The first document discusses different types of interviews used for data collection, including structured interviews which use predetermined questions correlated to job competencies, and unstructured interviews which are more free-flowing. The second document discusses reasons for conducting research such as expanding knowledge, keeping updated, and building credibility. The third document discusses intention as an independent variable that affects behavior as the dependent variable in experiments, and conceptual models for software that describe tasks and goals at an abstract level prior to interface design.
This document provides an overview of developing a research design. It discusses defining a research topic and evaluating whether it is worthwhile. It also covers developing research approaches, including secondary and primary research. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are introduced. Different types of research like exploratory, descriptive, and causal research are explained. The document stresses the importance of validity and reliability in research and discusses using sampling to represent a population.
Assessment Techniques in Affective and Psychomotor DomainAzan Shèíkh
The document discusses various assessment techniques used to evaluate the affective and psychomotor domains. It describes techniques such as observation, self-report, questionnaires, interviews, checklists, and peer appraisal. For each technique, it provides details on how it is conducted and its purpose for assessment. The techniques allow for evaluation of behaviors, skills, attitudes, and other affective and psychomotor aspects of individuals.
This document discusses key concepts in research including conception, constructs, attributes, variables, and hypotheses. It defines conception as a generalized idea of something meaningful that can be measured directly or indirectly. Constructs are measured with multiple variables and exist at a higher level of abstraction than concepts, representing ideas like brand loyalty that cannot be directly observed. Attributes are single dimensions of a construct. Variables are measurements that can vary, and can be independent or dependent. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for phenomena that can be scientifically tested.
1. The document provides notes on research methodology written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student, for other students and engineers.
2. It defines key research concepts like positivism, naturalism, validity, reliability, and subjectivity. It also discusses the importance of literature review in clarifying the research problem and methodology.
3. Potential research topics can come from studying people, problems, programs, or phenomena. The document provides examples and discusses how to examine one's own academic field or profession to identify an interesting research problem.
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine how to best answer the research question through their methodology while addressing their own capacity and ensuring it is doable. Factors like skills, ethics approval, time, and access must be taken into account. Key aspects of methodology design are identifying the population and sample, as well as how, who, what, when, and where data will be collected. The methodology should aim for credibility through transferability and generalizability.
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine their paradigm, methods for collecting data like interviews or surveys, tools, population, sampling technique, how to analyze data, and address any ethical issues. Developing a strong methodology is important for effectively answering the research question and producing credible results.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, types, and methods. It defines research as a systematic, organized process used to increase understanding through investigation. The objectives of research are described as exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing. Business research applies the scientific method to solve business problems. The types of business research are applied, which solves specific problems, and basic, which contributes to general knowledge. The scientific research method aims for replicability, precision, falsifiability, and parsimony. Research is important for business decision making, product testing, measuring advertising, and studying competition. It helps management make effective decisions.
Research involves investigating a topic through questioning to discover truths and gather accurate information. It requires higher-order thinking like analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Research is similar to inquiry but also involves carrying out specific research stages in a particular order. Research is important as it allows professionals to critically examine their work, develop guiding principles, and test new theories to advance their fields. It is a tool for building knowledge, understanding issues, aiding business success, proving truths, finding opportunities, and exercising the mind.
This document provides an overview of developing a research design. It discusses defining a research topic and evaluating whether it is worthwhile. It also covers developing research approaches, including secondary and primary research. Quantitative and qualitative research methods are introduced. Different types of research like exploratory, descriptive, and causal research are explained. The document stresses the importance of validity and reliability in research and discusses using sampling to represent a population.
Assessment Techniques in Affective and Psychomotor DomainAzan Shèíkh
The document discusses various assessment techniques used to evaluate the affective and psychomotor domains. It describes techniques such as observation, self-report, questionnaires, interviews, checklists, and peer appraisal. For each technique, it provides details on how it is conducted and its purpose for assessment. The techniques allow for evaluation of behaviors, skills, attitudes, and other affective and psychomotor aspects of individuals.
This document discusses key concepts in research including conception, constructs, attributes, variables, and hypotheses. It defines conception as a generalized idea of something meaningful that can be measured directly or indirectly. Constructs are measured with multiple variables and exist at a higher level of abstraction than concepts, representing ideas like brand loyalty that cannot be directly observed. Attributes are single dimensions of a construct. Variables are measurements that can vary, and can be independent or dependent. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for phenomena that can be scientifically tested.
1. The document provides notes on research methodology written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student, for other students and engineers.
2. It defines key research concepts like positivism, naturalism, validity, reliability, and subjectivity. It also discusses the importance of literature review in clarifying the research problem and methodology.
3. Potential research topics can come from studying people, problems, programs, or phenomena. The document provides examples and discusses how to examine one's own academic field or profession to identify an interesting research problem.
