This document is the table of contents for a book titled "Manures, Fertilizers and Pesticides - Theory and Applications". The book is divided into five chapters that cover topics related to inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, beneficial microorganisms, pesticides, and organic farming. The table of contents provides an overview of the chapters and sections included in the book.
Aridisols occur in arid and semiarid regions where rainfall is low and available water during most times is limited. They have light color due to low organic matter from poor biological activity. Aridisols are extensive in Pakistan, occupying over 188,000 sq km. They are characterized by low organic matter, lime accumulation, and salt accumulation. Aridisols are used mainly for grazing and recreation due to dry climate unless irrigation is available. They are divided into Argids, which have an argillic horizon, and Orthids, which do not, with several dominant soil series identified for each in Pakistan. Management challenges include workability, salinity, water scarcity, and overgrazing.
This document provides an overview of cover crops and strategies for integrating them into a corn-soybean rotation. It discusses selecting cover crops based on the main purpose and cropping system. A low-risk introductory approach is to drill cereal rye into corn stalks, plant short-season soybeans into the rye, and then plant a low C:N cover crop mix after soybeans before no-till corn. This strategic approach aims to build soil health over time through biologically active cover crops matched to each cash crop.
This is a slideshow I present to support my cause. I talk and explain during the slideshow, however it is simple enough to understand.
So go through it and contact me of advice and/or problems in the slide.
Irrigation Management: Plant-Water Relations and Atmospheric DemandMETER Group, Inc. USA
Soil moisture data are useful, but they can’t tell us everything. Other strategies for growers, like plant and weather monitoring, can inform irrigation scheduling decisions.
In this 30-minute webinar, Dr. Gaylon Campbell will explore options for managing irrigation beyond soil moisture. Learn the why and how of scheduling irrigation using plant or atmospheric measurements. Understand canopy temperature and its role in detecting water stress of crops. Plus, discover when plant water information is necessary and which measurement(s) to use.
Here’s what we’ll cover:
• Estimating crop water use with reference evapotranspiration (ET)
• Relationships between plant water potential and water stress
• Options for scheduling deficit or controlled stress irrigation
• Water stress and canopy conductance from canopy temperature
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
This presentation classifies various crop types including cereals, oilseeds, pulses, forage crops, fiber crops, sugar crops, spices, vegetables, roots, drugs, beverages, and green manuring crops. For each crop, the common name, scientific name, and plant family are provided. Some examples mentioned are rice, maize, wheat, soybean, mustard, lentils, chickpeas, sugarcane, onion, potato, tobacco, tea and sensitive plant. In total, over 30 different crops across 12 categories are classified in the presentation.
Biochar is charcoal used as a soil amendment.
Biochar is a stable solid, rich in carbon, and can endure in soil for thousands of years.Like most charcoal, biochar is made from biomass via pyrolysis. Biochar is under investigation as an approach to carbon sequestration.Biochar thus has the potential to help mitigate climate change via carbon sequestration. Independently, biochar can increase soil fertility of acidic soils (low pH soils), increase agricultural productivity, and provide protection against some foliar and soil-borne diseases.
Aridisols occur in arid and semiarid regions where rainfall is low and available water during most times is limited. They have light color due to low organic matter from poor biological activity. Aridisols are extensive in Pakistan, occupying over 188,000 sq km. They are characterized by low organic matter, lime accumulation, and salt accumulation. Aridisols are used mainly for grazing and recreation due to dry climate unless irrigation is available. They are divided into Argids, which have an argillic horizon, and Orthids, which do not, with several dominant soil series identified for each in Pakistan. Management challenges include workability, salinity, water scarcity, and overgrazing.
This document provides an overview of cover crops and strategies for integrating them into a corn-soybean rotation. It discusses selecting cover crops based on the main purpose and cropping system. A low-risk introductory approach is to drill cereal rye into corn stalks, plant short-season soybeans into the rye, and then plant a low C:N cover crop mix after soybeans before no-till corn. This strategic approach aims to build soil health over time through biologically active cover crops matched to each cash crop.
This is a slideshow I present to support my cause. I talk and explain during the slideshow, however it is simple enough to understand.
So go through it and contact me of advice and/or problems in the slide.
Irrigation Management: Plant-Water Relations and Atmospheric DemandMETER Group, Inc. USA
Soil moisture data are useful, but they can’t tell us everything. Other strategies for growers, like plant and weather monitoring, can inform irrigation scheduling decisions.
In this 30-minute webinar, Dr. Gaylon Campbell will explore options for managing irrigation beyond soil moisture. Learn the why and how of scheduling irrigation using plant or atmospheric measurements. Understand canopy temperature and its role in detecting water stress of crops. Plus, discover when plant water information is necessary and which measurement(s) to use.
