Tools for Extractive Industry to Mitigate Zoonotic Disease Transmission
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The document discusses tools for extractive industries to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission. It notes that nearly 3/4 of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. Extractive industry activities like land clearing, road building, and constructing worker camps can exacerbate disease transmission by reducing biodiversity and increasing contact between humans, wildlife, and livestock. The document recommends industries identify ways to decrease transmission risk through biodiversity conservation, waste management, worker health programs, and engaging with local communities. Best practices include managing habitats, monitoring health, and participating in public health protection. Tools are being developed for industries and governments to assess risks and implement mitigation measures.
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Tools for Extractive Industry to Mitigate Zoonotic Disease Transmission
- 1. Tools for Extractive Industry to Mitigate Zoonotic Disease Transmission Renuka Bery Global Risk Forum One Health Conference February 21, 2012 EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 2. Background Nearly 3/4 of emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 3. Biodiversity and EIDs • Biodiversity declines increase the risk of pathogen ―spillover‖ into ―generalist‖ animals • Leads to more human-animal contact • People can be exposed when – Animals become a nuisance – Aerosolized particles from rodent droppings are inhaled while cleaning – Domestic animals become infected by infected wildlife EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 4. Extractive Industry Activities Effect on environment / biodiversity • Land use change can exacerbate zoonotic disease transmission – Clearing land/deforestation/habitat fragmentation – Constructing roads/corridors – Constructing worker camps • Biodiversity declines EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 5. Extractive Industry Activities Increase human populations –Increase potential contact between people, wildlife, and livestock –Create potential for any infectious disease to amplify –Stress existing health care systems EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 6. Why Should Extractive Industries Care? • Illness results in productivity loss • Quarantine requirements could close a facility for some time and could involve costly and lengthy facility cleaning • Employees or community members could die causing — systems breakdown — premature end of project EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 7. What Can Extractive Industries Do? • Identify ways to decrease the risk of zoonotic disease transmission • Take many different measures to address potential exposure points: – Biodiversity conservation – Waste management – Worker health – General public health – Community health EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 8. Risk Reduction Framework Routes of transmission and the ones blocked by different personal (pink) and institutional (blue) mitigation interventions Practice good hygiene Wash cuts and scratches with soap Avoid eating bitten fruit Provide rabies vaccination Avoid animals found dead •Cook wild animal meat to 56 C •Prohibit hunting on concessions •Wash fruit before eating • Provide alternate protein sources •Limit road building •Protect animal habitat Treat drinking water Protect water sources Keep livestock in Provide food storage biosecure enclosures •Construct housing to exclude bats and rodents Cover mouth and nose while cleaning •Manage waste EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 9. Best Management Practices • Manage for biodiversity conservation • Use good housekeeping measures at facilities/camps • Monitor employee health • Participate in protecting the local community’s health EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 10. Value of One Health Approach • This effort addresses interactions between humans, animals and the environment • Projects can identify activities increasing zoonotic disease transmission risk during Environmental &Social Impact Assessment and adopt mitigation measures • Industries can examine environmental, social, and public health management plans and adapt them EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 11. Tools in Development For Industry • Education Briefs • Assessment Tool/ Mitigation Checklist • ESIA Component For Government • Regional Planning Tool EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
- 12. THANK YOU ! EPT PROGRAM: PREDICT PREVENT RESPOND
Editor's Notes
- Principally three different types of animals: Bats (the Corona virus, responsible for SARS, and the Nipah virus), probably the reservoir for EbolaRodents (Lassa, Hanta, Monkey Pox and Lyme Disease viruses) and Non-human primates (HIV and Simian Foamy Virus) and a source for Ebola.
- Decreased biodiversity favors generalist species…those species that move into disturbed areas and can thrive in many different environments, particularly changing ones. Most animals that carry diseases known to be transmissible to people are considered generalist species Generalist wildlife species will seek food and shelter in the newly created man-made environments and live close to humans
- Clearing land/deforestation/habitat fragmentation – decreases biodiversityConstructing roads/corridors – increases edge effect—where forest ends…corridors provide flyways and areas where rodents can flourishIncreases access to bush meat, increases transportConstructing worker camps – attracts wildlife (food and waste), concentrates people in previously undeveloped areas
- large influx of labor/others, strains existing health and other infrastructure,expands agricultural and increases protein demand
- When people die this raises the potential for systems breakdown, Damages corporate image, and could even shut down a project prematurely.
- USAID and its partner projects are developing tools to help governments and extractive industry i
- This framework shows how the transmission routes of various diseases. Blood is the red box, saliva is the green box, and urine/feces is the yellow box. The middle line of boxes in green shows the intermediary transmission sources. So, animal bites will transmit disease through the skin, while contaminated food or water is another avenue for contracting disease. Finally aerosolized particles of urine and feces can contain virus that can be breathed in. Looking at this framework, interventions can take place at different points of the continuum to block disease transmission and progression. The pink boxes represent the behaviors that individuals can practice to reduce transmission risk. They may seem common sense, such as good hygiene or avoiding dead animals, but populations with limited protein sources might not be able to resist taking a dead animal home to eat. These types of interventions must be addressed with behavior change activities.The blue boxes represent practices that companies can take to mitigate disease transmission. Some of these happen to prevent animals from getting infected in the first place such as limiting road building by developing feeder roads rather than a whole new parallel road. Or protecting animal habitat
- Manage for biodiversity conservation Limit habitat fragmentation by reducing footprint size and numbers of roads constructedDevelop an inventory of and regularly monitor the local flora and faunaProhibit onsite hunting and take measures to reduce workers’ and communities’ dependence on hunting in nearby areas as a source of proteinUse good housekeeping measures at the facility and any camps and canteensMaintain clean working and living facilitiesUse standard public health measures for sanitation and food handlingDispose of waste regularly and properly to deter vermin or wildlife; discourage waste accumulation Organize food storage in animal-proof containers Monitor employee health Ensure employees are properly vaccinatedConduct surveillance for any unusual diseasesConduct health promotion campaigns about infectious diseasesParticipate in protecting the local community’s health Assist local government to engage in urban planning, especially in designing waste management servicesConduct health promotion campaigns about infectious diseases, bush meat, sanitation, etc.Engage stakeholders in discussions about safe methods to hunt bush meat, community expansion, infrastructure development, etc.Encourage protein alternatives to wild animal meat (e.g., fish farms, biosecure chicken farms).
- Important to look at change from a holistic perspective: Land use changes influence how animals and humans interact Humans and animals are interdependent in the environment Activities to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission may already be in placeWhen governments and industry understand the economic and social consequences of their actions to business, the environment, and health, they may be more willing to engage in practices that limit the spread of disease between animals and humans and among human populations.
- USAID and its partner programs are currently developing different types of tools to inform extractive industries about the risks of emerging infectious diseases and the need to implement actions to mitigate this risk. Series of education briefs on the subject for different sectorsTool to help companies ascertain whether they are already doing everything possible; including a menu of best management practices for mitigation approachesDevelop component on zoonotic diseases within the Environment, Social Impact Assessment process. We are also looking at some materials for government officials and donors such as development banks to promote increased attention to the issue. This might also include a protocol on zoonotic disease transmission in IFC and other