This document discusses various tools and instruments used in research such as questionnaires, interviews, observation, and their characteristics. Questionnaires can be used to collect data from a large number of people and provide quantifiable answers but require less time than interviews. Interviews are conducted face-to-face but allow both written and oral collection of information, including confidential details. Observation requires the researcher to participate directly in the culture being studied. The validity and reliability of different research tools is also important.
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
valuation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research. Evaluation utilizes many of the same methodologies used in traditional social research, but because evaluation takes place within a political and organizational context, it requires group skills, management ability, political dexterity, sensitivity to multiple stakeholders and other skills that social research in general does not rely on as much.
Observation is one of the important and basic methods or techniques or tools for collecting data in almost all types of research studies.(experimental or laboratory research, descriptive research or qualitative research.)
Observation as a research tool is used in understanding, measuring, prediction and modification of human behavior.
The observer can opt for either participant or non participant observation. This technique can be used to observe the behavior or attitude of the individual or a group. The observer has to plan carefully and execute the plans to collect accurate information. The observation could be supported with interaction.
This method gives an opportunity to know the insights of the group and naturally, the observer will be able to get the factual data compared to other methods of data collection.
valuation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research. Evaluation utilizes many of the same methodologies used in traditional social research, but because evaluation takes place within a political and organizational context, it requires group skills, management ability, political dexterity, sensitivity to multiple stakeholders and other skills that social research in general does not rely on as much.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
The video version of this over on quantitative research covers what it is, what are the four types of quantitative research, and how do we go about the decision-making process when choosing what type of research design to use. The video version of this presentation can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/kQMlOfuQdBA.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS IN
RESEARCH
Presented by: Muhammad Sibghatullah
ID No: PET07183004
3. RESEARCH TOOLS OR
INSTRUMENTS
Research tools or research instruments are the tools or
instruments used to collect data for research purpose.
There are several ways to collect data in several different
types of methods in research. The most important thing is to
choose the right tools for research according to our objectives.
4. HOW TO SELECT?
Researcher need to keep in mind these questions to select
our research tool.
What is he really planning to find out?
How is he going to observe the target population?
What´s the best tool to observe certain variables or
indicators?
5. QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire is a set of carefully selected and ordered
questions prepared by an investigation to seek factual
information from respondents or to find their opinion, attitude
or interest. (Saadi, 2016)
6. BENEFITS
There are many advantages of questionnaire but most
prominent and basic factor is that researcher can reach a large
number of people relatively easily and economically.
Moreover questionnaire provides quantifiable answers that
are relatively easy to analyse.
Another important fact is that it consumes less time of
researcher than interviews or observation.
7. TYPES
There are some forms of questionnaire. Researcher can
construct questions in the form of closed, open, pictorial and
scale items. A researcher can use one type of questions or can
use combination of them in questionnaire. The nature of the
problem and character of the respondents determine which
form will supply the desired data.
8. CLOSED FORM
These types of questions usually have a prepared list of
concrete questions and a list of possible answers. To indicate
his answer a respondent simply replies with yes or no or with
any alternative response from the list of answers.
Yes
No
Do not know
9. OPEN FORM
The open form or unrestricted type of questionnaire calls for
a free response from respondent in his own words. This allows
a clear and brief expression of thoughts from the respondent.
10. PICTORIAL FORM
Some questionnaires present
respondents with drawings and
photographs rather than written
statement from which to choose
answers. This form of questionnaire is
suitable tool for collecting data from
children and adults with limited
reading ability.
11. SCALE ITEMS
A scale item is a question to which the respondent expresses his
agreement or disagreement of various levels. Scale items have fixed
alternatives and the respondent indicates where he stands on the scale.
Following is an example.
Strongly agree
Agree
Undecided or Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
12. INTERVIEWS
It is face to face interpersonal situation in which researcher
as an interviewer, ask the respondent or interviewee questions
designed to obtain answers pertinent to the purpose of the
research problems.
13. DIFFERENCE
Questionnaire Method Interview Method
1. Data is gathered indirectly. 1. Data is gathered directly.
2. No face to face contact between two. 2. There is face to face contact between
interviewer and interviewee.
3. Interviewer should have the general
knowledge of the topic.
3. Skilful interviewer is needed.
4. Interviewee will hesitate than to write
it.
4. Some confidential information can
also be obtained
5. Researcher get written information
only.
5. Researcher get written and oral both
type of information.
14. OBSERVATION
One of the most common methods for qualitative data
collection, participant observation is also one of the most
demanding.
It requires that the researcher become a participant in the
culture or context being observed.
Participant observation often requires months or years of
intensive work because the researcher needs to become
accepted as a natural part of the culture in order to assure that
the observations are of the natural phenomenon.
15. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Validity refers to the degree to which a study accurately reflects
or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to
measure.
While reliability is concerned with the accuracy of the actual
measuring instrument or procedure.
validity is concerned with the study's success at measuring what
the researchers set out to measure. Researchers should be
concerned with both external and internal validity.
16. External validity refers to the
extent to which the results of a study
are generalizable or transferable.
Internal validity refers to the rigor
with which the study was conducted
(e.g., the study's design, the care taken
to conduct measurements, and
decisions concerning what was and
wasn't measured).