Here’s what we’ll cover:
• Estimating crop water use with reference evapotranspiration (ET)
• Relationships between plant water potential and water stress
• Options for scheduling deficit or controlled stress irrigation
• Water stress and canopy conductance from canopy temperature
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
This presentation classifies various crop types including cereals, oilseeds, pulses, forage crops, fiber crops, sugar crops, spices, vegetables, roots, drugs, beverages, and green manuring crops. For each crop, the common name, scientific name, and plant family are provided. Some examples mentioned are rice, maize, wheat, soybean, mustard, lentils, chickpeas, sugarcane, onion, potato, tobacco, tea and sensitive plant. In total, over 30 different crops across 12 categories are classified in the presentation.
Biochar is charcoal used as a soil amendment.
Biochar is a stable solid, rich in carbon, and can endure in soil for thousands of years.Like most charcoal, biochar is made from biomass via pyrolysis. Biochar is under investigation as an approach to carbon sequestration.Biochar thus has the potential to help mitigate climate change via carbon sequestration. Independently, biochar can increase soil fertility of acidic soils (low pH soils), increase agricultural productivity, and provide protection against some foliar and soil-borne diseases.
This document provides an overview of key soil properties that soil scientists evaluate when characterizing soils, including: color, texture, structure, consistence, shrink-swell potential, bulk density, porosity, permeability, infiltration, drainage, available water holding capacity, reaction, cation exchange capacity, and landscape position. It discusses how each property influences other physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and describes methods used to assess properties in the field.
Remote sensing provides information about objects on Earth through reflected or emitted radiation captured from a distance. In India, remote sensing is used extensively for agriculture and resource management. The document outlines the various applications of remote sensing in agriculture, including crop production forecasting, crop damage assessment, soil mapping, and drought monitoring. It also describes India's remote sensing program developed by ISRO to design, build, and launch satellites, and the various centers established for remote sensing education and applications.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and conservation tillage. It defines sustainable agriculture as production techniques that protect the environment, public health, and communities. Conservation tillage is defined as practices that disturb the soil minimally and keep at least 30% of the soil surface covered. Benefits of conservation tillage include reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, and improved water retention. Case studies show increases in crop yields and soil parameters like organic carbon under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document summarizes information about the bread wheat variety HW 3094 that is suitable for cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
HW 3094 has a yield of 2364 kg/ha, is resistant to rust diseases, and has good chappathi and bread making quality. It has a short growing duration of 85-90 days. Trials showed it outperformed the popular variety HW 3070 with a 5.4% higher yield. The variety is well-suited to Tamil Nadu's climate as it requires less water than varieties from northern India. It helps meet the local demand for wheat.
This is the Review Presentation that was made subsequent to the successful completion of 28 days of Village Attachment @ Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni by our batch of 4th year B.Sc Forestry Students from the Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (India) as part of our Forestry Work Experience Programme.
P.S. (The Report as it might seem, maybe having mistakes and blunders at places more than one, but all the same, consider it as the true reflection of the efforts we students put in during the said period. Please be kind enough to take time out to go through the Presentation and pass on the feedback, so that next time around we might improve...)
This document provides information about irrigation, including its definition, purposes, history, types, and components. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to soil, usually used to assist growing crops in dry areas or during low rainfall. Ancient Mesopotamian engineers built elaborate dam and canal systems to distribute water for agricultural and domestic needs. Modern irrigation systems include surface, center pivot, lateral move, and localized drip/sprinkler methods. Proper drainage of excess water is also important for soil health and equipment access. The document discusses drainage system design considerations based on soil, water table, and crop factors.
WSRU Vermiculture Program: Manual of Operationsx3G9
The document provides an overview and manual of operations for the vermiculture program at Washington State Reformatory (WSRU). It details the history and growth of the program from 2010 to present day, which now includes over 2 million worms receiving over 4,000 pounds of food waste per month across 13 flow through bins and other breeding and storage bins. The manual serves to provide instruction on various aspects of worm bin management to maximize worm production and food waste processing, with the overall goals of producing organic fertilizer and developing a sustainable vocational training program for inmates.
Research Paper on Vermiculture and Vermicompostingx3G9
The document summarizes a research project on vermiculture and vermicomposting conducted by students. They constructed two vermi beds and introduced red wriggler worms. Over several weeks, they applied various organic substrates to the beds, fed and moistened the worms, and harvested over 200kg of high-quality vermicast fertilizer. The vermicast was then used to fertilize vegetable seedlings, demonstrating the potential of vermiculture for organic waste management and fertilizer production.
Plants require water for growth and survival. Water acts as a solvent for nutrients and minerals absorbed by plant roots from the soil and transports them throughout the plant. It also plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, transpiration, and other physiological processes within a plant.