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine how to best answer the research question through their methodology while addressing their own capacity and ensuring it is doable. Factors like skills, ethics approval, time, and access must be taken into account. Key aspects of methodology design are identifying the population and sample, as well as how, who, what, when, and where data will be collected. The methodology should aim for credibility through transferability and generalizability.
The document discusses key elements to consider when designing a research methodology, including paradigm, methods, tools, design, skills, ethics, resources, access, population, sampling, and data collection. It emphasizes matching the methodology to the research question, skills, and practical constraints. The researcher must determine their paradigm, methods for collecting data like interviews or surveys, tools, population, sampling technique, how to analyze data, and address any ethical issues. Developing a strong methodology is important for effectively answering the research question and producing credible results.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, types, and methods. It defines research as a systematic, organized process used to increase understanding through investigation. The objectives of research are described as exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing. Business research applies the scientific method to solve business problems. The types of business research are applied, which solves specific problems, and basic, which contributes to general knowledge. The scientific research method aims for replicability, precision, falsifiability, and parsimony. Research is important for business decision making, product testing, measuring advertising, and studying competition. It helps management make effective decisions.
Research involves investigating a topic through questioning to discover truths and gather accurate information. It requires higher-order thinking like analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Research is similar to inquiry but also involves carrying out specific research stages in a particular order. Research is important as it allows professionals to critically examine their work, develop guiding principles, and test new theories to advance their fields. It is a tool for building knowledge, understanding issues, aiding business success, proving truths, finding opportunities, and exercising the mind.
This document discusses questionnaires, including what they are, their purpose, and how to create them. A questionnaire is a standardized set of questions used to collect statistical data from respondents. It can be administered in-person, by phone, mail, or online. The main purpose is to efficiently obtain large amounts of data from many people. While a questionnaire simply collects responses, a survey is the full process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting results. Questionnaires can be descriptive to document current information or analytical to explore relationships between variables. Questions can be open-ended for free responses or closed-ended with predetermined answer options. Following best practices like clear goals and proper targeting helps ensure an effective questionnaire design.
Qualitative research methods focus on obtaining in-depth data through open-ended communication rather than numerical data. This allows researchers to understand not just what people think but also why. Common qualitative methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, case studies, observation, and visual techniques. While time-consuming, these methods provide meaningful insights into motivations, behaviors, and perspectives.
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
The document discusses formulating a research problem. It states that a research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer, and depends on factors like their knowledge and interests. The formulation of a research problem is the first and most important step of the research process, as it forms the foundation for the rest of the study. Sources of research problems include people, existing problems, programs, and phenomena in the world. When selecting a research problem, researchers must consider factors like their level of interest, the scope of the problem, their ability to measure concepts, and ethical issues involved.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
This document provides an overview of various data collection methods for research studies. It discusses objectives, ethical considerations, sampling strategies for both quantitative and qualitative research, and different data collection instruments. These include questionnaires, interviews, observations, focus groups, think-aloud protocols, and diaries/journals. For each method, the document describes how to implement it and considerations for doing so effectively. It aims to help researchers determine the most appropriate data collection approach based on their research topic and design.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding different sampling strategies, data collection methods, and how to identify appropriate methods for a given study. It then provides an overview of key topics, including accessing participants ethically, quantitative and qualitative sampling, and different data collection instruments like questionnaires, interviews, observations, focus groups, and think-aloud protocols. For each method, it describes how to implement it and considerations for its appropriate use. The goal is to help researchers select data collection approaches suited to answering their research questions.
Normative Research Director Rebecca Pardo gave a series of presentations as an internal "workshop" with the Normative team to discuss research in a design context. This is the first of the series.
This document provides information about conducting interviews for research purposes. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding what interviews are, their significance for research studies, ethics around conducting interviews, types of interview questions, and how to analyze interview data. It then defines interviews as a method of data collection involving questions and answers between two or more people. Further notes specify that interviews are useful for gathering detailed information on complex topics. The document outlines ethics around inclusiveness, withdrawing consent, minimizing harm, permission, honesty, acceptance, anonymization, and data confidentiality. It describes three main types of interviews: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It concludes by explaining inductive and deductive approaches to qualitative analysis of interview data through the
Conceptualising a Research and Writing a Proposal. How to evolve a budget for...essadmin
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods in social science. It discusses what qualitative research is, its characteristics, and some common methods used which include in-depth interviews, case studies, observation, and focus group discussions. It also covers ethics, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis in qualitative research.
This document discusses the importance of properly formulating a research problem. It outlines several key steps and considerations for selecting and defining a research problem, including:
1) Identifying a broad field of interest and narrowing it down to specific questions.
2) Considering factors like personal interest, feasibility of data collection, and relevance.
3) Stating clear main and sub objectives for the research.
4) Establishing operational definitions for key terms to ensure consistent understanding.
Proper problem formulation is described as the critical first step of the research process, laying the foundation for a successful study.
Here are the key steps in the brainstorming process for generating research topic ideas:
1. Focus on your area of interest or specialization based on your field of study. Recall specific lessons, issues or problems that have piqued your curiosity.
