMS type.
The document summarizes the present perspective of hybrid seed production using male sterility in cotton. It discusses two main hybrid seed production methods - hand emasculation and pollination, and male sterility based hybrids. For male sterility based hybrids, it covers the mechanisms of genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also provides examples of thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS) and photo-period sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS) in cotton, describing their temperature and photoperiod responses that control male sterility and fertility.
Bioetcnology applications in male sterility and hybrid production Anilkumar C
This document discusses various methods of inducing male sterility for plant breeding applications. It describes three main types of male sterility - cytoplasmic, nuclear, and chemically-induced. Cytoplasmic male sterility is maternally inherited and can be autoplastic or alloplastic in origin. Nuclear male sterility is governed by nuclear genes. The document also discusses use of cytoplasmic male sterility in hybrid seed production systems using A, B, and R lines. Additionally, it outlines methods for inducing male sterility through recombinant DNA technology, including use of dominant male sterility genes, inducible sterility systems, and two-component systems.
The document summarizes research using genomics to study Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease in turfgrass. Key points include:
1) Developing a global sample of S. homoeocarpa populations to study genetic structure and relationship to fungicide resistance.
2) Sequencing the S. homoeocarpa genome and comparing it to related species, identifying mating type loci and developing microsatellite markers.
3) Characterizing the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) gene which is the target of DMI fungicides and investigating mechanisms of fungicide resistance.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques for inducing male sterility in plants. It begins by defining male sterility and describing its classification, including genetic, cytoplasmic, and transgenic types. It then focuses on techniques for transgenic genetic male sterility, listing several genes that have been used to induce sterility when introduced into plants. The document proceeds to discuss approaches for engineering male sterility by targeting anther and pollen development. It provides details on the barnase/barstar system and describes its use to create a male sterile line. Finally, it summarizes work using RNA interference to silence the Bcp1 gene and induce male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Transgenic techniques can be used to engineer male sterility by disrupting pollen development. The Barnase/Barstar system uses a cytotoxic barnase gene regulated by a tapetum-specific promoter to cause male sterility, while a co-expressed barstar gene allows fertility restoration. This dominant genetic male sterility system allows for easy hybrid seed production and elimination of male-fertile plants through herbicide selection. Other methods to induce and regulate male sterility include inducible and two-component systems that control sterility through chemical induction or combining genes from two parental lines.
Male sterility refers to nonfunctional pollen grains while female gametes function normally. There are several types of male sterility including cytoplasmic (governed by cytoplasmic genes), genetic (governed by nuclear genes), and cytoplasmic-genetic (governed by both). Male sterility prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination, leading to heterozygosity. It has various applications in plant breeding for the production of hybrid seeds, especially in crops like maize, sorghum, and vegetables. The document discusses the characteristics, inheritance, and uses of different types of male sterility in crop improvement programs.
Genetic engineering can be used to induce male sterility in plants by expressing genes that disrupt pollen development. Researchers have successfully transformed tobacco and oilseed rape plants with the barnase gene, which encodes an RNAse enzyme that destroys tapetal cells, preventing pollen formation. Restoration of fertility was achieved by co-expressing the barstar gene, which inhibits barnase. Similarly, expressing the argE gene in rice under a pollen-specific promoter induces male sterility when activated by an inducer, allowing hybrid seed production. Genetic engineering offers possibilities for more efficient hybrid seed systems in crops where traditional methods have not generated usable male sterility.
This document discusses engineering male sterility in plants through genetic modification. It describes several approaches for inducing male sterility, including using genes that encode cytotoxic proteins like barnase under anther-specific promoters. The barnase/barstar system uses barnase to induce sterility, which can be restored by co-expressing the barnase inhibitor barstar. Other approaches discussed include altering hormone levels, using genes that induce pollen self-destruction, and modifying biochemical pathways. The document also discusses methods for maintaining sterile lines and restoring fertility, such as linking sterility genes to herbicide resistance genes.
Self-incompatibility is controlled by the S locus, a genetic locus with multiple alleles. It prevents self-fertilization in plants by halting the pollen germination process when pollen reaches the stigma of the same plant. Several genes are involved in mediating self-incompatibility, including the S-RNase gene which encodes an S-allele-specific glycoprotein expressed in the pistil, and S-genes in pollen which control pollen recognition. Self-incompatibility promotes genetic diversity and prevents inbreeding depression in plant populations.
Marker assisted selection of male sterility in rice --vipin Vipin Kannan
This document provides information on various methods of inducing male sterility in plants, especially rice, for the purpose of hybrid seed production. It discusses chemical, genetic, and transgenic approaches. Specifically, it describes cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear male sterility (NMS), and cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also discusses the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) to more efficiently select for male sterility genes and introgress them into adapted varieties through techniques like marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB). Overall, the document outlines methods for inducing and tracking male sterility that can facilitate efficient hybrid rice breeding programs.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility In Minor Crop - Sorghumishtiaq shariq
Sorghum is the world's 5th major cereal crop. It has emerged as ‘fuel’ crop
in addition to its food, feed and fodder utilities. Sorghum is predominantly a self pollinated
crop and development of new ‘varieties’ is a natural option for crop
improvement. However, there is 5 to 15% out-crossing in sorghum depending upon
the wind direction, nature of genotype, and humidity, which makes
it amenable for use in population improvement and hybrid development to exploit
the heterosis. is the world 5th important cereal crop in the world.
This document discusses molecular breeding techniques using the Barnase-Barstar system for inducing male sterility in plants. It explains that the Barnase gene is cytotoxic and kills tapetum cells, preventing pollen development and resulting in transgenic male sterility. The Barstar gene provides fertility restoration. The system has been used successfully in tobacco and oilseed rape to develop hybrid seeds. Some benefits of this system include efficient fertility restoration, easy maintenance of male sterile lines, and elimination of male fertile plants from lines. However, alternative systems that are more attractive than Barnase-Barstar have also been explored.
