The document defines key terms related to ecosystems: - An ecosystem includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. - Biomes are large-scale ecosystems defined by climate like forests, grasslands, and deserts. - The environment refers to biotic and abiotic factors in an area that determine what species can survive there. - Biotic factors in an ecosystem include interactions between organisms like predation, competition, and mutualism.

1. Autora: Marta García T.

2. Autora: Marta García T.

3. WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?
Ecosystem = Biotope + Biocenosis
Biotope: is the inorganic part (non living things) in an
ecosystem.
Biocenosis: is the set of living things in an ecosystem.
Autora: Marta García T.

4. Biomes are the large-scale ecosystems of the world
(desert, rainforest, tundra, taiga, grassland,
mediterranean forest and deciduous forest).
http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/2ESO/Energia_ecosistemas/acti
vidad3.htm
Biosphere includes all the living things of the
world.
Ecosphere includes all the ecosystems of the world.
Autora: Marta García T.
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5. THE ENVIRONMENT
It refers to all biotic and abiotic (physical and
chemical) conditions at a certain place.
Abiotic factors such as temperature, light, humidity,
salinity….determine the cappability of a specie to live
at a certain place.
Autora: Marta García T.

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7. Factores Limitantes:
Rango de Tolerancia.
Zona Óptima.
Autora: Marta García T.
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05/video_02_unidad_05.html

8. BIOTIC FACTORS
Autora: Marta García T.

9. BIOTIC RELATIONS
Are interactions among the living things in an
ecosystem. There are two types:
1. Intraspecific Relations: among organisms of the
same species.
2. Intersepecific Relations: among organisms of
different species.
Autora: Marta García T.

10. Intraspecific Relations:
Familial: groups of related individuals which live
together.
Gregarious: groups of individuals which live together
for some time to get a benefit.
Colonial: related individuals live physically fixed.
Social: groups of organisms organised to do different
jobs for the comunity.
Autora: Marta García T.

11. What kind of intraspecific relation…?
Familial
Social
Colonial
Gregarious
Autora: Marta García T.

12. Interespecific Relations:
Depredation: predator kills and eats the prey.
Parasitism: parasite lives at the expense of the host,
and harms it.
Mutualism: two individuals get mutual benefit.
Commensalism: one individual gets benefit, but the
other is not affected.
Inquilinism: one species, the inquiline, makes use of a
host's nest or habitat without causing any detriment to
the host.
Competition: the interaction between two or more
organisms, or groups of organisms, that use a common
resource in short supply.
Autora: Marta García T.

13. What kind of interespecific relation….?
Parasitism Depredation Mutualism Commensalism
Autora: Marta García T.

14. Parasitism Inquilinism Competition Commensalism
Autora: Marta García T.
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05/video_03_unidad_05.html

15. Autora: Marta García T.
http://www.edistribucion.es/anayaeducacion/8430050/recursos/u
05/video_04_unidad_05.html

16. HOW DO LIVING THINGS OBTAIN FOOD?
All living things can be classified according to the way
they obtain food. These are the Trophic Levels (3).
Where do they obtain their food from?:
Autora: Marta García T.

17. 1. Producers
Producers make their own food organic matter)
from carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts. They
have autotrophic nutrition. Plants, algae and some
bacteria are producers.
Autora: Marta García T.

18. 2. Consumers
Consumers eat (consume) food provided by plants
or other animals. They have heterotrophic nutrition.
There are three types of consumers. Can you guess?
Autora: Marta García T.

19. Herbivores are called Primary Consumers. They
only eat producers.
Secondary Consumers can be carnivores or
omnivores.
Tertiary Consumers feed on primary and secondary
consumers. Some of them feed on producers, as well.
Autora: Marta García T.

20. Some animals are predators, some are prey,
some are both.
The predator eats the prey, and the prey gets
eaten by the predator.
Autora: Marta García T.

21. 3. Decomposers
They decompose organic matter (dead animals and
plants) into inorganic matter. This inorganic matter
(mineral salts) is used again by producers.
Bacteria and fungi are
decomposer.
Autora: Marta García T.

