Types of Tissues Plant tissues Meristematic tissues Simple permanent tissues Complex permanent tissues Animal tissues Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

1. Tissues
Plant tissues…

2. CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANISATION OF AN ORGANISM

3. Tissues
 Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in
structure and/or work together to achieve a
particular function form a tissue.
 Histology: The study of tissues is known as
histology.
 In connection with disease it is known as
histopathology.

5. Types of Tissues
 Meristematic Tissues: Cells of this tissue continue to divide
throughout the life of the plant.
 Permanent tissue: Cells of this tissue have lost their ability
to divide and they have a specialised structure to perform
specific functions.
 Simple Permanent tissue: It consists of only one type of
cells. (Ex. Parenchyma)
 Complex Permanent tissue: It consists of more than one
type of cells. (Ex. Xylem and phloem)

6. Permanent tissue
 1. Simple Permanent Tissue:
 a) Parenchyma
 b) Collenchyma
 c) Sclerenchyma
 2. Complex Permanent Tissue:
 a) Xylem
 b) Phloem

7. Meristematic tissues

8. Types of meristematic tissues (Meristem)
Name of the
tissue
Location Function
Apical meristem Present at the growing tip
of stem and root.
Increase in length of stem
and root. (Primary
growth)
Lateral meristem
(Cambium)
Found on the lateral sides
of roots and stem.
Increase in girth of stem
and root. (Secondary
growth)
Intercalary
meristem
Present at the base of
leaves or internodes.
Growth of leaves and
branches.

9. Characteristics of Meristems
Cells of meristematic tissue are very active.
Ability to continuously divide.
They have dense cytoplasm.
Cell wall is thin and made of cellulose.
Prominent nuclei is present.
Lack vacuoles.

10. i) Simple permanent tissues
a) Parenchyma

11. Parenchyma
 Structure: Living cells. cell wall is thin and made of cellulose,
Intercellular space is less.
 Location and function: Present in all soft parts of plants. It
involves in storage of food and provide turgidity to the soft parts
of plants. In stems store nutrients and water.
 Types of Parenchyma:
 i) Chlorenchyma: Certain parenchymatous tissue contain
chloroplast and synthesize food by the process of photosynthesis.
 ii) Aerenchyma: In aquatic plants parenchymatous cells have air
cavities between them to store air, such a tissue called
aerenchyma. It provides buoyancy to the aquatic plants so that
they can float in water

12. C ollenchyma

13. b) Collenchyma
 Structure: Walls are elongated and irregularly thickened
at corners due to deposition of cellulose or pectin. They
may be oval, circular, or polygonal. Very little inter cellular
spaces are present.
 Location: It occurs below the epidermis of stem and
petiole (Stalk of the leaf) and around veins.
 Function:
Provides mechanical support and flexibility.
 The stem and leaves are able to bend easily and then
come back to their original position due to the presence
of collenchyma.

15. c) Sclerenchyma
 Structure: It is a dead cell, cell wall is thick and made of
cellulose or lignin or both. Intercellular space is absent.
Several unlignified areas called pits often develop on
walls.
 Location: Usually found in the hard and stiff parts of the
plant like seed coat, husk of coconut, in the stem around
vascular bundles, veins of leaves and hard covering of
fruits and nuts.
 Function:
 It is the chief mechanical tissue in plants and is able to
bear push, pull, strain and shearing forces.
 It provides strength to plant parts and also protects the
delicate parts of the plants.

16. ii) Complex permanent Tissue
 The complex permanent tissues are made up of more
than one type of cells. They coordinate together top
perform the same specialized functions in the plant
body. They are classified into two types- Xylem and
phloem.
 Xylem: The xylem conducts water and minerals from the
roots to aerial parts. It also provides support to the
plants. It has four elements. They are Tracheids, vessels,
xylem and xylem fibres.
 Phloem: It involves in translocation of food that is
prepared by the leaves to various parts of the plant. It
has four elements. They are sieve tubes, companion
cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.