Transgenic male sterility is a form of genetic male sterility induced through genetic engineering techniques. It involves introducing two genes into plant lines - one gene causes male sterility in the A line while the other suppresses this in the R line. The barnase-barstar system utilizes a barnase gene that induces male sterility and a barstar gene that binds to and inhibits barnase, allowing for male fertility. Hybrid seed production can be maintained using transgenic male sterility, where the sterile A line is crossed with the fertile R line to produce F1 hybrid seeds.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
This document discusses male sterility in plants, which is the inability to produce viable pollen. It covers the main types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also discusses methods for creating and detecting male sterility, as well as applications for hybrid seed production.
Molecular control of male fertility for crop hybrid breedingSuresh Antre
Harnessing hybrid vigor or heterosis is a promising approach to tackle the current challenge of sustaining enhanced yield gains of field crops. More than half of the production of major crops such as maize, rice, sorghum, rapeseed, and sunflower comes from hybrid varieties.
This document discusses the application of molecular markers for identifying fertility restorer genes. It begins by explaining why molecular markers are needed for screening restorer genes, as they allow for marker-assisted selection. It then describes the process of establishing a test cross nursery to identify restorers based on pollen and spikelet fertility tests. The document outlines different types of male sterility systems and the concepts of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. It provides two case studies on using molecular markers to screen rice and maize lines for restorer genes.
Male sterility and self incompatibility in crop plantsRakshith Pinku
1) Male sterility and self-incompatibility are mechanisms used in hybrid seed production to reduce manual labor costs and increase yields.
2) Male sterility is caused by genetic or cytoplasmic factors and prevents pollen development, while self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination.
3) These mechanisms allow for the large-scale production of F1 hybrid seeds by using male sterile plants as the female parent and maintaining parent lines.
This document discusses male sterility and its use in hybrid seed production. It defines male sterility as the inability to produce or release viable pollen. There are several types of male sterility including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility. CMS is determined by the cytoplasm and is stable across environments, while GMS expression can be influenced by temperature or photoperiod. Male sterility systems allow for efficient hybrid seed production by avoiding manual emasculation and pollination. The document provides various examples of crops where different male sterility systems have been utilized.
Male sterility applications in Hybrid seed production.Roshan Parihar
This document provides information about male sterility and its applications in plant breeding. It defines male sterility as the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Male sterility can be phenotypic, genotypic, or chemically induced. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic male sterility (GMS), which can be environmentally sensitive or insensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is determined by the cytoplasm and is useful for hybrid seed production but limits the hybrids to being male sterile. Maintaining male sterile lines requires A, B, and R lines. Male sterility reduces the cost and effort of hybrid seed production.
Transgenic male sterility is a technique used in genetic engineering where male sterility is induced through the introduction of foreign genes. It involves integrating a gene that causes male sterility into the genome of the A line, while the R line contains a gene that suppresses sterility. In the Barnase-BARSTAR system, the Barnase gene causes male sterility through interaction with its binding partner BARSTAR, while BARSTAR expression in the R line makes it male fertile. Transgenic male sterility allows for the large-scale production of hybrid seeds by facilitating the development of sterile male parent lines.
This document discusses outbreeding, which involves breeding animals that are unrelated or distantly related to exploit heterosis and complementarity. The key advantages are that it increases genetic variation and masks recessive traits, allowing for introduction of new, high-yielding genes. However, it also introduces new genes that could potentially be damaging. Factors to consider for outbreeding include breeding objectives, which animals to select, and the type of mating. Forms include outcrossing, grading up, linecrossing, crossbreeding (two-breed, rotational, terminal), and interspecies breeding.
The document summarizes research using genomics to study Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease in turfgrass. Key points include:
1) Developing a global sample of S. homoeocarpa populations to study genetic structure and relationship to fungicide resistance.
2) Sequencing the S. homoeocarpa genome and comparing it to related species, identifying mating type loci and developing microsatellite markers.
3) Characterizing the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) gene which is the target of DMI fungicides and investigating mechanisms of fungicide resistance.
This document discusses genetic engineering techniques for inducing male sterility in plants. It begins by defining male sterility and describing its classification, including genetic, cytoplasmic, and transgenic types. It then focuses on techniques for transgenic genetic male sterility, listing several genes that have been used to induce sterility when introduced into plants. The document proceeds to discuss approaches for engineering male sterility by targeting anther and pollen development. It provides details on the barnase/barstar system and describes its use to create a male sterile line. Finally, it summarizes work using RNA interference to silence the Bcp1 gene and induce male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Transgenic techniques can be used to engineer male sterility by disrupting pollen development. The Barnase/Barstar system uses a cytotoxic barnase gene regulated by a tapetum-specific promoter to cause male sterility, while a co-expressed barstar gene allows fertility restoration. This dominant genetic male sterility system allows for easy hybrid seed production and elimination of male-fertile plants through herbicide selection. Other methods to induce and regulate male sterility include inducible and two-component systems that control sterility through chemical induction or combining genes from two parental lines.
Male sterility refers to nonfunctional pollen grains while female gametes function normally. There are several types of male sterility including cytoplasmic (governed by cytoplasmic genes), genetic (governed by nuclear genes), and cytoplasmic-genetic (governed by both). Male sterility prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination, leading to heterozygosity. It has various applications in plant breeding for the production of hybrid seeds, especially in crops like maize, sorghum, and vegetables. The document discusses the characteristics, inheritance, and uses of different types of male sterility in crop improvement programs.
Genetic engineering can be used to induce male sterility in plants by expressing genes that disrupt pollen development. Researchers have successfully transformed tobacco and oilseed rape plants with the barnase gene, which encodes an RNAse enzyme that destroys tapetal cells, preventing pollen formation. Restoration of fertility was achieved by co-expressing the barstar gene, which inhibits barnase. Similarly, expressing the argE gene in rice under a pollen-specific promoter induces male sterility when activated by an inducer, allowing hybrid seed production. Genetic engineering offers possibilities for more efficient hybrid seed systems in crops where traditional methods have not generated usable male sterility.