ROLE OF SOIL ORGANIC MANURE IN SUSTAINING SOIL HEALTHRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses the role of soil organic manure in sustaining soil health. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function sustainably within an ecosystem. The use of chemical fertilizers is increasing crop production but degrading soil health over time. Organic manures from natural sources are a sustainable alternative that improve soil properties like structure, moisture retention, and nutrient levels. Factors like climate, vegetation, soil type and organisms influence organic matter levels in soil. Different types of organic manures are classified including farm yard manure, compost, green manuring, and vermicompost.
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
**needs updates and improvements
these slide is made with excerpts from other published and unpublished books,journals, studies and om-line references.No Plagiarism was intended.
Made for April-May 2015 Agriculture Major Admission test Review. Cavite State University.
1 Sprinkler Irrigation System: components, types of system & layoutSuyog Khose
This document discusses sprinkler irrigation systems. It begins by outlining factors to consider when choosing an irrigation method, such as water availability, topography, climate and soils. It then discusses plant water use patterns and provides a graph showing typical daily crop water use. The bulk of the document describes different types of sprinkler irrigation systems including rotating head systems and perforated systems. It provides details on system components like sprinklers, spray pads, rotors, pop-up heads and laterals. It also discusses portable, semi-portable, semi-permanent, solid-set and permanent sprinkler system types.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
CPT009 - DEFINITION AND COMPOSITION OF SOIL.pptxSINCERELYJA
This document defines soil and its composition. It states that soil is a natural body formed from weathered rocks and minerals that serves as a medium for plant growth. Soil is composed of around 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore spaces occupied by either air or water. The mineral matter varies in size from sand to clay. Organic matter provides nutrients and improves soil structure. Soil science studies the properties of soil and its relationship to plant growth. Key areas of study include fertility, physics, chemistry, and microbiology.
Organic rice is rice that is certified to have been grown and processed according to organic standards without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Some key requirements for growing organic rice include maintaining soil fertility through crop rotation and compost, using alternative pest and weed control methods, and keeping detailed records of production methods. Factors to consider include potential market size and prices, availability of organic inputs, production needs, and certification requirements.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Biofertilizers are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability in soil. They can increase crop yields by 20-30% and improve soil structure, water retention, and sustainability. Common biofertilizers fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or promote plant growth. They benefit farmers by reducing costs, fortifying soil, and sustaining agriculture with few negative side effects compared to chemical fertilizers.
This document provides an overview of key soil properties that soil scientists evaluate when characterizing soils, including: color, texture, structure, consistence, shrink-swell potential, bulk density, porosity, permeability, infiltration, drainage, available water holding capacity, reaction, cation exchange capacity, and landscape position. It discusses how each property influences other physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and describes methods used to assess properties in the field.
Remote sensing provides information about objects on Earth through reflected or emitted radiation captured from a distance. In India, remote sensing is used extensively for agriculture and resource management. The document outlines the various applications of remote sensing in agriculture, including crop production forecasting, crop damage assessment, soil mapping, and drought monitoring. It also describes India's remote sensing program developed by ISRO to design, build, and launch satellites, and the various centers established for remote sensing education and applications.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and conservation tillage. It defines sustainable agriculture as production techniques that protect the environment, public health, and communities. Conservation tillage is defined as practices that disturb the soil minimally and keep at least 30% of the soil surface covered. Benefits of conservation tillage include reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, and improved water retention. Case studies show increases in crop yields and soil parameters like organic carbon under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document summarizes information about the bread wheat variety HW 3094 that is suitable for cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
HW 3094 has a yield of 2364 kg/ha, is resistant to rust diseases, and has good chappathi and bread making quality. It has a short growing duration of 85-90 days. Trials showed it outperformed the popular variety HW 3070 with a 5.4% higher yield. The variety is well-suited to Tamil Nadu's climate as it requires less water than varieties from northern India. It helps meet the local demand for wheat.
This is the Review Presentation that was made subsequent to the successful completion of 28 days of Village Attachment @ Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Seoni by our batch of 4th year B.Sc Forestry Students from the Department of Forestry, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (India) as part of our Forestry Work Experience Programme.
P.S. (The Report as it might seem, maybe having mistakes and blunders at places more than one, but all the same, consider it as the true reflection of the efforts we students put in during the said period. Please be kind enough to take time out to go through the Presentation and pass on the feedback, so that next time around we might improve...)
This document provides information about irrigation, including its definition, purposes, history, types, and components. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to soil, usually used to assist growing crops in dry areas or during low rainfall. Ancient Mesopotamian engineers built elaborate dam and canal systems to distribute water for agricultural and domestic needs. Modern irrigation systems include surface, center pivot, lateral move, and localized drip/sprinkler methods. Proper drainage of excess water is also important for soil health and equipment access. The document discusses drainage system design considerations based on soil, water table, and crop factors.
