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This document discusses sustainable agriculture and conservation tillage. It defines sustainable agriculture as production techniques that protect the environment, public health, and communities. Conservation tillage is defined as practices that disturb the soil minimally and keep at least 30% of the soil surface covered. Benefits of conservation tillage include reduced soil erosion, increased organic matter, and improved water retention. Case studies show increases in crop yields and soil parameters like organic carbon under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage.

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NAME-KAJOD MAL GHASAL ROLL. NO.- 2015-AMJ-35 DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY 2
• INTRODUCTION • WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE • PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE • CONSERVATION TILLAGE • BENEFITS OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE • CASE STUDIES • LIMITING FACTORS • FUTURE PROSPECT • CONCLUSION CONTENT 3
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WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IS THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD, FIBER OR OTHER PLANTS OR ANIMAL PRODUCTS USED IN FARMING TECHNIQUES THAT PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT. PUBLIC HEALTH, HUMAN COMMUNITIES & ANIMAL WELFARE 5
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION EFFICIENT USE OF LIMITED IRRIGATION WATER CROP ROTATION INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (INM) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)  WEED MANAGEMENT 6
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IS AN APPROACH TO MANAGING AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED AND SUSTAINED PRODUCTIVITY, INCREASED PROFITS AND FOOD SECURITY WHILE PRESERVING AND ENHANCING THE RESOURCE BASE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. (FAO) 7
55.43(43 %) 43.09(34 %) 16.2(13%) 4.7(4%) 6.4(5%) 1(1%) 1 SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA ASIA RUSSIA & UKRAINE EUROPE AFRICA Fig 1: Progress in conservation agriculture in world 39%(3.1 Mha) 24% (1.9 Mha) 19% (1.5 Mha) 18% (1.4Mha) CHINA TAZAKHSTAN,PAKISTHAN,BANGLADESH,NE PAL INDIA KAZAKHSTAN Fig 2: Progress in conservation agriculture in asia Friedrich et al., 2012 FAO(2010) 8
PRACTICES USED IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE 9
PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE Diversification of crop species grown in sequence or in association Permanent organic soil cover Minimal mechanical disturbance 10
CONSERVATION TILLAGE Conservation tillage is a tillage system which retain >30 % of the soil surface with crop residue after planting, to reduce soil and water erosion CTIC(2004) North & South America has high area (95.45 mha) ,which is 77% of total area under conservation tillage Asia has 4.7 mha which contribute 4% at the total area under conservation tillage In India, no tillage practices adoption has occurred mainly in wheat-rice double cropping system (Friedrich et al., 2012) 11
Why conservation tillage? Fig 5 Fig 3 Fig 412
A comparison of conventional tillage, conservation tillage and conservation agriculture for various issues. Issues Conventional tillage Conservation tillage Conservation agriculture Practice Disturbs the soil and leaves a bare surface Reduces the soil disturbance in TT and keeps the soil covered Minimal soil disturbed and soil surface is covered Erosion Maximum Medium Less Soil physical health Lowest Moderate The best Compaction Destroying biological pores LESS compaction Reduce problem O.M. and Infiltration rate. Low Medium High Diesel uses and production cost High Medium Low Yield Low Same TT Depend on P.P. FAO (2004)13