This document discusses engineering male sterility in plants through genetic modification. It describes several approaches for inducing male sterility, including using genes that encode cytotoxic proteins like barnase under anther-specific promoters. The barnase/barstar system uses barnase to induce sterility, which can be restored by co-expressing the barnase inhibitor barstar. Other approaches discussed include altering hormone levels, using genes that induce pollen self-destruction, and modifying biochemical pathways. The document also discusses methods for maintaining sterile lines and restoring fertility, such as linking sterility genes to herbicide resistance genes.
Self-incompatibility is controlled by the S locus, a genetic locus with multiple alleles. It prevents self-fertilization in plants by halting the pollen germination process when pollen reaches the stigma of the same plant. Several genes are involved in mediating self-incompatibility, including the S-RNase gene which encodes an S-allele-specific glycoprotein expressed in the pistil, and S-genes in pollen which control pollen recognition. Self-incompatibility promotes genetic diversity and prevents inbreeding depression in plant populations.
Marker assisted selection of male sterility in rice --vipin Vipin Kannan
This document provides information on various methods of inducing male sterility in plants, especially rice, for the purpose of hybrid seed production. It discusses chemical, genetic, and transgenic approaches. Specifically, it describes cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear male sterility (NMS), and cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also discusses the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) to more efficiently select for male sterility genes and introgress them into adapted varieties through techniques like marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB). Overall, the document outlines methods for inducing and tracking male sterility that can facilitate efficient hybrid rice breeding programs.
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility In Minor Crop - Sorghumishtiaq shariq
Sorghum is the world's 5th major cereal crop. It has emerged as ‘fuel’ crop
in addition to its food, feed and fodder utilities. Sorghum is predominantly a self pollinated
crop and development of new ‘varieties’ is a natural option for crop
improvement. However, there is 5 to 15% out-crossing in sorghum depending upon
the wind direction, nature of genotype, and humidity, which makes
it amenable for use in population improvement and hybrid development to exploit
the heterosis. is the world 5th important cereal crop in the world.
This document discusses molecular breeding techniques using the Barnase-Barstar system for inducing male sterility in plants. It explains that the Barnase gene is cytotoxic and kills tapetum cells, preventing pollen development and resulting in transgenic male sterility. The Barstar gene provides fertility restoration. The system has been used successfully in tobacco and oilseed rape to develop hybrid seeds. Some benefits of this system include efficient fertility restoration, easy maintenance of male sterile lines, and elimination of male fertile plants from lines. However, alternative systems that are more attractive than Barnase-Barstar have also been explored.
Transgenic male sterility is a form of genetic male sterility induced through genetic engineering techniques. It involves introducing two genes into plant lines - one gene causes male sterility in the A line while the other suppresses this in the R line. The barnase-barstar system utilizes a barnase gene that induces male sterility and a barstar gene that binds to and inhibits barnase, allowing for male fertility. Hybrid seed production can be maintained using transgenic male sterility, where the sterile A line is crossed with the fertile R line to produce F1 hybrid seeds.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
This document discusses male sterility in plants, which is the inability to produce viable pollen. It covers the main types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also discusses methods for creating and detecting male sterility, as well as applications for hybrid seed production.
Molecular control of male fertility for crop hybrid breedingSuresh Antre
Harnessing hybrid vigor or heterosis is a promising approach to tackle the current challenge of sustaining enhanced yield gains of field crops. More than half of the production of major crops such as maize, rice, sorghum, rapeseed, and sunflower comes from hybrid varieties.
This document discusses the application of molecular markers for identifying fertility restorer genes. It begins by explaining why molecular markers are needed for screening restorer genes, as they allow for marker-assisted selection. It then describes the process of establishing a test cross nursery to identify restorers based on pollen and spikelet fertility tests. The document outlines different types of male sterility systems and the concepts of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. It provides two case studies on using molecular markers to screen rice and maize lines for restorer genes.
Male sterility and self incompatibility in crop plantsRakshith Pinku
1) Male sterility and self-incompatibility are mechanisms used in hybrid seed production to reduce manual labor costs and increase yields.
2) Male sterility is caused by genetic or cytoplasmic factors and prevents pollen development, while self-incompatibility prevents self-pollination.
3) These mechanisms allow for the large-scale production of F1 hybrid seeds by using male sterile plants as the female parent and maintaining parent lines.
This document discusses male sterility and its use in hybrid seed production. It defines male sterility as the inability to produce or release viable pollen. There are several types of male sterility including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility. CMS is determined by the cytoplasm and is stable across environments, while GMS expression can be influenced by temperature or photoperiod. Male sterility systems allow for efficient hybrid seed production by avoiding manual emasculation and pollination. The document provides various examples of crops where different male sterility systems have been utilized.
Male sterility applications in Hybrid seed production.Roshan Parihar
This document provides information about male sterility and its applications in plant breeding. It defines male sterility as the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Male sterility can be phenotypic, genotypic, or chemically induced. Genotypic male sterility includes genetic male sterility (GMS), which can be environmentally sensitive or insensitive. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is determined by the cytoplasm and is useful for hybrid seed production but limits the hybrids to being male sterile. Maintaining male sterile lines requires A, B, and R lines. Male sterility reduces the cost and effort of hybrid seed production.
Transgenic male sterility is a technique used in genetic engineering where male sterility is induced through the introduction of foreign genes. It involves integrating a gene that causes male sterility into the genome of the A line, while the R line contains a gene that suppresses sterility. In the Barnase-BARSTAR system, the Barnase gene causes male sterility through interaction with its binding partner BARSTAR, while BARSTAR expression in the R line makes it male fertile. Transgenic male sterility allows for the large-scale production of hybrid seeds by facilitating the development of sterile male parent lines.
This document discusses outbreeding, which involves breeding animals that are unrelated or distantly related to exploit heterosis and complementarity. The key advantages are that it increases genetic variation and masks recessive traits, allowing for introduction of new, high-yielding genes. However, it also introduces new genes that could potentially be damaging. Factors to consider for outbreeding include breeding objectives, which animals to select, and the type of mating. Forms include outcrossing, grading up, linecrossing, crossbreeding (two-breed, rotational, terminal), and interspecies breeding.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
Plant reproduction involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma, known as pollination. This can occur through wind or animal vectors. Fertilization happens when the pollen tube delivers sperm to fertilize the ovule. The ovary then develops into a fruit containing seeds. Seeds are dispersed by various mechanisms like wind, water, or animals to colonize new areas away from the parent plant. Germination starts when the seed takes in water, activating enzymes to break down food stores that fuel embryo growth into a new plant.