2. Use techniques like mind mapping, free writing, or SWOT analysis to visually map out and explore your ideas. This helps generate a web of possible topics.
3. Discuss your ideas with groupmates to get feedback and refine potential research problems or unanswered questions within your area of interest.
4. Evaluate each topic idea based on guidelines like whether sources are available, it is timely and will contribute new knowledge to your field of study.
5
UNIT-1 BRM marketing to my career to solar.pptxJANNU VINAY
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, significance, and process. It defines research as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions through scientific investigation and discovery of new facts. The objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Research is significant as it contributes to new knowledge, supports decision-making, improves practices, helps solve problems, and enhances quality of life. The research process involves problem formulation, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings.
5 step approach to successful marketing researchbabar mushtaq
The document outlines the 5 steps of the marketing research process: 1) Defining the problem, 2) Analyzing the situation, 3) Getting problem-specific data, 4) Interpreting the data, and 5) Solving the problem. It emphasizes that properly defining the problem is critical, as researching the wrong problem wastes time and resources. Secondary research including informal discussions can help define the problem and determine if primary research is needed. Primary research methods include qualitative questioning, quantitative surveys, and observation. Proper interpretation and application of the research findings is necessary to solve the problem and guide marketing decisions.
The document outlines the steps to plan a research project on the impact of nutrition on health and performance. It discusses establishing research aims and objectives, determining appropriate data types, choosing research tools, identifying participants, and creating a timeline. The research aims to assess links between nutrition and performance for dancers by exploring their diets, health, awareness of nutrition, and whether nutrition impacts their ability to perform. Both qualitative and quantitative data could be collected through surveys, observations, interviews, and focus groups. The document evaluates different tools and considerations for ensuring reliable, representative, and objective research.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
Exploratory research is conducted to explore a problem that is not yet clearly defined. It aims to better understand the nature of the problem rather than provide conclusive answers. Common methods for exploratory research include interviews, focus groups, observations, surveys, and reviewing secondary sources like literature and case studies. Exploratory research generates insights about a topic rather than taking a problem with no prior research. It uses flexible and informal data collection and analysis to tentatively understand a problem area before more structured research is conducted.
The document discusses research problems, their characteristics, and how to identify a research problem. It defines a research problem as a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. A good research problem can be clearly stated, generates research questions, is grounded in theory, relates to academic fields of study, has significance, and is feasible within time and resource constraints. Research problems can come from personal and practical experiences, literature reviews, previous research, theories, social issues, brainstorming, intuition, folklores, field exposure, and consulting experts. The key is to select a problem that fulfills most of the ten important characteristics of a good research problem.
The document discusses key elements and steps of the research process. It begins by defining research and different types of research problems. It then outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) identifying a research problem, 2) formulating a hypothesis, 3) reviewing related literature, 4) preparing a research design, 5) conducting actual experimentation, 6) analyzing results and discussion, and 7) formulating conclusions and recommendations. The document also discusses types of research including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It concludes by outlining key elements that should be included in any research paper such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, body, results, discussion, conclusion, and citations.
- Human resource management plays a key role in organizational success by ensuring employee happiness and keeping HR systems up to date with technological advances. Strategic human capital planning is important for businesses.
- In the future, we can expect to learn more about how the global economic downturn has impacted human capital and workforce needs. Addressing issues may require reconfiguring teams or reexamining theories in light of new evidence.
- There are many options for recruiting to fill vacant roles, including outsourcing some recruitment processes. Retaining employees requires meeting and exceeding their expectations through training, responsibility, and work-life balance. Strategic long-term planning around human resources and goals is essential.
The document discusses various topics related to business law and financing including equity capital, loans, bankruptcy, and shareholder rights. It provides examples of financing methods like issuing bonds or shares. Alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and mediation are also discussed as alternatives to resolving legal issues compared to traditional court litigation. Overall, the document touches on a wide range of legal and financial concepts related to operating and funding businesses.
This document discusses questionnaires, including what they are, their purpose, and how to create them. A questionnaire is a standardized set of questions used to collect statistical data from respondents. It can be administered in-person, by phone, mail, or online. The main purpose is to efficiently obtain large amounts of data from many people. While a questionnaire simply collects responses, a survey is the full process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting results. Questionnaires can be descriptive to document current information or analytical to explore relationships between variables. Questions can be open-ended for free responses or closed-ended with predetermined answer options. Following best practices like clear goals and proper targeting helps ensure an effective questionnaire design.
Qualitative research methods focus on obtaining in-depth data through open-ended communication rather than numerical data. This allows researchers to understand not just what people think but also why. Common qualitative methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, case studies, observation, and visual techniques. While time-consuming, these methods provide meaningful insights into motivations, behaviors, and perspectives.
ACTIVITY 1
Chosen Research Design: Qualitative
Why do you think this design is appropriate to your research interest?