WSRU Vermiculture Program: Manual of Operationsx3G9
The document provides an overview and manual of operations for the vermiculture program at Washington State Reformatory (WSRU). It details the history and growth of the program from 2010 to present day, which now includes over 2 million worms receiving over 4,000 pounds of food waste per month across 13 flow through bins and other breeding and storage bins. The manual serves to provide instruction on various aspects of worm bin management to maximize worm production and food waste processing, with the overall goals of producing organic fertilizer and developing a sustainable vocational training program for inmates.
Research Paper on Vermiculture and Vermicompostingx3G9
The document summarizes a research project on vermiculture and vermicomposting conducted by students. They constructed two vermi beds and introduced red wriggler worms. Over several weeks, they applied various organic substrates to the beds, fed and moistened the worms, and harvested over 200kg of high-quality vermicast fertilizer. The vermicast was then used to fertilize vegetable seedlings, demonstrating the potential of vermiculture for organic waste management and fertilizer production.
Plants require water for growth and survival. Water acts as a solvent for nutrients and minerals absorbed by plant roots from the soil and transports them throughout the plant. It also plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, transpiration, and other physiological processes within a plant.
ROLE OF SOIL ORGANIC MANURE IN SUSTAINING SOIL HEALTHRamyajit Mondal
This document discusses the role of soil organic manure in sustaining soil health. It defines soil health as the capacity of soil to function sustainably within an ecosystem. The use of chemical fertilizers is increasing crop production but degrading soil health over time. Organic manures from natural sources are a sustainable alternative that improve soil properties like structure, moisture retention, and nutrient levels. Factors like climate, vegetation, soil type and organisms influence organic matter levels in soil. Different types of organic manures are classified including farm yard manure, compost, green manuring, and vermicompost.
Soil health refers to a soil's ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain water and air quality, and support human habitation. A healthy soil is in a state of well-being biologically, chemically, and physically, and is able to perform functions like nutrient cycling without degradation over time. Soil health is context-dependent and can be defined differently based on user priorities and the soil's inherent qualities and geographic situation. Generic aspects of a healthy soil include supporting a diversity of productive uses and life, absorbing and recycling nutrients at a high rate relative to climate limits, and having low levels of contamination and erosion.
**needs updates and improvements
these slide is made with excerpts from other published and unpublished books,journals, studies and om-line references.No Plagiarism was intended.
Made for April-May 2015 Agriculture Major Admission test Review. Cavite State University.
1 Sprinkler Irrigation System: components, types of system & layoutSuyog Khose
This document discusses sprinkler irrigation systems. It begins by outlining factors to consider when choosing an irrigation method, such as water availability, topography, climate and soils. It then discusses plant water use patterns and provides a graph showing typical daily crop water use. The bulk of the document describes different types of sprinkler irrigation systems including rotating head systems and perforated systems. It provides details on system components like sprinklers, spray pads, rotors, pop-up heads and laterals. It also discusses portable, semi-portable, semi-permanent, solid-set and permanent sprinkler system types.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT
Cause changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils.
SOIL WATER MOVEMENT FACTS.
SOIL WATER PLANTS RELATIONSHIP.
CPT009 - DEFINITION AND COMPOSITION OF SOIL.pptxSINCERELYJA
This document defines soil and its composition. It states that soil is a natural body formed from weathered rocks and minerals that serves as a medium for plant growth. Soil is composed of around 45% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and 50% pore spaces occupied by either air or water. The mineral matter varies in size from sand to clay. Organic matter provides nutrients and improves soil structure. Soil science studies the properties of soil and its relationship to plant growth. Key areas of study include fertility, physics, chemistry, and microbiology.
Organic rice is rice that is certified to have been grown and processed according to organic standards without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Some key requirements for growing organic rice include maintaining soil fertility through crop rotation and compost, using alternative pest and weed control methods, and keeping detailed records of production methods. Factors to consider include potential market size and prices, availability of organic inputs, production needs, and certification requirements.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
Biofertilizers are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability in soil. They can increase crop yields by 20-30% and improve soil structure, water retention, and sustainability. Common biofertilizers fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or promote plant growth. They benefit farmers by reducing costs, fortifying soil, and sustaining agriculture with few negative side effects compared to chemical fertilizers.
This document compares fertilizers and manures. It defines fertilizers as materials that supply plant nutrients, and notes the main types include sodium nitrates, ammonium salts, and compounds with nitrogen in amide form. Manures are organic materials derived from animal feces or green plants that provide nutrients. The document lists advantages and disadvantages of both, such as fertilizers providing high nutrients but potential harm, while manures improve soil structure but can spread weeds. It concludes by comparing key differences between fertilizers being mineral and giving rapid response versus manures being organic and taking longer to decompose.