Sexual reproduction in_plants powerpointPaco Carmona
Plants can reproduce sexually, which involves male and female reproductive organs and gametes. The male pollen grains fertilize the female egg cells, combining the genetic material from each plant to create seeds and new plants that exhibit traits from both parents. Sexual reproduction allows for variation in plant varieties that can be useful for adapting to environmental conditions or for commercial purposes.
This document summarizes a presentation on breeding systems for sheep and goats. It discusses purebreeding, inbreeding/linebreeding, outcrossing, crossbreeding, and heterosis. Specific breeding systems covered include two-breed crosses, rotational crosses, and terminal crosses. Advantages of crossbreeding include hybrid vigor, utilizing complementarity between breeds, and producing a uniform product. The document provides examples of historic sheep and goat breeds and influential breeders like Robert Bakewell.
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Similar to Towards a functional analysis of the major factors involved in the reproductive barrier between Asian and African cultivated species of rice
Self incompatibility in plants: a pollination control mechanism in plantsVijayakumar Narayanpur
Self incompatibility(SI) in plant plays important role in view of hybrid seed production. SI in this ppt have been explained in detail from its basics. The mechanism has been explained on the basis of conventional methods and molecular basis. It will be very useful for teaching and students.
Genetic, biochemical and molecular mechanism SI and factors causing breakdown...RonikaThakur
This document discusses genetic, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of self-incompatibility in plants and factors that can cause its breakdown. It begins by introducing self-incompatibility as the inability of a plant to set seed after self-pollination. It then covers classifications of self-incompatibility, proposed hypotheses for its mechanisms, and genetic bases including mono-and bifactorial gametophytic systems. The document discusses molecular bases in various plant families, including recognition systems in Brassicaceae and Solanaceae. It concludes by outlining factors that can lead to the breakdown of self-incompatibility, such as polyploidy, mutations affecting enzymatic activity, and temporary suppression methods.
Endosymbiont hunting in the metagenome of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina ci...Surya Saha
The Asian citrus psyllid (D. citri Kuwayama or ACP) is host to 7+ bacterial endosymbionts and is the insect vector of Ca. liberibacter asiaticus (Las), causal agent of citrus greening. To gain a better understanding of endosymbiont and pathogen ecology and develop improved detection strategies for Las, DNA from D. citri was sequenced to 108X coverage. Initial analyses have focused on Wolbachia, an alpha-proteobacterial primary endosymbiont typically found in the reproductive tissues of ACP and other arthropods. The metagenomic sequences were mined for wACP reads using BLAST and 4 sequenced Wolbachia genomes as bait. Putative wACP reads were then assembled using Velvet and MIRA3 assemblers over a range of parameter settings. The resulting wACP contigs were annotated using the RAST pipeline and compared to Wolbachia endosymbiont of Culex quinquefasciatus (wPip). MIRA3 was able to reconstruct a majority of the wPip CDS regions and was selected for scaffolding with Minimus2, SSPACE and SOPRA using large insert mate-pair libraries. The wACP scaffolds were compared to wPip using Abacas and Mauve contig mover to orient and order the contigs. The functional annotation of scaffolds was evaluated by comparing it to wPip genome using RAST. The draft assembly was verified using an OrthoMCL based comparison to the 4 sequenced Wolbachia genomes. We expanded the scope of endosymbiont characterization beyond wACP using 16S rDNA and partial 23S rDNA analysis as a guide. Results will be presented regarding endosymbionts, their potential interactions and their impact on the disease of citrus greening.
Molecular basis of Self Incompatibility In Crop PlantsGowthami R
This document discusses the molecular basis of self-incompatibility (SI) in crop plants. SI is a natural outbreeding system that prevents self-fertilization. The document summarizes the key genes involved in SI for different plant families, including the female and male determinant genes. It also describes the different molecular models for how SI causes rejection of self-pollen, such as receptor-kinase mediated signaling in Brassicaceae and S-RNase mediated RNA degradation in Solanaceae. While the mechanisms differ, SI systems evolve to determine specificity through haplotype interactions between multiallelic female and male genes at the S-locus.
This project successfully completed research on the genetic basis of nodulation preference in common beans and Rhizobium bacteria. Key findings include:
1) A gene encoding a GTP-binding protein and a transcription factor subunit were found to play important roles in determining nodulation preference.
2) No differences were found in the chemical structure of nodulation factors produced by different Rhizobium lineages.
3) Further research characterized the interaction between beans and Rhizobium from the same region of origin and identified earlier response to compatible strains.
Allele mining in orphan underutilized cropsCCS HAU, HISAR
This document discusses allele mining as a research field aimed at identifying allelic variation in genetic resources collections that can be used for crop improvement. It defines key terms like alleles, orphan crops, and describes two major approaches for allele mining - TILLING and sequencing-based methods. Case studies on allele mining in cassava and sorghum are presented, outlining methodology used and results obtained, including the identification of superior alleles. The prospects of allele mining in molecular plant breeding are discussed, and the need for standardizing bioinformatics tools and developing advanced strategies to efficiently identify novel alleles from genetic resources.
The document discusses mechanisms of prezygotic isolation between the corn- and rice-strains of the moth Spodoptera frugiperda to determine their relative importance and interactions. It investigates potential isolation due to host plant differentiation, differences in sexual communication, and allochronic differentiation in daily rhythms. The most consistent prezygotic barrier is allochronic differentiation, with genetic analysis identifying a major gene underlying the circadian differentiation between strains.