Based on my understanding of qualitative research, I believe it can be appropriate for certain types of research questions. In my view, qualitative research is particularly useful for exploring complex phenomena, gaining insights into people's experiences and perspectives, and developing theory. I also recognize that it can be valuable in applied settings, such as healthcare or social work, where understanding people's experiences is crucial for improving practice.
Guide Questions
1. Did you remember the research design listed in the table?
YES, I have remembered all the research design listed in the table.
2. What other research designs did you recall which is/ are not listed in the table?
Longitudinal Study
Cross-sectional Study
Survey Research
Action Research
Participatory Action Research
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic Research
3. Was it easy or hard to determine the research design to be used in your selected topic or interest?
For me, it is easy because in the first place I already have an idea where to start. I believe when you select a topic, you already considered what design you will use.
4. What are the factors that you consider in selecting a research design for your study?
As a researcher, I must consider various factors when selecting a qualitative research design for my study. These include the research question, the purpose of the study, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the available resources and time frame. Additionally, I must reflect on my own philosophical and theoretical perspectives to ensure that the chosen design aligns with my worldview and research goals.
Reflection
How does research design make your study colorful/ interesting?
As a researcher, I have come to appreciate how qualitative research design can add color and interest to a study. By using methods such as open-ended interviews, observations, and document analysis, I can capture the rich and complex experiences, perspectives, and contexts of the participants. This type of research allows me to delve deeper into the phenomenon being studied and gain a more nuanced understanding of it.
One of the benefits of using qualitative research is the ability to create vivid descriptions, quotes, and narratives that add depth and meaning to the study. It's fascinating to see how the data can come to life and offer a unique perspective on the topic. Additionally, I've found that unexpected findings often emerge during qualitative research, which can add to the intrigue and interest of the study.
Overall, I believe that qualitative research design offers a powerful way to explore the intricacies and nuances of human experience. It enables me to create a study that is more compelling and engaging, as well as provides insights that cannot be obtained through other research methods.
ACTIVITY 2: TELL ME THE QUANTITY
Directions: Read the qu
The document discusses formulating a research problem. It states that a research problem is a question that a researcher wants to answer, and depends on factors like their knowledge and interests. The formulation of a research problem is the first and most important step of the research process, as it forms the foundation for the rest of the study. Sources of research problems include people, existing problems, programs, and phenomena in the world. When selecting a research problem, researchers must consider factors like their level of interest, the scope of the problem, their ability to measure concepts, and ethical issues involved.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
This document provides an overview of various data collection methods for research studies. It discusses objectives, ethical considerations, sampling strategies for both quantitative and qualitative research, and different data collection instruments. These include questionnaires, interviews, observations, focus groups, think-aloud protocols, and diaries/journals. For each method, the document describes how to implement it and considerations for doing so effectively. It aims to help researchers determine the most appropriate data collection approach based on their research topic and design.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding different sampling strategies, data collection methods, and how to identify appropriate methods for a given study. It then provides an overview of key topics, including accessing participants ethically, quantitative and qualitative sampling, and different data collection instruments like questionnaires, interviews, observations, focus groups, and think-aloud protocols. For each method, it describes how to implement it and considerations for its appropriate use. The goal is to help researchers select data collection approaches suited to answering their research questions.
Normative Research Director Rebecca Pardo gave a series of presentations as an internal "workshop" with the Normative team to discuss research in a design context. This is the first of the series.
This document provides information about conducting interviews for research purposes. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding what interviews are, their significance for research studies, ethics around conducting interviews, types of interview questions, and how to analyze interview data. It then defines interviews as a method of data collection involving questions and answers between two or more people. Further notes specify that interviews are useful for gathering detailed information on complex topics. The document outlines ethics around inclusiveness, withdrawing consent, minimizing harm, permission, honesty, acceptance, anonymization, and data confidentiality. It describes three main types of interviews: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It concludes by explaining inductive and deductive approaches to qualitative analysis of interview data through the
Conceptualising a Research and Writing a Proposal. How to evolve a budget for...essadmin
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods in social science. It discusses what qualitative research is, its characteristics, and some common methods used which include in-depth interviews, case studies, observation, and focus group discussions. It also covers ethics, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis in qualitative research.
This document discusses the importance of properly formulating a research problem. It outlines several key steps and considerations for selecting and defining a research problem, including:
1) Identifying a broad field of interest and narrowing it down to specific questions.
2) Considering factors like personal interest, feasibility of data collection, and relevance.
3) Stating clear main and sub objectives for the research.
4) Establishing operational definitions for key terms to ensure consistent understanding.
Proper problem formulation is described as the critical first step of the research process, laying the foundation for a successful study.
Here are the key steps in the brainstorming process for generating research topic ideas:
1. Focus on your area of interest or specialization based on your field of study. Recall specific lessons, issues or problems that have piqued your curiosity.