This document discusses organic fertilizers. It defines organic fertilizers as soil amendments derived from natural sources that contain minimum percentages of nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Organic fertilizers include manures, composts, green manures and other plant and animal residues. They are used because they improve soil structure and fertility while protecting the environment. The document describes different types of organic fertilizers and how to prepare compost from various waste materials. It also discusses applying, storing and purchasing organic fertilizers in Pakistan.
Manure and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in soil and promote healthy plant growth. Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposed plant and animal waste that is added to fields to improve soil texture, increase friendly microbes, and replenish nutrients. Fertilizers are chemical substances made in factories that are also rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but can pollute water sources and make soil less fertile over time. Both manure and fertilizers are beneficial for farmers but have advantages and disadvantages.
The document provides information on India's agriculture sector. It notes that India has the second largest agricultural land area in the world and favorable climatic conditions. Some key points:
- India is the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk, tea and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Total food grain production reached a record high of 252.68 million tonnes in FY2015 and 253.16 million tonnes in FY2016.
- The government has implemented several schemes to boost agriculture like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana to improve irrigation and Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana to promote organic
India is the second largest producer of agricultural products in the world. Some key points:
- India produces over 250 million tonnes of food grains annually, making it the largest producer of many crops like spices, pulses, milk, tea and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- The agriculture sector is a major contributor to India's GDP and employs over half the country's population. However, farm incomes are growing slowly.
- The government has implemented several schemes to boost irrigation, increase crop yields and promote organic farming to achieve its goal of doubling farmer incomes by 2022.
- Major crops include rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables. Production of rice and wheat has been increasing over time
An introduction to the new generation pesticides 25 10-2013. newDilin Sathyanath
The document discusses new generation pesticides from various groups including organo chlorines, carbamates, organo phosphorus, and synthetic pyrethroids. It provides the brand names, active ingredients, dosages, and target pests for many new pesticides from groups like phenyl pyrazoles, phallic acid diamides, chloro nicotynyls, and insect growth regulators. New generation fungicides and their uses are also outlined. The document compares conventional and new generation pesticide options for pests like leaf minor and epilachna beetle.
This document discusses organic fertilization and soil fertility management. It begins by comparing conventional and organic plant nutrition approaches, noting that organic systems use long-term solutions and ecological cycles rather than short-term reactive applications. It then discusses organic fertilizers and amendments like manures, cover crops, and composts. The advantages and disadvantages of organic fertilizers are outlined. The rest of the document covers topics like soil organic matter, nutrient cycling, plant nutrient needs, monitoring plant nutrition, and nutrient sources for organic systems.
The document discusses manures and fertilizers. It provides details on farmyard manure (FYM), including its composition, characteristics, and methods to improve it. FYM is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter, and fodder residues. It has low nutrient content of around 0.5% N, 0.25% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O. The document recommends the trench method for FYM preparation to reduce losses during handling and storage. It also suggests enriching FYM with superphosphate before field application.
The pesticide industry is estimated to be worth $48 billion globally and is expected to grow to $71.3 billion by 2018. In India, the industry is worth $4.1 billion and is expected to reach $7.1 billion by 2018. The industry faces challenges such as stringent regulations, evolution of biotechnology, and acquisitions by larger companies. However, opportunities for growth exist due to increasing crop losses, low pesticide consumption in India, and growth in horticulture. Major players in the Indian market include BASF, DuPont, and Bayer, which control 75-80% of the market.
Fertilizers are substances added to soil to improve plant growth and yield. The document outlines the process of fertilizer production, which involves producing ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, and potassium chloride, then granulating and bagging the final product. It discusses different types of fertilizers including complete vs incomplete, soluble vs insoluble, and organic vs inorganic. While organic fertilizers are natural and improve soil health long-term, inorganic fertilizers provide immediate nutrients and higher crop yields needed to feed the world's growing population. Fertilizers have become essential for agriculture due to low organic matter in soils and increasing food demand.
This presentation discusses pesticides and their classification, working mechanisms, benefits, hazards and alternatives. It defines pesticides as substances used to control pests that compete with humans for food and spread disease. Pesticides are classified based on the pest they target, such as herbicides for weeds, insecticides for insects, and fungicides for fungi. Common chemical pesticides are discussed along with their modes of action. While pesticides protect crops and public health, they can also pollute the environment and harm non-target species if misused. The presentation advocates integrated pest management and biological controls as safer alternatives to excessive chemical pesticide use.