Arabidopsis thaliana is a model plant species that is used to study flowering genes. There are four classes of genes that control flowering: 1) floral meristem identity genes that convert vegetative shoot meristems into floral meristems, 2) shoot meristem identity genes that maintain vegetative growth, 3) floral organ identity genes that determine the identity of floral organs, and 4) boundary setting genes that regulate the expression of organ identity genes. Key floral organ identity genes include AP1, AP2, AP3, PI, and AG.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT ON CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION REGULATION - FINALMichael Ishak
The study investigated how varying nutrient environments affect cellular differentiation in the green alga Volvox carteri. It found that depriving the pReg mutant strain of sulfate, phosphate or nitrogen led to increased rates of somatic cell dedifferentiation, but not in the wild-type EVE strain. Sequencing of the pReg regA gene found a mutation in intron 4, suggesting a defect in this gene is responsible for the pReg phenotype. The results support the hypothesis that external macronutrient concentrations can influence somatic cell differentiation, especially when cell differentiation genes are mutated.
Presentation at the HM Clause company in Davis CA, talking about the ways we can use narrow bandwidth illumination to to modify plant growth and development. The use of modern genomics techniques to identify new fruit flavor associated genes is discussed as well.
African Oryza species represent a significant source of genetic diversity for rice. However, they remain undercollected and undercharacterized. The region contains eight rice species representing six of the ten known rice genomes. While genetic resources of these species are conserved in various global gene banks, they remain underrepresented in collections and underutilized. Increased collection, characterization using high throughput sequencing, and conservation of African Oryza species is needed to maximize benefits from this genetic diversity and enhance rice improvement.
The Genetic Background of Chemical Communication and Chemosensory Gene Evolut...Katri Ketola
The genetic background of chemical communication and chemosensory gene evolution in ants. Master's thesis project.
Darwinian selection can be measured and investigated from gene sequences. A certain gene form favored by positive selection will become more common in the population. Detecting strong positive selection is rare, but it has been found to affect genes involved in immune defense and perception of odorants. Genes under positive selection have a possible role in speciation or adaptation. This is why chemical communication, being based on the sense of smell, is an interesting topic for measuring natural selection and positive selection in particular. Social insects, such as ants, are model organisms for chemical communication. They use chemical communication not only for finding nutrition and detecting intruders, but also in coordinating the activities of several thousands of colony members.
Learning from the pathogen towards tailored-sustainable resistance : the case...CIAT
This document discusses how a rice blast resistance gene (Pi-CO39) that confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae through recognition of the effector protein Avr1-CO39 can also confer resistance to the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). The resistance gene was induced in rice plants using a deactivated transcription activator-like effector (dTALE) that targeted expression of Avr1-CO39. Plants with induced Avr1-CO39 expression showed enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc, as measured by reduced lesion length,
This study aims to determine if differences in alleles of the APETALA1 (AP1) gene are responsible for phenotypic differences between varieties of Brassica oleracea, specifically cauliflower and Rbo. The researchers generated F1 and F2 crosses between cauliflower and Rbo, which showed segregating phenotypes. They are determining the genotypes of the AP1a and AP1c alleles in the F2 plants to test if there is a correlation between genotype and phenotype. Preliminary results found the AP1c sequence from cauliflower is identical to sequences from broccoli and kale, suggesting AP1 may not be responsible for phenotypic differences as hypothesized.
“Transcription factor as signaling regulatory tools for improving growth proc...AKSHAYMAGAR17
The document discusses several transcription factors and their roles in plant growth processes. It provides case studies on:
1) Tb1 which regulates lateral branch development in maize by repressing axillary growth.
2) Shi4 and SHAT1 which regulate grain shattering in rice by specifying abscission zone development.
3) GA1 which regulates dwarfing as a gibberellin insensitive dwarf gene in apple rootstocks.
4) MADS-box and KNOX genes which regulate flowering development through involvement in stress responses and developmental plasticity.
5) HAT4 which regulates shade development as a member of the HD-ZIPII family involved in shade-induced growth responses.
This document discusses the use of molecular markers to study genetic diversity in indigenous food legumes of Pakistan. It provides examples of different types of molecular markers that have been used, including RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and seed protein analyses. It also summarizes some key findings, such as high genetic diversity found within pea (Pisum sativum) accessions using different marker techniques, and lower but still significant diversity found within blackgram (Vigna mungo). The document advocates for the increased use of molecular markers to characterize genetic resources and enable targeted crop improvement efforts in Pakistan.
A Gunadi - Rps3a and 8 not allelic 36x45inAndika Gunadi
This study aimed to determine if the soybean resistance genes Rps3a and Rps8, which are located near each other on chromosome 13, are allelic or independent loci. An F3:4 population derived from a cross between sources of Rps3a and Rps8 was inoculated with a Phytophthora sojae isolate avirulent to both genes. Segregation analysis showed a deviation from the expected allelic ratio, suggesting Rps3a and Rps8 are not allelic but linked. Genetic mapping of the population is underway to further understand the relationship between the two resistance genes.
- Backcrossing involves crossing a hybrid with one of its parents to produce offspring that are genetically similar to the parent. It is used in plant and animal breeding.
- In pedigree breeding, the origins and relationships between selected plants and their progeny are recorded in detailed pedigree records. This allows tracing each progeny back to the original F2 plant it was selected from.
- Pedigree records are maintained by assigning identification numbers to crosses, generations, and individual plants to allow tracking lineages. Two common systems are numbering rows/plants or assigning serial numbers within progenies.
The document discusses allele mining, which aims to identify allelic variations in genetic resources collections that are relevant for traits of interest. It describes how allele mining works to unlock hidden genetic variation by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and new haplotypes. The document then provides details on a case study of allele mining focused on three genes - calmodulin, LEA3, and SalT - important for abiotic stress tolerance in rice and related species. Primers were developed to amplify regions of these three genes from 64 accessions representing rice and other grasses.
Allahmodillah published first effort from my lab. Hope to continue searching new Fungal Endophytes of Grasses
Similar to Towards a functional analysis of the major factors involved in the reproductive barrier between Asian and African cultivated species of rice (20)
Durante la Semana de la Agricultura y la Alimentación, el Programa de Investigación del CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria – CCAFS, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, FAO, y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, apoyaron la II Reunión Internacional de Ministros y altas autoridades de agricultura sobre agricultura sostenible y cambio climático con un documento base y su presentación sobre los retos que representa el cambio climático para la agricultura en Latino América y el Caribe.