Fig 6: Comparison between conventional tillage and conservation tillage 14
Fig 7 Comparison between conventional tillage and conservation tillage 15
PRACTICES ZERO/NO-TILLAGE MINIMUM TILLAGE STUBBLE MULCH TILLAGE RIDGE TILLAGE 16
ZERO TILLAGE  It is extreme form of minimum tillage. Primary tillage is avoided and secondary tillage is restricted to seed bed preparation in the only row zone.  Keeps 50-75% residue on the soil surface. 17
TILLING PLANTING  It is a practice of zero tillage including four operation:-  1. Cleaning the crop row  2. Opening the soil for seed insertion  3. Placing of seed  4. Covering the seed by soil 18
MINIMUM TILLAGE • Reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed for rapid germination, satisfactory crop stand, and favorable growing condition. (Arnon,1972) • It involves soil disturbance, though to a much lesser extent • Keeps 30-50% crop residue on soil surface • Tillage can be reduced by omitting the operation or by combining different operations 19
STUBBLE MULCH TILLAGE • The soil is protected all the times by growing crop or crop residue left on the soil surface between two crops • To prevent soil erosion, reduce co2 emission and increase rate of infiltration 20
Fig 8: Contribution of various crops in residue generation in india Cereals 70% Others 6% Oilseed 6% Fibers 13% Pulses 3% Sugarcane 2% MNRE 200921
Uttar Pradesh, 60 Punjab, 56 Maharastra , 41 Madhya pradesh, 34 Rajasthan, 30 Gujrat, 29 Assam, 11.43 Fig 8: State wise crop residue generation (mt/yr) in India Utter pradesh, 22 Punjab, 20 Maharast ra, 7.4 Madya pradesh , 2 Rajasthan , 1.8 Gujrat, 3.8 Assam, 0.73 Fig 9: State wise crop residue brunt (mt/yr) in India MNRE 200922
Table-1: Co2 emission over a 19 days after period of tilling wheat stubble with different methods Tillage method Total co2 losses (t/ha) M.B. Plough 9.13 Disc Harrow 3.88 Chisel Plough 3.65 Zero Tillage 1.84 Reicosky et al., (2008) Case study 23
RIDGE TILLAGE • The ridge-tillage cultivator removes weeds, loosens the soil and builds up the ridge at a time. it cleans up crop residue • Shallow strip on the top of ridge and seeds are placed in the center of the ridge • Band herbicide applications 24
BENEFITS OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE • Reduce labor cost and save time • Save fuel • Reduce maintenance of machinery • Improve soil titlh condition • Increase organic matter content in soil • Trap soil moisture and increase water availability • Reduce soil erosion • Improve water quality and air quality 25
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EFFECT OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON SOIL PARAMETER 27
Table 2: Comparison of conventional and conservation tillage systems (after 8years) on soil parameter parameter unit Conventional tillage Conservation tillage (ZT) Mulch cover % 1.0 13-77 Humus % 2.0 2.2-2.5 Aggregate stability (liming soil) % 20 22-25 Earth worm No./m-2 125 312-358 Macro-pores No./m-2 264 493-775 Schmidt et al., 2012 Case study 28
Fig 11: Soil organic carbon as affected by tillage system and time Bessam, F and R.Mrabet (2003) Case study 29
Fig 10: Better infiltration results with residue retained as compared to no-till (NT) bare Triplett et al.,(2005) Case study 30
Table 3: Organic carbon and biological activity under different tillage practices Treatment OC(%) Earthworm population/ha Conventional tillage 1.47 60,000 Zero tillage 2.23 160,000 Minimum tillage 2.17 100,000 Gosh et al.(2010) Case study 31
Table 4: Effect of tillage on soil chemical properties after maize harvest Year 2008 Year 2009 Tillage pH OC(g kgˉ¹) TN(g kgˉ¹) Avail. P(mg kgˉ¹) CEC (coml. kgˉ¹) pH OC(g kgˉ¹) TN(g kgˉ¹) Avail. P(mg kgˉ¹) CEC (coml. kgˉ¹) CT 6.0 16.50 1.38 26.64 6.31 6.69 2.79 0.32 65.59 8.05 MT 6.1 19.80 1.52 24.33 6.24 6.79 4.59 0.55 40.47 8.51 ZT 6.2 21.20 1.58 33.28 7.39 6.64 5.00 0.53 61.13 9.39 LSD P (≤0.05) 0.05 2.20 ns 7.13 0.49 0.04 0.44 0.08 13.25 0.79 Busari & Salako (2013) Case study 32