Fertilizers and pesticides are important for agriculture but can harm the environment if overused. Fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are either natural (leaves, manure) or artificial (ammonium sulfate, urea). While fertilizers increase crop yields, excessive use leads to water pollution from nutrient runoff and eutrophication. Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects, weeds and other pests, but can accumulate in animals and humans in toxic amounts. Their overuse also kills beneficial organisms and develops pest resistance. Biofertilizers from microorganisms are a more environmentally friendly alternative to supplement chemical fertilizers. Proper application of fertilizers and pesticides is
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are substances containing living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil. It describes different types of biofertilizers including nitrogen-fixing, compost, and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers. The document discusses the morphology, physiology, and recommended crops for specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter. It also outlines the process for making biofertilizers including selecting carrier materials, sterilizing, and inoculating seeds or soil. The advantages and potential of biofertilizers are that they can increase yields while protecting the environment and soil fertility compared to chemical
Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms that colonize plant roots and soil to promote plant growth. They do this through natural processes like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and stimulating plant growth with substances. There are several types of biofertilizers including bacterial (Rhizobium, Azotobacter), fungal (VAM), and algal biofertilizers. They help increase soil fertility and nutrient supply to plants, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. Mass production of biofertilizers involves growing the microorganisms in large quantities and mixing them with a carrier for storage and application to soil and plants.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
The document discusses biofertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. It provides background on how chemical fertilizers led to problems like soil pollution and reduced fertility over time. Biofertilizers use beneficial microorganisms instead to increase yields without environmental damage. Specific microorganisms discussed include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and their roles in nitrogen fixation and phosphorus availability. The advantages of biofertilizers are their lower cost, eco-friendliness, and ability to supplement chemical fertilizers by 25%. Types of biofertilizers and their uses in composting and agriculture are also summarized.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a research study, analogous to the frame of a house. A conceptual framework outlines courses of action or preferred approaches. The document describes developing frameworks by selecting concepts and relationships, and defining concepts operationally. Frameworks guide entire research studies by informing hypotheses, observations, designs, and interpretations. Theories can be descriptive, explanatory, or predictive and are tested through different research types. Nursing frameworks contribute unique perspectives on persons, environments, health, and nursing. Frameworks should be clearly identified and defined, with logical relationships supported by literature.
This chapter discusses various vesiculobullous, red and white lesions, vascular lesions, reactive lesions, and lesions of the oral cavity that oral medicine specialists commonly encounter. It provides a decision tree for classifying oral mucosal lesions into soft tissue enlargements like tumors/cysts/neoplasms and reactive lesions. Reactive lesions may increase and decrease in size and eventually regress, while tumors are persistent and progressive. The chapter describes the clinical features of various specific lesions.
This document discusses the value of home gardens to small farmers in Nepal. It defines home gardens as multi-species, multi-storied gardens near homes that provide a variety of goods for household consumption. Approximately 72% of Nepalese households have home gardens that contribute significantly to food security, nutrition, income and the conservation of agricultural biodiversity. Home gardens contain a wide diversity of plant species that provide food, fodder, fuel, medicines and other goods essential for livelihoods and cultural traditions. They serve as a safety net during times of food scarcity and are an important site for experimenting with and preserving agricultural biodiversity in Nepal.
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4. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Mumbai • Pune
Hyderabad • Kolkata • Nagpur • Patna • Vijayawada
Manures,
Fertilizers and
Pesticides
Theory and Applications
Amitava Rakshit PhD
Priyankar Raha PhD
Nirmal De PhD
Faculty
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi, UP
8. Foreword
The phenomenal growth in agricultural production since independence has
been triggered by higher input use, particularly purchased inputs as well as
technology-induced productivity enhancement. The key inputs which changed the
complexion of agriculture include a high yielding variety of seeds, chemical
fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides, farm machinery and equipment, credit and labor.
In order to step up agricultural production to meet the demands of the ever-
increasing population, chemical fertilizers should be used along with organic
manures and pesticides in a right proportion for a particular agroecological unit. In
the light of present-day knowledge and practices, agriculture differs much in our
own from that of earlier times, invention of new inputs and tools and improvement
of the old, better methods of application, and superior educational facilities raising
the general plane of intelligence are among the more potent forces that have affected
the change. The book, Manures, Fertilizers and Pesticides—Theory and Applications
aims at documentation of huge comprehensive almost all aspects of inputs used in
agriculture, from traditional farming to the latest developments. Further, a
monumental coverage of inorganic and organic chemicals quite encyclopedic in
nature facilitating communication among the agricultural stakeholders.
As an aid of improving scientific communication for everyone from students to
public decision-makers, the book could prove to be a comprehensive guide on inputs
in agriculture. The book bridges the gap among diverse branches of the agricultural
sciences and will facilitate as a ready reference in the broad spectrum of agriculture.