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Impacto de las intervenciones agricolas y de salud para reducir la deficienci...CIAT
Este documento resume un estudio realizado en Guatemala para evaluar el impacto de entregar semilla biofortificada de frijol en aspectos socioeconómicos y de salud nutricional. El estudio utilizó un diseño de ensayo clúster aleatorio en comunidades rurales asignadas a recibir semilla biofortificada o no. Los resultados preliminares mostraron pocos cambios socioeconómicos entre grupos. Los resultados de línea base encontraron altas tasas de anemia y deficiencia de hierro, con el frijol contribuyendo signific
Agricultura sensible a la nutrición en el Altiplano. Explorando las perspecti...CIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
El rol de los padres en la nutrición del hogarCIAT
Este documento presenta los resultados preliminares de un estudio sobre las dinámicas intra-hogar y su impacto en la nutrición de familias agrícolas en Guatemala. Los hallazgos incluyen que las mujeres tienden a estar más desempoderadas que los hombres, y los niños en hogares con mujeres desempoderadas tienen más probabilidades de sufrir retraso en el crecimiento. Además, las preferencias de alimentos y labores varían entre hombres y mujeres dependiendo del ingreso disponible. Considerar tanto a padres como madres es importante para proyectos de nut
Scaling up soil carbon enhancement contributing to mitigate climate changeCIAT
This document summarizes Session 3 of a symposium on scaling up soil carbon enhancement to contribute to climate change mitigation. It discusses: 1) The potential for climate change
Impacto del Cambio Climático en la Agricultura de República DominicanaCIAT
El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), con el apoyo de los Programas de Investigación de CGIAR sobre Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) y sobre Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS), se han asociado para comprender, a través de la ciencia, el impacto del cambio climático en cultivos claves y el impacto económico en la productividad de la agricultura en países de ALC.
BioTerra: Nuevo sistema de monitoreo de la biodiversidad en desarrollo por el...CIAT
BioTerra es un sistema innovador de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas desarrollado por el Programa Riqueza Natural de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), y sus socios locales – el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) y el Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH) – para apoyar al gobierno colombiano en el cumplimiento de las metas y compromisos de conservación de la biodiversidad. Este sistema busca complementar y aunar esfuerzos existentes de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas, a nivel nacional y regional.
Cacao for Peace Activities for Tackling the Cadmium in Cacao Issue in Colo...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Tackling cadmium in cacao and derived products – from farm to forkCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study ...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Geographical Information System Mapping for Optimized Cacao Production in Col...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El documento resume los resultados de una investigación sobre el contenido de cadmio en granos de cacao en Perú. La investigación analizó muestras de suelo, hojas y granos de cacao de varias regiones para determinar las relaciones entre los contenidos de cadmio. Los resultados mostraron que eliminar la testa de los granos tiende a disminuir el contenido de cadmio. Además, se proponen nuevos protocolos de poscosecha y prácticas agrícolas para reducir los contenidos de cadmio en el suelo, las plantas y los
Técnicas para disminuir la disponibilidad de cadmio en suelos de cacaoterasCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Towards a functional analysis of the major factors involved in the reproductive barrier between Asian and African cultivated species of rice
1. Towards a functional analysis of the major factors
involved in the reproductive barrier between
Asian and African cultivated species of rice
Andrés GUTIÉRREZ
January 22, 2016
2. Model plant for genetics and genomics studies
- Diploid species: 2n = 24, AA
- Genome size small: 390 Mb
- Short growth duration
- Efficient genetic transformation
- Extensive genomic resources:
High-quality reference sequence, dense molecular maps,
mutant libraries
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa): One of the most important crops in the world
2
Oryza sativa complex (AA-genome type)
Source: FAO, 2004
3. Many traits of agronomical interest (After Ali et al., 2010)
Introduction
Using AA genome species of rice to discover genes of importance
3
Cultivated species: O. sativa and O. glaberrima
4. 4
Introduction
Oryza glaberrima: A source for the improvement of Oryza sativa
• Diploid species: 2n = 24, AA
• Genome sequenced
• Resistance or tolerance to abiotic
and biotic stresses
• Traits have been combined with high
yield O. sativa acc.
Strong reproductive barrier hamper his full utilization
Source: archive.gramene.org
5. Pre-mating isolation
Prevent the copulation and
fusion of gametes of interspecific
crosses
Post-mating isolation
After mating has occurred
=> prevent fertilization or
formation of zygotes hybrids
Introduction
• Habitat Isolation
• Temporal Isolation
• Behavioral Isolation
• Mechanical Isolation
• Gametic Mortality
Introduction
There are two basic categories of reproductive barriers
5
6. Pre-zygotic Isolation
Mechanisms
Pollen–pistil interactions
Post-zygotic Isolation
Mechanism
• Gametic incompatibility
• Zygote dies after fertilization
• Hybrid inviability
• Hybrid breakdown
• Hybrid Sterility
Arrest of the development of
young zygotes
Introduction
Post-mating isolation
6
Hybrid Sterility
Inability to form functional gametes in a hybrid due to
disturbances in sex-cell development or in meiosis, caused by
incompatible genetic constitution
7. Introduction
What is the importance of studying hybrid sterility?