2. Use techniques like mind mapping, free writing, or SWOT analysis to visually map out and explore your ideas. This helps generate a web of possible topics.
3. Discuss your ideas with groupmates to get feedback and refine potential research problems or unanswered questions within your area of interest.
4. Evaluate each topic idea based on guidelines like whether sources are available, it is timely and will contribute new knowledge to your field of study.
5
UNIT-1 BRM marketing to my career to solar.pptxJANNU VINAY
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, significance, and process. It defines research as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions through scientific investigation and discovery of new facts. The objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Research is significant as it contributes to new knowledge, supports decision-making, improves practices, helps solve problems, and enhances quality of life. The research process involves problem formulation, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings.
5 step approach to successful marketing researchbabar mushtaq
The document outlines the 5 steps of the marketing research process: 1) Defining the problem, 2) Analyzing the situation, 3) Getting problem-specific data, 4) Interpreting the data, and 5) Solving the problem. It emphasizes that properly defining the problem is critical, as researching the wrong problem wastes time and resources. Secondary research including informal discussions can help define the problem and determine if primary research is needed. Primary research methods include qualitative questioning, quantitative surveys, and observation. Proper interpretation and application of the research findings is necessary to solve the problem and guide marketing decisions.
The document outlines the steps to plan a research project on the impact of nutrition on health and performance. It discusses establishing research aims and objectives, determining appropriate data types, choosing research tools, identifying participants, and creating a timeline. The research aims to assess links between nutrition and performance for dancers by exploring their diets, health, awareness of nutrition, and whether nutrition impacts their ability to perform. Both qualitative and quantitative data could be collected through surveys, observations, interviews, and focus groups. The document evaluates different tools and considerations for ensuring reliable, representative, and objective research.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
Exploratory research is conducted to explore a problem that is not yet clearly defined. It aims to better understand the nature of the problem rather than provide conclusive answers. Common methods for exploratory research include interviews, focus groups, observations, surveys, and reviewing secondary sources like literature and case studies. Exploratory research generates insights about a topic rather than taking a problem with no prior research. It uses flexible and informal data collection and analysis to tentatively understand a problem area before more structured research is conducted.
The document discusses research problems, their characteristics, and how to identify a research problem. It defines a research problem as a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. A good research problem can be clearly stated, generates research questions, is grounded in theory, relates to academic fields of study, has significance, and is feasible within time and resource constraints. Research problems can come from personal and practical experiences, literature reviews, previous research, theories, social issues, brainstorming, intuition, folklores, field exposure, and consulting experts. The key is to select a problem that fulfills most of the ten important characteristics of a good research problem.
The document discusses key elements and steps of the research process. It begins by defining research and different types of research problems. It then outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) identifying a research problem, 2) formulating a hypothesis, 3) reviewing related literature, 4) preparing a research design, 5) conducting actual experimentation, 6) analyzing results and discussion, and 7) formulating conclusions and recommendations. The document also discusses types of research including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It concludes by outlining key elements that should be included in any research paper such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, body, results, discussion, conclusion, and citations.
- Human resource management plays a key role in organizational success by ensuring employee happiness and keeping HR systems up to date with technological advances. Strategic human capital planning is important for businesses.
- In the future, we can expect to learn more about how the global economic downturn has impacted human capital and workforce needs. Addressing issues may require reconfiguring teams or reexamining theories in light of new evidence.
- There are many options for recruiting to fill vacant roles, including outsourcing some recruitment processes. Retaining employees requires meeting and exceeding their expectations through training, responsibility, and work-life balance. Strategic long-term planning around human resources and goals is essential.
The document discusses various topics related to business law and financing including equity capital, loans, bankruptcy, and shareholder rights. It provides examples of financing methods like issuing bonds or shares. Alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration and mediation are also discussed as alternatives to resolving legal issues compared to traditional court litigation. Overall, the document touches on a wide range of legal and financial concepts related to operating and funding businesses.
The document discusses strategies for upscaling a brand from the middle market segment to the premium segment. It notes that simply extending an existing brand name may not be successful if customers in the premium segment do not want to associate with a brand from a lower segment. It suggests using sub-brands or a new brand name to avoid this issue. Other recommendations include leveraging social media analytics to understand target audiences, developing personal relationships to build trust, focusing on the local community to build credibility, partnering with influencers, and delegating tasks through clear responsibilities to allow the business owner to focus on strategy during the upscaling process.
Experimental research designs are considered the standard for research. They involve assigning one or more dependent variables to different treatments and observing the results to draw conclusions. Experimental research has both advantages and disadvantages. It allows full researcher control but can be resource-intensive. It aims to determine relationships between dependent and independent variables by supporting or rejecting hypotheses. Data must be quantifiable and include measurements of variables like area, weight, temperature etc. Qualitative observations also supplement the research. Overall, experimental research uses a scientific approach to test business matters and understand customer behavior through product testing and experiments.