Significant and relevant issues pertaining to all spheres in agriculture and natural
resource have also been discussed in the book. The authors of the book have made
an attempt to arrange different areas of input management in a concise but com-
prehensive manner and deserve commendation for their painful efforts. It is hoped
that this book will be a valuable source of information for students and teachers
engaged in various applications of agriculture. The authors deserve appreciation
for bringing out highly useful and relevant publication of immense use.
Dr S Ayyappan
Secretary and Director General
Government of India
Department of Agricultural Research and Education and
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi
9.
10. Preface
Agricultural production has increased dramatically in India and elsewhere in
the past five decades as agricultural practices have evolved. But this success
has been costly: water pollution, soil depletion, and a host of human (and nonhuman)
health and safety problems have emerged as important side effects associated with
modern agricultural practices. Because of increased concern with these costs, an
alternative view of agricultural production has arisen that has come to be known
as sustainable agriculture. In other words, current agricultural research centers not
only on increasing production but also on finding ways for improving the
environmental sustainability of agriculture. The idea for a comprehensive book
associated with the rapidly expanding fields related to agriculture. The book aims
to provide a balanced scientific review of the environmental and sustainability issues
relating to different agrochemicals, i.e. manure, fertilizer and pesticide use and how
their environmental impact can be minimized. The text is designed to fulfill the
needs of the students studying soil, crop and environmental science, and general
readers. No other book in this field covers such a wide range of topics and can be
applied to as many geographic areas as agriculture, manures, fertilizers, pesticide
and the environment. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 deals with
different fertilizers and their role in sustainability in agriculture and the challenges
to produce enough food while caring for the environment. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss
the benefits and prospects of manure and beneficial microorganisms used in
agriculture and Chapter 4 covers the benefits and problems of pesticides, their
possibilities and challenges for increased food production in future. A thorough
overview has been included the important agricultural applications of natural
products and synthetic compounds derived from natural products. Detailed
information on the isolation, structural studies, biological activity and toxicology
of these compounds is provided. Chapter 5 covers organic farming in detail,
providing a balanced scientific review of the issues relating to inorganic and organic
inputs use and how their impact can be minimized.
Anyone interested in the environment will find this book helpful as well as those
studying soil, crop and environmental science. The suggestions and comments from
students, teachers and researchers for further improvement of this book are always
welcome.
Amitava Rakshit
Priyankar Raha
Nirmal De
11.
12. Acknowledgments
At the outset we would like to thank God. In the process of putting this book
together, we realized how true this gift of writing is for us. He has given us the
power to believe in our passion and pursue our dreams. We could have never done
this without the faith we have in the Almighty.
We would like to express our gratitude to many people who knew us through
this book; to all those who provided support, talked over things, read, wrote, offered
comments, allowed us to quote their works, and assisted us in the editing,
proofreading and design. This book was not only inspired by our learned colleagues
but also directly improved by their active involvement in its development.
We would like to thank Mr Sunil for enabling us to publish this book. Finally,
the editorial and production team of CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi,
deserves our special appreciation for guiding us through the process of publishing
this new work. Above all, we want to thank our family members who supported
and encouraged us in spite of all the time it took us away from them. It was a long
and difficult journey for them.
Amitava Rakshit
Priyankar Raha
Nirmal De
13.
14. Foreword vii
Preface ix
1. Inorganic Fertilizers 1–100
1.1 Concept 1
1.2 What Is a Fertilizer? 3
1.3 Nutrients Required by Plants 3
1.4 Classifications 7
Inorganic Fertilizers 8
Nitrogen Fertilizers 8
Phosphate Fertilizers 12
Potash Fertilizers 13
Micronutrients Fertilizer 14