EFFECT OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON CROP GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY 33
Table 5:Effect of conservation agriculture impact on crop productivity & conservation efficiency on a land with 2% slope Parameters unit Conventional agriculture Conservation agriculture (ZT) Water loss % 39.8 21.9 Soil loss t/haˉ¹/yrˉ¹ 7.2 3.5 Grain yield of maize kg/haˉ¹ 1570 2000 Grain yield of wheat after maize kg/haˉ¹ 950 1700 Moisture conservation for wheat compare to fallow mm 28.1 58.5 Ghosh et al (May 2015)Dehradun Case study 34
Fig 12: Effect on tillage on maize root mass Busari & Salako (2012) Case study 35
Table 6: Yield of wheat as influenced by tillage Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Harvest Index (%) Conventional Tillage 31.50 40.90 43.48 Reduced Tillage 29.20 37.60 43.71 Zero Tillage 36.00 46.10 43.85 CD (P=0.05) 1.70 3.10 NS Case study Mitra et al.,(2014)36
Table 7: Seed yield of mustard (t/ha)after four preceding crops under different tillage practices Cropping system Conservation tillage (ZT) Conventional tillage Maize-mustard 0.56 0.41 Upland rice-mustard 0.50 0.38 Rice bean- mustard 0.45 0.34 Soyabean- mustard 0.40 0.30 Mean 0.48 0.36 Barman (2003) Case study 37
EFFECT OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON WEED MANAGEMENT 38
Table 8: Interaction effect of different treatments on grain yield (t/ha) of wheat Treatment HW 35 &55 DAS Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha Clodinafop 60 g fb metsulfuro n-methyl 4 g/ha Weedy Mean Zero tillage 4.8 4.5 4.6 3.1 4.3 Reduced tillage 4.9 4.6 4.6 2.2 4.0 Conventional tillage 4.9 4.5 4.7 1.4 3.9 Singh et al., (2005) Case study 39
Table 10: Effect of planting techniques on weed density, total weed dry matter at 120 DAS and grain yield of wheat Treatment P. Minor Broad. leaf weed P. minor Broad leaf weed Grain yield (kg/ha) CT 9.51 7.19 11.94 14.08 4156 ZT 8.49 7.21 11.33 14.32 4238 ZT (standing stubble) 6.95 5.32 9.25 10.72 4637 ZT (Partial burning) 7.49 5.62 9.72 10.45 4586 Bed planting 7.20 5.44 9.42 10.94 4383 LSD (P=0.O5) 1.47 1.47 1.58 2.22 338 Weed density/m2 Dry matter (g/m2) Brar and Walia,(2009) Case study 40
EFFECT OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE ON ENERGY USES EFFICIENCY 41
Table 11: Economics of maize – wheat system as influenced by tillage Treatment Cost of cultivation ( Rs /ha) Net returns ( Rs /ha) B:C ratio 2003 2004 2003 2004 CT/CT 37555 38891 42081 40639 1.09 CT/NT 36227 37566 43329 41888 1.16 NT/NT 34902 36241 44855 43536 1.25 Hari Ram et al., (2010) Case study 42
Limitation of conservation tillage • More dependence on herbicides • Risk of herbicide resistance by weeds • More pollution due to herbicides • Dominance of perennial weeds • May be reduction in yield and higher NO3 emission at an initial stage • Initial investment for specialized machinery 43
FUTURE PROSPECT • New plant types with the better root system • Development of new tools • Assessing effect of conservation tillage on sequestration of carbon • Better understanding of dynamic of weeds, diseases, insects and development INM strategies 44
Conservation tillage is an ecofriendly technique that improves soil properties, control soil erosion, reduce tillage-related production cost, labor charges, reduce co2 emission, increase crop yield. 45 These are sufficient reasons to promote the step-by-step conversion by adopting resource conserving tillage practices There is a need for policy to understand the conservation tillage in integration with other techniques which can promote conservation tillage
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