1) Many small businesses in India have struggled during the COVID-19 pandemic due to reduced demand, supply chain issues, and changing consumer habits. Some have adapted their business models by moving online or innovating to survive.
2) Wagle Sports shifted to contactless shopping on WhatsApp and free delivery after losing most of its revenue from closed schools and sports clubs. It moved online to compete with sites like Amazon offering discounts.
3) Style Nook recovered sales to pre-pandemic levels after shifting its customized office wear focus online as demand from workers collapsed. It believes more Indian customers getting used to online shopping will help its future.
The document summarizes the paid ad strategy for Tailoroom for the month. It allocates Rs. 9000 each to a reach campaign and lead generation campaign. The reach campaign budget is divided equally between ads for men and women, targeting ages 25-35. The lead generation budget is also divided between men and women with different ad creatives. Detailed targeting is recommended to find the most relevant audiences. Placement is suggested on Facebook and Instagram news feeds and stories. Lead forms should capture intent with prefilled info and short answers.
The document discusses probability trees and their use in calculating probabilities of events. It provides an example using probability trees to calculate the probability that a flight leaving Srinagar belonged to a particular airline, given that the flight was on time. It is stated that probability trees allow visualizing randomness and conditional probabilities in a simple way and can be used to calculate the probabilities of multiple simultaneous events. The document concludes by stating that probability trees allow comparing the outcomes of different decisions and speed up probability calculations.
The document discusses various methods for raising capital and resolving disputes for businesses. It provides an overview of equity, debt, hybrid instruments, and alternative dispute resolution options. Some key points summarized are:
1. There are several options for raising money like equity, debt, or a mix of the two. Investors can gain equity shares in exchange for their investment.
2. Alternative dispute resolution methods like arbitration, mediation and lok adalat provide cheaper and faster options compared to litigation. Party autonomy and a wider range of outcomes are benefits of these approaches.
3. Courts in India have increasingly used alternative dispute resolution over the past two decades to resolve workplace issues in a more innovative way.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Research Methodology.pdf
1. 1st Answer
In social science, interviews refer to a method of collecting data that would
involve two or more people to exchange information with a series of questions
and answers. The question is designed by a researcher to elicit information from
the participants of interview on a particular topic or a set of topics. These topics
get informed by the research questions by the author. Interviews would usually
involve an in-person meeting between two people.
An individual would be wondering when he or she must choose the interviews as
the method of data collection. Also, they have an advantage over surveys, and
these can be adapted as an individual would learn more regarding the
information. It is important to recall the survey data methods of collection don’t
enable the researchers to change the questions that have been administered. All
the participants should be asked the same questions in the same manner.
The questions that have to put on the survey during the stage of design in order
to determine the data they get. In an interview, an individual would follow up on
new and unexpected topics emerging during the conversation. Trusting in
emergence and learning from the participants are known as hallmarks of
qualitative research. In this method, interviews refer to a useful method to employ
when he or she wants to know the story behind the response he or she may
receive in a written survey.
Interviews also tend to be useful when the topic is rather complex, and it needs
lengthy explanation or wants a dialogue between two individuals to investigate.
Also, an interview may be the best method to make use if the study would involve
describing the process using which a phenomenon would occur. For instance, an
individual would make use of interviews to gather data about how people can
reach a decision not to have children and how others would have responded to
the decision. To understand these processes, an individual would want to
exchange dialogue with a respondent. When they begin to share their story with
you, new questions that had not occurred to you in interviews would arise as the
story of every person is unique.
Also, close-ended survey questions will not be as effective when it comes to capturing
the complex process.
During a structured interview, the pre-determined questions he or she would ask are all
correlated to important competencies of job which are derived from a detailed job
description. The questions can be either behavioral or situational. They have been rated
with a specific scoring system with a range of acceptable answers. When there is more
than one interviewer, the team must reach a consensus on the order of questions and
the answers that have been interpreted.
2. How do you conduct a structured interview?
Step 1: Job analysis
For every position, an individual would have to make use of job analysis in order to match the skills to
job tasks. Information from this process is important to design a structured interview. It would enable
you to develop a professional and informative job ad, structured interview questions as well as ranges of
salary. Apart from selection, it would enable to help towards the training and needs of the organization.
Step 2: Define requirements
Now, that an individual would have a list of requirements required for the position, an individual would
need to provide the full definition for each one. For instance, what would be the communication skills.
We all would understand it in the abstract but an individual would need to indicate what this would
mean for a specific role. This would be a great help for later when an individual would have to develop a
grading scale or examples of behavioral.
Develop lead and probing questions: Interview questions must be developed with great care, and with
the help of an expert. Assuming that an individual would have to evaluate around six attributes, an
individual can develop a set of 12 structured questions of interview. The number would be largely up to
you.
Both situational and behavioral questions are job-related. An individual has the ability to choose great
questions from existing lists and categorize them as per the requirements he or she want to assess. If an
individual that is expected to happen on a regular basis to a position, he or she can include them in the
process.