For understanding biology of reproduction
When, where and how action of genes involved in reproduction take
place
For studying evolution
Hybrid sterility is one of the mechanisms of reproductive barrier
between species
For breeding
Sterility decreases yield
Hybrid sterility genes prevent the introgression of useful genes
8. • This phenomenon is one of the strongest post-zygotic reproductive barriers in
Oryza species
• Use of O. glaberrima in breeding is limited
• Hybrid sterility prevent the introgression of useful genes
Introduction
Hybrid sterility between O. sativa x O. glaberrima
O. sativa
(Asian rice, AA genome)
O. glaberrima
(African rice, AA genome)
F1 hybrid
Totally male sterile
Partially female sterile
8
9. Introduction
Hybrid sterility between O. sativa x O. glaberrima
Several loci causing hybrid sterility O. sativa x O. glaberrima => S1 locus exert the strong effect
Epistatic interactions between these loci and S1
Garavito et al., 2010
9
10. • Genetics:
- S1 locus is the main factor of hybrid sterility between
O. sativa X O. glaberrima (Sano, 1990)
- S1 is a complex formed by three linked loci S1A, S1 and S1B
• Cytology:
- Abnormalities in gametophytes
Pollen semi-sterility
Normal embryo sac Abnormal embryo sac
Koide et al., 2008
Introduction
Hybrid sterility between O. sativa x O. glaberrima
- The effect of S1 is Universal (Tao, 2010)
10
Garavito et al., 2010
Guyot et al., 2011
11. • Female factor in a 27.8 kbp region nested in the male factor region
• Both male and female gamete elimination are probably controled
by the same factor(s)
Garavito et al.,2010
Introduction
Fine mapping of the S1 locus
Garavito et al.,2010
11
• Model of gamete elimination
12. Guyot et al., 2011
Garavito et al.,2010
200 400 600 800
200400600800
Nipponbare(849kpb)
CG14 (813 kpb) S1S1A S1B
O. sativa (Nipponbare)
O. glaberrima (CG14)
ENOD-93 ENOD-93 Ribos_biog F-box ENOD-93
ENOD-93 ENOD-93 Ribos_biog F-box ENOD-93
S1
F-box F-box_dup
F-box
S1A
Introduction
Structural genomics
12
S1B remains to be
elucidated
13. Introduction
The F-box is a protein motif of approximately 50 amino acids that
functions as a site of protein-protein interaction
Lechner et al. 2006 Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 9:631-638
15. Introduction
F-box as candidate for S1 & S1A
F-box proteins in rice
F-box at S1 locus
RiceXpro DB
Jain et al., 2007
Classification of 687 F-box proteins based on their domain architecture
15
16. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
To study the nature of the S1 locus
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
17. - O. sativa: Caiapo
- O. glaberrima: MG12
- Introgression line: L229 BC3DH from Caiapo x MG12 (S1
g Introgressed)
CSSLs introgression Lines
S1 region _O. glaberrima
Chr. 6
S1Ag S1
g S1Bg
L229 BC3DH
O. sativa L229 O. glaberrima
17
Materials and Methods
Isolation of the S1 region
Gutierrez et al., 2010
18. 229 line (BC3DH) X O. sativa (Caiapo)
Chr. 6 S1Ag S1
g S1Bg S1As S1
s S1Bs
• Panicle, pollen and embryo sac evaluation
• Cytology observations
• Gene expression analysis
S1Ag
S1As S1Bs
BC4F1
S1
g S1Bg
S1
s
18
Materials and Methods
Genetic stocks
19. Gutierrez et al., 2015 (submitted)
19
Materials and Methods
Evaluation at different stages of O. sativa, O.glaberrima & L229_F1
Female
gametophyte
development
Male
gametophyte
development
20. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
Panicle, pollen grains and embryo sac fertility evaluation
Histology analysis
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
23. Msp
MP
AP
Msp
MP
Results
Male gametophyte development in O. sativa and L229_F1
Pollen grain abortion in the hybrid seems to occur at the early microspore stage
Meiosis
O. sativa
L229_F1
Early Microspore Mitosis Maturation
23
25. dm
fm
dm
Results
Female gametophyte development in O. sativa and L229_F1
Embryo sac abortion in the hybrid seems to occur after completion of meiosis
MMC Meiosis Maturation
O. sativa
L229_F1
25
26. Conclusion
L229_F1 showed around 50% of pollen and embryo sac
sterility and 78% of panicle sterility
Pollen grain abortion in L229_F1 occur at the early
microspore stage
Embryo sac abortion in L229_F1 occur after completion of
meiosis
Precise determination of abnormalities
27. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
Sequence comparison and gene structure
of orthologous F-box alleles
28. Results
F-box at S1 locus is an FBL (F-box and LRR)
OsFBL-185
Pairwise % Identity
Genomic: 84.0%
CDS: 98.1%
29. Results
F-box at S1 locus (OsFBL-185)
OsFBL-185 lacks an Arginine at the 15th position of the first exon
F-box domain
LRR domain
29
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
30. Results
F-box at S1A locus is an FBL (F-box and LRR)
OsFBL-184
30
Pairwise % Identity
Genomic: 94.4%
CDS: 96.9%
31. Results
F-box at S1A locus (OsFBL-184)
Two amino acid conversion in the F-box domain and two in the LRR domain
F-box domain
LRR domain
31
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
32. Conclusion
There are important structural changes between the
orthologous genes (S1 and S1A)
=> OsFBL-185 lacks an Arginine at the 15th position of the
first exon
=> Two amino acid conversion in the F-box domain and two in
the LRR domain in OsFBL-184
33. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box
candidate genes
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
qPCR analysis
in situ hybridization
34. Highest expression in the hybrid at critical meiosis/mitosis stages
Results
Expression analysis of F-box at S1 locus
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
S1A S1
<
<
<
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
< 2 cm 2 - 5 cm 6 - 9 cm 10 - 13 cm 14 - 17 cm > 18 cm
Relativeexpression
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
< 2 cm 2 - 5 cm 6 - 9 cm 10 - 13 cm 14 - 17 cm > 18 cm
Relativeexpression
MaturationMMC Meiosis Mitosis I - II Mitosis III
PMC Meiosis Microspore
formation
Mitosis I Mitosis II - Maturation
Floral organs
differentiation
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Spikelet Palea-Lemma-Glumes Pistil Stamen
Caiapo
BC4F1
MaturationMMC Meiosis Mitosis I - II Mitosis III
PMC Meiosis Microspore
formation
Mitosis I Mitosis II - Maturation
