This document discusses different types of thinking: 1) Perceptual/concrete thinking involves interpreting sensations based on experience and deals with actual objects and events. 2) Conceptual/abstract thinking uses generalized concepts and language to understand problems. 3) Reflective/logical thinking reorganizes experiences to find new solutions instead of simple associations. 4) Creative thinking searches for new relationships to describe nature and is not bound by rules. 5) Critical thinking uses skills like analysis and evaluation to make valid judgments. The document also covers controlled vs. free thinking, reasoning, problem solving techniques, and the stages of creative thinking.

1. GROUP 5
Presents

2. TYPES OF THINKING

3. THINKING : DEFINITION
Thinking is a problem solving process in
which we use ideas or symbols in places of
overt activity .
--------Glimer (1970)

4. TYPES OF THINKING
1. PERCEPTUAL /CONCRETE THINKING
2. CONCEPTUAL / ABSTRACT THINKING
3. REFLECTIVE OR LOGICAL THINKING
4. CREATIVE THINKING
5. CRITICAL THINKING

5. PERCEPTUAL THINKING
• Simplest form of thinking.
• The basis of this type of thinking is perception ;
interpretation of sensation according to one’s experience.
• Also called as concrete thinking.
It is carried by the perception of actual or concrete objects
and events.
•It is thinking of a lower order
• Seen in children

6. CONCEPTUAL or ABSTRACT THINKING
*It is an abstract thinking where one makes
use of concepts the generalized ideas and
language
*It economizes efforts in understanding and
problem solving.

7. REFLECTIVE or LOGICAL THINKING
*It aims at complex problems
*It reorganizations of all the relevant experiences and
finding new ways of reacting to a solution or removing
an obstacles instead of simple association of
experience or ideas .
*It takes logic in to account

8. CREATIVE THINKING
• created thinking is chiefly aimed at creating
something new.
• it is search of new relationships and associations
to describe and interpret the nature of things
events and situations.
• it is not bound by any pre-established rules.
• thinking of scientist or inventors is an example of
creative thinking.

9. CRITICAL THINKING
•Critical thinking is a process of higher order and
well disciplined thought.
• it involves the use of cognitive skills like a
conceptualization,
interpretation,analysis,synthesis and evaluation
for arriving at an unbiased, valid and reliable
judgement of the gathered or communicated
information or data as a guide to ones belief and
action.

10. TWO MAIN TYPES
OF THINKING

11. CONTROLLED THINKING
.Controlled and regulated thinking.
.Close touch with reality.
Examples: Reasoning, Problem solving,
creative thinking

12. FREE THINKING
.There is no restriction in thinking process .
.Enhance imagination.
.Help with problem solving.
.Increases creativity.
Examples : Imagination, Day dreaming, Dreaming

13. REASONING
It is one of the methods of finding solution to a problem

14. DEFINITION
Reasoning is stepwise thinking with a purpose or
goal in mind

15. TYPES
1 Inductive reasoning
2 Deductive reasoning

16. INDUCTIVE REASONING
•Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning that
moves from specific observations to broader
generalizations.
•Involves moving from specific to general.
Eg: Iron expands when heated; water also expands
when heated ; air also expands when heated.

17. DEDUCTIVE REASONING
•It is just the opposite of inductive reasoning.
• In deductive reasoning we proceed from general
principles to specific situations.
•Eg: matter expands when heated; iron is a form if
matter and thus expands when heated.

18. Problem solving
*It is the process of overcoming difficulties that appear
to interfere with the attainment of goal. It is a
procedure of making adjustment in spite of
interference

19. STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
1.problem awareness
:The first step in problem solving behavior of
an individual concern his awareness of the
difficulty or problem that needs a solution.

20. 2.problem understanding:The difficulties or
problem experienced by the individual should be
properly identified by a careful analysis.He should be
clear about his problem. The problem should then be
pinpointed in terms of specific goals and
objectivesobjectives. Thus all the difficulties and
obstacles in the path of the solution must be properly
named and identified and what is to be got through
the problem solving effort should them be properly
analysed

21. 3.Collection of relevant information
•In this step , the individual is required to collect all
the relevant information about the problem through
all possible sources.
•He / she consult experienced people,read available
literature,revive old experiences

22. 4.Formulation of hypothesis or hunch for
possible solutions
• In the light of the collected relevant information
and nature of his problem , he /she explore various
possibilities for solving one 's problem.

23. 5.Selectiom of a proper solution
• In this step all the possible solutions are closely
analyzed and evaluated.
• It can help the individual to consider a suitable
solution for his problem out of many possible
solutions.

24. 6. Verification of the concluded solution or
hypothesis: The solution arrived at or conclusion drawn
must further be verified by applying it in the solution of
various similar problems and only if the derived
problems should the same be applied.

25. John Bransford and Barry Stein (1984)advocate
five steps that are basically associated with the
task of problem solving.They referred to these
steps as 'IDEAL' thinking and arranged them in the
following order:
I-- identifying the problem
D--defining and representing the problem
E-- exploring posible strategies
A--acting on the strategies
L-- looking back and evaluating the effects of one's
activities

26. Creative Thinking
Creative thinking is a process in which the
individual generates an original, unusual and
productive solution to a problem. It is defined as
personal, imaginative thinking which produces a
new, novel and useful solution.

28. STAGES OF CREATIVE THINKING
Stage I – Preparation
Stage II – Incubation
Stage III – Insight
Stage IV – Verification
Stage V - Revision

29. STAGE I - PREPARATION-
The creative thinker formulates the problem and
collects the facts and materials necessary for arriving
at new solution. - Failing to solve the problem the
thinker turns away from it either deliberately or
involuntarily.
STAGE II - INCUBATION-
This stage is initiated when the creative thinker turns
away from the problem.- During this stage the ideas
that were interfering with the solution of the problem
starts to fade.

30. STAGE III - INSIGHT-
During this stage the creative
thinker experiences sudden
appearance of the solution to his
problem which is termed as
'insight’

31. STAGE IV – VERIFICATION
- During this stage the insight is
tested to see if it satisfactorily
solves the problem. - If not
staisfactory, the thinker is back at
the beginning of creative thinking
process.

32. STAGE V - REVISION –
During this stage any modifications
needed are made. - The creative
thinker never considers his solution as
perfect or final. It is open for
modifications or revision at any
essential time.

33. • Thinks freely and
independently
•Creative thinkers
•No restrictions

34. Only forms mental image about object or situations

35. Day dreaming
• Impossible become possible
•Develop power of imagination
•Not to spend more time

36. Dreaming
• Mental activity during sleep
• some solve problems
• some depends on what
happened during the day

37. THANK YOU