Step 4: Determine grading scale
The presence of a scoring system refers to an important to make sure decisions that are objective. An
individual would want to choose the common scale of five or seven points that range from low to high.
They key here is to accurately define the level of scoring.
As per the above example, the grading scale may look like this:
Level 1- Low: Handles interpersonal situations involving little or no tension or
discomfort and requires close guidance
Level 3- Average: Handles interpersonal situations involving a moderate degree of
tension or discomfort and requires occasional guidance
3. What is an Unstructured Interview?
An unstructured interview refers to a type of interview that happens to be non-
directive in nature. Here, the interviewer doesn’t rely on set of standardized
questions but adopt when they gather relevant information from the respondent
in line with the purpose of the interview.
In some way, an unstructured interview is similar to an everyday conversation as of its
informal and nature that is free-flowing. Unstructured interviews can be made use of in
various fields especially sociology and it is also adopted for market research and
recruitment process.
An unstructured interview can go in any direction. In this example, you could have
chosen to try to identify more kinds of childhood illnesses. You could have asked about
diseases that occur in very young children. Or you could have expanded upon each
illness identified as hot or cold.
There is no one right way to do an unstructured interview. The important thing is to
gather and record information about aspects of the belief system. You proceed in any
order that is natural. You can always return to a subject that you did not explore at the
time it was mentioned. Make notes to remind yourself to go back and ask more about
certain topics.
4. 2nd Answer
Research would enable to take the project to the next level, and can also take you
to the next stage of your career. It has the capacity to solve existing issues and it
has important role in the process of making decisions for each and every
individual. By researching all the facts and figures, an individual would be better
equipped to completely understand the issues that the individuals are trying to
solve and are more capable to make the best decision to reach their goals.
WHY DO WE NEED RESEARCH?
Research refers to a careful and a detailed study of a particular problem, with the use of
scientific methods. An in-depth analysis of the information would create space to
generate new questions, concepts and understanding. The main aim of research is to
explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. It is an important component of
success.
Over the years. Business has focused on the need to do research. An individual would
probably notice an organization hiring managers and analysts. The main aim of the
business research is to determine the goals as well as the opportunities of an
organization. It is important when it comes to making business decisions and allocation
of the available resources.
There are a few benefits of research that are important. Following are some of them:
EXPANDS YOUR KNOWLEDGE BASE:
One of the greatest advantages of research is to learn and get a deep understanding.
The deeper you dig into a topic, the more you deserve. Also, research has the power to
enable to build on any personal experience an individual has on the subject.
KEEPS YOU UP TO DATE:
Research would encourage an individual to discover the most recent information that
was available. Updated information would prevent from falling behind and enables to
present the accurate information. An individual is better equipped to develop ideas and
talk about a topic when he or she is armed with the latest inputs.
BUILDS YOUR CREDIBILITY
Research provides you with a good foundation upon which you can develop your
thoughts and ideas. People take you more seriously when your suggestions are backed
by research. You can speak with greater confidence because you know that the
information is accurate.
4. SPARKS CONNECTIONS
Take any leading nonprofit organization, you’ll see how they have a strong
research arm supported by real-life stories. Research also becomes the base
5. upon which real-life connections and impact can be made. It even helps you
communicate better with others and conveys why you’re pursuing something.
ENCOURAGES CURIOSITY:
Research is about existing information that would help to create new ideas as well as
opinions. In the process, it would spark curiosity as he or she is encouraged to explore
and gain a deeper insight into a subject. Curiosity would lead to a higher level of
positivity and low level of anxiety.
An appropriate research strategy will not only provide a direction to the study and also
enables to choose the correct method in order to collect and analyze the data for the
research. So, it is very important to choose an appreciate strategy while the research
gets conducted.
Qualitative Research Strategy: Not each time research would involve numbers or
calculations that an individual would analyze. Sometimes, an individual would have to
understand the underlying opinions and the reasons for deep knowledge of the problem.
It would provide insights into the research problem and enables to achieve objectives of
the research by different methods like interviews, observations, open-ended surveys,
oral history and focus groups.
Quantitative Research Strategy: Another method to figure out is to look at the
patterns when it comes to numeric data, and this can only be done analyzed using
statistics.
Descriptive Research Strategy
As the name suggests, a descriptive strategy is used when you want to describe a
particular situation. It observes and describes the behavior of an individual, community,
group or a thing without affecting it in any way. The best part about descriptive strategy
is that the subject is being observed in an unchanged and completely natural
environment. It does not manipulate any condition; it just describes what already exists
in surrounding and can help to uncover the hidden facts and figures of the subject.
Analytical Research Strategy
Analytical research strategy involves the use of already available facts and information.
A researcher studies and analyzes the available data in an attempt to explain the
complex problems. It answers ‘why is it this way’ and ‘how it came to be’ type questions
and usually concerns itself with cause-effect relationships.