17. Animal Tissues
Epithelial tissue
 Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals.
It forms the outer covering like skin, outer covering of organs,
inner lining of blood vessels, lungs, oesophagus, etc. It
protects the body and controls the movement of materials
between the body and the surroundings and between the
parts of the body. The cells are closely arranged and have a
fibrous basement membrane.
Types of Epithelial Tissues:
 i) Squamous epithelial tissue
 ii) Columnar epithelial tissue
 iii) Cuboidal epithelial tissue
 iv) Glandular epithelial tissue

18. Squamous Epithelial tissue
i) Squamous epithelial
tissue :- consists of a
layer of thin flat cells.
ii) It is present in the linings
of blood vessels, lungs,
mouth, oesophagus etc.
iii)The skin has several
layers of epithelial cells.
iv)The tissue is called
Stratified squamous
tissue.

19. Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Columnar epithelial tissue
:-
Consists of tall pillar like
cells. It is present in the
walls of the intestine.
The columnar epithelial
tissue in the respiratory
tract has hair like
projections called cilia.
This tissue is called Ciliated

20. Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal epithelial tissue
:- Consists of cone shape
cells having a basement
membrane.
It forms the lining of
kidney, tubules and ducts
of salivary glands and
provide mechanical
support.

21. Glandular epithelial tissue
Glandular epithelial tissue:-
Sometimes epithelial
tissue folds inwards and
forms a multicellular
gland which secretes
substances.
This tissue is called
Glandular epithelial tissue.

22. Muscular tissue
 B) Muscular tissue:-
 Connective tissue helps in the movements of the body. It
consists of elongated cells called muscle fibres.
i) Striated muscles:- are voluntary muscles having light and dark
striations. The cells are long, cylindrical and are multinucleated.
They are also called skeletal muscles because they are attached to
bones. They help in voluntary movements of the body.
ii) Unstriated muscles (Smooth muscles):- are involuntary
muscles having no striations. The cells are long and spindle
shaped and are uni- nucleated. They are present in alimentary
canal, blood vessels, bronchi of lungs, iris of eye etc. They help in
involuntary movements.
iii) Cardiac muscles:- are involuntary muscles having faint
striations. The cells are long, cylindrical, branched and
multinucleated. They are present in the heart and helps in the
contraction and relaxation of the heart.

23. Types of muscular tissue

24. C) Connective tissue
connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body
together. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed and the space
between the cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
 i) Blood :- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which contains
red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. The blood
transport gases, digested food, hormones, waste materials etc.
 ii) Bone :- is a hard and strong tissue. It consists of cells which are
embedded in a hard matrix containing calcium and phosphorus
compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports the
body and the main organs.
 iii) Ligaments :- Are flexible tissues which joins bones together and
helps in movements.
 iv) Tendons :- are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to bones and
helps in movements.
 v) Areolar tissues :- fills the space between skin and muscles, inside
the organs, around blood vessels etc. It helps to repair the tissues.
 vi) Adipose tissue :- is found below the skin and between internal
organs. It contains fats and helps to store fats.

26. Nervous tissue
 D) Nervous tissue :-
Nervous tissue helps to carry message from one part
of the body to the other and responds to stimuli. It is
found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It consists of
nerve cells are called neurons.
Neuron (Nerve cell) :- has a cell body containing a
nucleus and cytoplasm. It has hair like structures called
dendrites and a long part called axon having nerve
endings.
 The axon has a protective covering called myelin
sheath. The neurons are joined together to form nerve
fibres.
 The junction between two neurons is called synapse.

27. Structure of Neuron

28. References:
NCERT text book for class 9
ISC BIOLOGY – Dr. P. S. Verma
Dr. B. P. Pandey

29. THANK YOU!
- V.Manivannan, M.sc(Bot),M.sc(Biotech),M.Ed.,
Department of Biological Sciences…