Floral organs
differentiation
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Spikelet Palea-Lemma-Glumes Pistil Stamen
MG12
BC4F1
34
35. Specifically expressed in the embryo sac and pollen grains in development
Results
Spatial expression of F-box at S1 locus in female and male
gametophytes
Caiapo L229_BC4F1 MG12
Anti-sense probe
Sense probe
Anti-sense probe Sense probe
Caiapo L229_BC4F1
LNA probe_O. sativa
Caiapo
35
MG12
36. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
< 2 cm 2 - 5 cm 6 - 9 cm 10 - 13 cm 14 - 17 cm > 18 cm
Relativeexpression
Highest expression in the hybrid at floral organ differentiation and meiosis/mitosis stages
Results
Expression analysis of F-box at S1A locus
S1A S1
O. sativa
O. glaberrima
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
< 2 cm 2 - 5 cm 6 - 9 cm 10 - 13 cm 14 - 17 cm > 18 cm
Relativeexpression
MaturationMMC Meiosis Mitosis I - II Mitosis III
PMC Meiosis Microspore
formation
Mitosis I Mitosis II - Maturation
Floral organs
differentiation
MaturationMMC Meiosis Mitosis I - II Mitosis III
PMC Meiosis Microspore
formation
Mitosis I Mitosis II - Maturation
Floral organs
differentiation
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Spikelet Palea-Lemma-Glumes Pistil Stamen
Caiapo
BC4F1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Spikelet Palea-Lemma-Glumes Pistil Stamen
MG12
BC4F1
36
37. Conclusion
The F-box genes of S1 and S1A in the hybrid showed highest
expression at Critical meiosis/mitosis stages
The F-box OsFBL-185 is specifically expressed in the immature
embryo sac and pollen grains
38. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
Knock-out of the F-box OsFBL-185 using
the CRISPR/Cas9 system
39. Expression vector pOsUbi-Cas9
Cas9/sgRNA complex
Materials and Methods
Functional validation of OsFBL-185 through CRISPR-Cas9 system
Prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as plasmids and phages
sgRNA_S1-1
sgRNA_S1-2 sgRNA_S1-3
Selected sgRNA target sites of OsFBL-185 39
40. Results
Functional validation of OsFBL-185 through CRISPR-Cas9 system
Transformed plants in the T0 generation
A total of 79 plants were obtained
Vegetative phenotype similar to WT
Pollen fertility of 72 lines was observed
WT Transgenic
40
Pollen fertility of 72 lines was observed
41. Results
Functional validation of OsFBL-185 through CRISPR-Cas9 system
sgRNA_S1-1 sgRNA_S1-2 sgRNA_S1-3
T7 assay
41
From 72 lines observed:
56 showed a deletion in the OsFBL-185 gene.
From these 56 lines:
22 (39.3%) => partial or complete pollen sterility
34 (60.7%) => pollen fertile
42. Results
Functional validation of OsFBL-185 through CRISPR-Cas9 system
Deletion-Phenotype 1 Deletion-Phenotype 2
Fertile
Semi-sterile Sterile
OsFBL-185 seems to play a significant role in the development of male gametes42
Pollen grain evaluation
43. 4. To investigate if the F-box plays a role in the development of male
gametophytes
Objective
3. To evaluate the temporal and spatial expression of the F-box candidate
genes
2. To identify patterns of sequence divergence of the F-box candidate
orthologous genes
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
5. To verify the hypothesis that F-box is actually S1
1. To characterize the sterile phenotype and to precise the cellular stage
where gamete development defect occurs
Functional complementation strategy
44. Results
Validation of OsFBL-185 through functional complementation
Genetic transformation of Caiapo (O. sativa) with the F-box “S1
g” from O. glaberrima
Over-Express-O. glaberrima-CDS
Over-Express-O. sativa-CDS
46. O. sativa Over_sat Over_glab
Pollen grain evaluation
Results
Validation of OsFBL-185 through functional complementation
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
O. sativa Over_sat Over_glab
46
Failure in male gamete development in the O. sativa x O. glaberrima hybrid is
due to allelic interaction between S1
g and S1
s
47. Conclusion
OsFBL-185 seems to play a significant role in the
development and viability of male gametes in rice
=> knock-out by CRISPR/Cas9 system
- Mutants with deletions showed a sterile phenotype
OsFBL-185 F-box is actually S1, the main sterility factor in the
interspecific O. sativa x O. glaberrima hybrid
=> Functional complementation
- Over expression of S1
g in O. sativa show a sterile phenotype
like the natural hybrid
48. General Conclusion
OsFBL-185 is actually S1, the main sterility factor in the interspecific
O. sativa x O. glaberrima hybrid
48
OsFBL-1850
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Pollen grain sterility
49. Pollen abortion in the hybrid is possibly due to the alteration of a
target protein anchored by OsFBL-185
OsFBL-185 may assemble into an active SCF complex which interact with an
unknown target protein => Protein Degradation
49
50. Perspectives
Functional analysis: Validation of CRISPR and Complementation results
=> Characterization of T1 plants by co-segregation analysis
What it is the function of the F-box OsFBL-185?
Does this protein form an SCF Complex?
What is the Target Protein?
=> Identification of protein subunits of the SCF complex
=> Bacterial 2 hybrid assays
=> Protein expression and allelic imbalance
What are OsFBL-185 interactions?
=> Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay
Elucidation of pathways at the molecular level
in O. sativa and the hybrid 50
51. Perspectives
Develop compatible interspecific bridges
Using CRISPR/Cas9 by suppressing the expression of the S1
g allele and/or for large
chromosomal deletions => S1 region
Identification of factors involved in female gamete development (S1A - S1B loci)
=> RNA-seq and transcriptome profiles of recombinants lines around S1
51
52. IRD
Mathias Lorieux
Hélène Adam
Laurence Albar
François Sabot
Christine Tranchant
Pierre Larmande
Hélène Pidon
Cecile Monat
Harold Chrestin
Sophie Cheron
Elise Grenon
Anais Roudiere
Myriam Collin
Stéphane Jouannic
Alain Ghesquière
CIRAD
Emmanuel Guiderdoni
Donaldo Meynard
Anne Cecile Meunier
Jérôme Puig
Mumu
Aurore Vernet
Martine Bes
Julie Petit
Acknowledgments
52
CIAT
Silvio James Carabalí
Natalia Franco
Lady Arbelaez
Alex Aguirre
Marco Brito
Victor Lozano
Paul Chavarriaga
Sandra Vidal
Didier Marin