Applied or Action Research Strategy
6. This strategy can be used in various fields, like for example, researching which strategy
work best to motivate physically challenged students, studying different Cell phone
designs to determine which is the most efficient for working women, Development of
strategies to introduce change in M.C. Donald global supply chain management or an
investigation for the ways of improving employee motivation in Google.
Fundamental or Basic Research Strategy
Do you know the factors impacting each stage of a tertiary food chain? I guess you do!
However, as a researcher, you are very curious to know their impact rate and therefore
you want to critically analyze more about these factors. Well! What you exactly doing is
that you are gathering knowledge for the sake of the knowledge and this is the
fundamental research strategy.
It may have limited direct applications, but the researcher has careful control over the
conditions.
Critical Research Strategy: As the term says, an important analysis refers to the
foundation or the basics of the study. This is used to reveal faulty claims regarding the
society. By using this strategy, a researcher would pick any conclusion or theory that
gets made with respect to the society.
Interpretive Research Strategy: The interpretive research strategy happens to be very
similar to qualitative research strategy. It would interpret the social reality through a
sense-making process instead of a hypothesis testing process. In simple words, it would
explain and understand the life and society through human experience. It would focus
on human significance and meaning.
7. 3rd Answer
3a.
Introduction: Intention is the independent variable and the behavior is the dependent
variable. This is because the behavior depends on the intention.
The independent variable refers to the characteristic of a psychology experiment that
gets manipulated or changed by researchers. For instance, in an experiment that looks
at the effects of studying on the test scores, studying is the independent variable.
Researchers would try to determine if changes to the independent variable and this
would result in significant changes to the dependent variable.
Researchers are interested when it comes to investigation of the effects of the
independent variable on other variables, and these are known as dependent variables.
The independent variable refers to the one that the researchers would either manipulate
or that already exists and isn’t dependent on other variables. Also, the intention is
affected by various other factors. So, intention is a mediator and also a dependent
variable. The host of other factors like attitude’, ‘subjective norms’ and ‘perceived
control’ are independent variable.
A mediator variable would explain the how or why of a relationship between an
independent variable and its dependent variable.
In a mediation model, the independent variable and this cannot influence the depend
In a mediation model, the independent variable cannot influence the dependent variable
directly, and instead does so by means of a third variable, a ‘middle-man’.
In psychology, the mediator variable is often known as intervening variable. However,
the lines between the two terms are fuzzy, and they are used in that way.
Full Mediation and Partial Mediation
Full mediation is when the entire relationship between the independent & dependent
variables is through the mediator variable. If you take away the mediator, the
relationship disappears. Since the real world is a complicated place with many
interactions, this is less common than partial mediation.
Partial mediation happens when the mediating variable is only responsible for a part of
the relationship between independent & dependent variables. If the mediating variable
is eliminated, there will still be a relationship between the independent and dependent
variables; it just won’t be as strong.
Mediational Hypotheses: Mediational hypotheses, by definition, include full (complete)
mediation. In other words, the independent variable has zero effect on the dependent
variable; the causal relationship depends entirely on the mediator.
8. 3b.
A conceptual model refers to the model of an application that the designer would want
users to understand. By making use of the software and perhaps to read its
documentation, users would build a model in their minds on how it would work. It is the
best if the model that the users would build in their minds like the one the designers
intended to.
This model would provide the degree of freedom that is given to the user when it comes
to accomplishing the task and achievement of the goals. In some situations, the task
flow is more linear, and this gives the user less degrees of freedom in terms of
alternative ways of the interaction. In other cases, the flow of task is unstructured.
Following this, the conceptual model is divided into two main categories:
Conceptual models differ in the degrees of freedom given to the user in accomplishing
tasks and achieving goals. In some cases, the task flow is highly structured and linear,
thus giving the user less degrees of freedom in terms of alternative ways of the
interaction. In other cases, the task flow is unstructured, thus giving the user more
degrees of freedom in terms of alternatives in how to perform the interaction. Following
this, typologies of conceptual models can be divided into two main categories:
sequential and structured, non-sequential and unstructured.
Developing a conceptual model before a user interface is designed; it is tempted to
jump right into discussion of the concepts of user interface, such as control panels,
menus and data displays. The temptation is by the tendency of sales and people of
marketing to state functional needs with respect to the window layout and mouse click.
When marketing needs are stated in UI terms, the individual would gracefully decline
and them and demand needs that are stated with respect to the task, the problems that
the users would face and the goals that they would have to achieve.
A conceptual model is not a user interface. It is not expressed in terms of keystrokes,
mouse actions, dialog boxes, controls, or screen graphics. It is expressed in terms of
the concepts of the intended users’ tasks: the data users manipulate, how the data is
organized, and what users do to the data. A conceptual model explains, abstractly, the
function of the software and what concepts people need to be aware of in order to use
it. The idea is that by carefully crafting an explicit conceptual model, and then designing
a UI from that, the resulting software will be cleaner, simpler, and easier to understand.