1.4.1 Manufacturing Processes 15
Common Products 15
1.4.1.1 Nitrogen Fertilizer Production 16
1.4.1.2 Phosphate Fertilizer Production 19
Phosphate Fertilizer Terminology 24
1.4.1.3 Potassium Fertilizer Production 25
1.4.1.4 Fertilizer Industry 26
1.4.2 Properties of Major Nitrogenous, Phosphatic, Potassic
Complex and Mixed Fertilizers 27
Organic Materials 29
1.5 Raw Materials and Energy Requirements for Fertilizer Production 32
Raw Materials 32
Energy Use 32
1.6 Composition 34
1.7 Fertilizer Usage 35
Fertilizer Use by Agro-ecological Zone (AEZ) 37
Fertilizer Use by Crop 37
Past and Future Demand 37
1.8 Fate and Reactions in the Soil 38
Reactions of Nitrogenous Fertilizer 38
Factors Affecting the Efficient Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers 40
Contents
15. Manures, Fertilizers and Pesticides—Theory and Applicationsxiv
Reactions of Phosphate Fertilizer 43
Reactions of Pottasic Fertilizer 47
1.9 Secondary Micronutrient Fertilizers 48
Secondary Nutrient Fertilizers 48
Common Magnesium Sources 49
Common Sulphur Sources 49
Common Calcium Sources 50
Multinutrient Fertilizers 52
1.10 Fertilizer Application 53
Broadcasting 54
Row or Band Placement 55
Plough-sole Placement 56
Deep Placement of Nitrogenous Fertilizers 56
Sub-soil Placement 56
Localised Placement 56
Top Dressing 57
Side Dressing 58
Seed cum Fertilizer Drill 58
Foliar Application 58
Liquid Fertilization 60
1.11 Compatibility of Fertilizer Materials 61
1.12 Fertilizer Control Order 62
1.13 Fertilizer Storage 66
Construction 66
Distribution System 66
1.14 Diagnosis of Fertilizer Requirement 68
Optical Observation in Plants 69
Brief Key to Deficiency Symptoms 70
Soil Tests 72
Plant Testing 73
Plant Tissue Testing in the Field 74
Fertilizer Field Trials 75
Long-term Field Experiments 76
Other Factors Limiting Crop Yields 76
1.15 Fertilizers and Agricultural Sustainability 77
1.16 Fertilizers and Environmental Issues: Long-term Effect
on Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere 77
Fertilizers and Climate Change 80
How Can Fertilizer be Used Properly and Still Protect
the Environment? 81
16. Contents xv
Minimising Risks 82
Fertilizers and Health 83
1.17 Economics of Fertilizer Use 83
1.18 Nutrient Removal by Crops 85
1.19 Fertilizer Requirements/Supplementation Related Calculations:
Percentage Plant Food in Fertilizer Mixtures; Calculation of the
Unit Value of a Fertilizer 87
Units 87
More Calculations on Fertilizer Rates 88
1.20 Practical Recommendations for Different Crops under Different
Soil Conditions—Conventional and Recent Advancement
Based on STCR and Leaf Tissue Analysis 91
Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) Correlation Studies 91
Leaf Tissue Analysis 92
1.21 Fertilizer Efficiency 93
Nutrient Supply and Soil Fertility 94
Seed 94
Agronomic Practices 94
Weather Aberrations 94
Measures to Increase the Efficiency of Fertilizer Use 95
Role of Enhanced Efficiency (EE) Fertilizers to Improve
Fertilizer Use Efficiency by Crops 98
Future Prospects 99
2. Organic Manures 101–124
2.1 History 101
Uses of Manure 103
2.2 Raw Materials 103
2.2.1 Crop Residues 103
2.3 Decomposition of Plant Residues 105
Products of Decomposition 106
2.4 Techniques of Farm Residue Utilization 107
2.4.1 Farm Yard Manure 107
2.4.2 Composts 107
Types of Composting 108
2.4.2.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Composting 109
2.4.3 Green Manuring 110
2.5 Biowaste 111
2.5.1 Agricultural Wastes 111
17. Manures, Fertilizers and Pesticides—Theory and Applicationsxvi
2.5.1.1 Sugar Industry Waste 111
2.5.1.2 Plantation Crops Waste 112
2.5.1.3 Fruits and Vegetables Waste 112
2.5.1.4 Poultry Waste 113
2.5.1.5 Biogas Slurry 113
2.5.1.6 Fermentation Industry Waste 113
2.5.1.7 Saw Mill or Forest Mill Wastes 114
2.5.1.8 Oilseed Industry 114
2.5.2 Animal Feedlots 115
2.5.2.1 Bonemeal 115
2.5.2.2 Fish Meal 115
2.5.3 Urban Solid Waste 115
2.5.4 Composting Farm Wastes 116
2.6 Raw Manure Use: Problems and Solutions 120
2.7 Impact of Manure on Soil-Plant System 122
3. Beneficial Microorganisms in Agriculture 125–148
3.1 Biofertilizers 125
3.1.1 Rhizobium 127
3.1.2 Azotobacter 130
3.1.3 Blue Green Algae 135
3.2 Constraints of Biofertilizers 145
3.3 Biogas Production 145
3.4 Biodegradation 148
4. Pesticides 149–231
4.1 History 149
4.1.1 Introduction 149
4.1.2 Principles of Plant Protection 150
4.1.3 Classification of Pesticides 152
4.1.4 Pesticide Formulations 155
4.1.5 Toxicology of Pesticides 160
4.1.6 Steps for Minimization of Pesticide Toxicity 162
4.2 Naturally Occurring Insecticides or Botanical Insecticides 164
Structure of Pyrethrin and Cinerin and Jasmolin 167
4.3 Synthetic Insecticides 169
4.3.1 Organochlorinated Hydrocarbons 169
4.3.2 Organophosphorus Insecticides 179
Derivatives of Pyrophosphoric Acid 185
Derivatives of Phosphonic Acid 186