Sorghum is the world's 5th major cereal crop. It has emerged as ‘fuel’ crop in addition to its food, feed and fodder utilities. Sorghum is predominantly a self pollinated crop and development of new ‘varieties’ is a natural option for crop improvement. However, there is 5 to 15% out-crossing in sorghum depending upon the wind direction, nature of genotype, and humidity, which makes it amenable for use in population improvement and hybrid development to exploit the heterosis. is the world 5th important cereal crop in the world.

1. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM 1

2. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE
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4. ISHTIAQSHARIQ@GMAIL.COM
BY
ISHTIAQ SHARIQ
ROLL # 2
SEMESTER 8th
PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS
B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture
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KINGDOM Plantae
ORDER Poales
FAMILY Poaceae
GENUS Sorghum Moench
SPECIE
Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench
BINOMIAL NAME
Sorghum bicolor L. Moench
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6. • Sorghum is cultivated in the semi-arid
tropics in 86 countries.
• Prodcution was 120,800 tonnes (FAO
Stats 2012-13)
• Diverse origin and probably arose from S.
Verticilliflorum
• Domestication began around 3000 BCE
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7. PAKISTAN
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2011-12
Area ('000'Ha)
Production
('000' ton)
YIELD
(Kgs/ Ha) (Mds/Acre)
213.5 137.1 642.2 7
The Ministry of National Food Security and Research (NFS&R)

8. • The cultivated sorghum taxa have been
classified into five basic races (bicolor,
caudatum, durra, guinea, and kafir),
• 10 hybrid races (e.g., bicolor-caudatum)
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9. • When sterility is due to the failure of
functional anthers or pollen, it is
termed male sterility (Poehlman 4th ed.)
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10. • Genetic male sterility is manifested
through the action of nuclear genes
inhibiting normal development of
anthers and pollen
• Precise stage where pollen development
is interupted, varies specie to specie or
specific male sterelity gene.
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11. • Expression of gene may be:
–Complete
–Partial
–Varying with environment
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12. • Male sterelity conditioned by recessive
allele (ms)
• Normal anther and pollen because of
(Ms) allele
• Diploid species would have constitution:
–Male sterile = msms
–Male fertile = Msms, MsMs
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13. • Maintainance of male sterile gene in
population is very necessary
• A pure population of genetically male
sterile plant is impossible
• Male sterile gene is maintained if seeds
from the male sterile plants only are
harvested and used to plant the next
generation.
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14. • Seed from a male sterile plant (rosins)
may be pollinated by either homozygous
(MsMs) or heterozygous (Msms) male
fertile plants.)
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msms MsmsX
ms msMs
50 % Msms 50 % msms
CASE 1

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msms MsMsX
ms Ms
100 % Male fertile Msms
CASE 2

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msms MsMsX
Msms (self)
X
F1
F2 25 % msms
F3 33 % msms
25 % MsMs
50 % Msms
66 % Msms
CASE 2, FURTHER GENERATIONS, ONLY MALE
STERILE HARVESTED IN F2 AND ONWARD

18. • Eliminate emasculation in hybridization
• Increase natural crosspollination in
selfpollinated crops
• Facilitate commercial hybrid seed
production.
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UTILIZATION IN A BREEDING PROGRAM

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CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERELITY

20. • Cytoplasmic male sterility is controlled by
the cytoplasm, but may be influenced by
genes in chromosomes
• Cytoplasm causing sterelity referred as
(sterile cytoplasm (S) or (CMS)
• Cytoplasm developing functional anthers
and pollens designated (N)
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21. • Sterile cytoplasm results when nuclear
chromosome introduced in foreign
cytoplasm.
• For example, cytoplasmic male sterility in
sorghum was obtained by transferring
kafir chromosomes into cytoplasm of
milo.
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22. • Male sterility is not expressed when the
milo chromosomes are in milo
cytoplasm.
• The kafir chromosomes were introduced
into milo cytoplasm by pollination of a
milo plant with kafir pollen, and
successively crossing the progeny as the
female back to kafir as the male, until the
entire set of kafir chromosomes were
recovered.
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23. • Similar procedures to obtain obtain
cytoplasmic male sterile in wheat
and other crops
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24. • Because the cytoplasm is transferred
through the egg only, the sperm
contributing an insignificantly small bit of
cytoplasm to the zygote, cytoplasmic
male sterility is transmitted only through
the female plant
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CONCEPTUAL POINT

25. • The action of cytoplasmically controlled
male sterility may be modified by the
action of fertility restoring genes located
in the chromosomes.
• RfRf = Sterile cyto. Becomes inoperative
• rfrf = (Cytoplasm is sterile) Sterility is
expressed
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26. • The parent with the sterile cytoplasm
necessarily is used as the female and the
fertility restoring genes are contributed
by the male parent
• The nuclear genes and cytoplasm interact
to produce male sterileand male fertile
plants
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CMS rfrf
MALE STERILE MALE FERTILE
CMS Rfrf
MALE FERTILECMS RfRf

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N rfrf
MALE FERTILE MALE FERTILE
N Rfrf

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CMS rfrf RfRf
N or
CMS
RfrfCMS
RfrfCMS OFFSPRING
SPERM
NO CYTO
FEMALE MALE
EGG

30. • The restorers should be taller than male
steriles usually by 0.1 to 0.8m, and
possess good pollen shedding ability
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CONCLUSION

32. • The milo cytoplasm male-sterility system
still remains the most widely used
because the hybrids based on this
cytoplasm produce sufficient heterosis
(20–30%) over the best available pure
lines in sorghum
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