22. Food Chains
A food chain shows which plants or animals eat or get
eaten by others, in an ecosystem.
The _______ gets eaten by the _______.
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23. The _______ is eaten by the _____, the ____ is eaten by the ____.
The _______ is eaten by the _____, the ____ is eaten by the ____.
Autora: Marta García T.

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25. • A set of food chains is a Food Web.
1. Take three food chains
from this food web.
2. Identify the producers,
primary consumers, secondary
consumers, tertiary consumers,
herbivores, carnivores and
omnivores.
Autora: Marta García T.

26. When a member of the trophic web varies in number,
the others organisms get affected as well.
http://puzzling.caret.cam.ac.uk/game.php?
game=foodchain
http://www.ngfl_cymru.org.uk/vtc/Phase3delivery/Wales/Sci
ence/Keystage4/Livingthingsand/Feedingrelation/Introduction
/default.htm
Autora: Marta García T.

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28. So, matter describes a closed cycle in the ecosystem.
It is recycled, but not lost.
Autora: Marta García T.

29. HOW IS ENERGY TRANSMITTED IN
THE ECOSYSTEM?
Energy gets into the food chain from the sun, and
pass through the trophic levels. But it cannot be
recycled, because all living things consume energy.
So, some energy gets lost as heat.
Autora: Marta García T.

30. Where do energy
come from?
Does it go back?
So, does it describe
a closed cycle?
Autora: Marta García T.

31. TROPHIC PYRAMIDS
A trophic pyramid is a graphic representation of a
particular characteristic at each trophic level.
Each trophic level is represented by layers of equal
height.
Autora: Marta García T.

32. Number Pyramid: represents the number of
individuals at each trophic level:
In this ecosystem there are…:
______ Secondary Consumers
______ Producers
______ Primary Producers
______ Tertiary Consumers
Autora: Marta García T.

33. Draw this ecosystem’s number pyramid:
Grass and trees: 10.000
Butterflies and Grasshoppers: 500
Rabbits: 50
Rats: 50
Snakes: 10
Eagles: 2
Autora: Marta García T.

34. Biomass Pyramid: shows the biomass at each trophic
level of a food chain.
Energy Pyramid: shows the energy contained in each
trophic level.
Can you think of ecosystems where…:
1.Number Pyramid could be inverted?
2.Biomass Pyramid could be inverted?
3.Energy Pyramid could be inverted?
Autora: Marta García T.

35. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
Are ecosystems where organisms can live on land,
surrounded by air. They can be natural or man-
made.
The distribution of organisms depends on abiotic
factors, which are related to the climate:
Temperature.
Light.
Humidity.
Autora: Marta García T.

36. There are three large climate zones in each
hemisphere, and we can find different biomes in
them:
Frigid Zone
Temperate Zone
Torrid Zone
Autora: Marta García T.

37. Match the columns
CLIMATE ZONES ECOSYSTEMS
Frigid Zone
Temperate Zone
Torrid Zone
Dessert
Grassland
Tundra
Decidous Forest
Taiga
Rainforest
Mediterranean Forest
http://www.kidsknowit.com/interactive-educational-movies/free-online-
movies.php?movie=biomes
Autora: Marta García T.

38. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
They are ecosystems where organisms live
sorrounded by water. The main abiotic factors are:
 Light.
 Temperature.
 Salinity.
 Oxygen.
 Pressure.
 Density.
 Water Movements.
 Viscosity.
Autora: Marta García T.

39. How do you think these factors vary with depth?
Ligth __________ with depth.
Pressure __________ with depth.
Temperature __________ with depth.
Oxygen __________ with depth.
Autora: Marta García T.

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41. There are two types of aquatic ecosystems:
1. Freshwater Ecosystems: with less salinity. Ex: rivers,
lakes, marshes. They may be Lotic or Lentic
ecosystems:
 Lotic: running water (ex. Rivers).
 Lentic: still water (ex. Lakes).
Autora: Marta García T.

42. 2. Marine Ecosystems: more salty. We can find three
types of organisms:
 Plankton: tiny plants and animals of the ocean that
serve as food for ocean creatures.
 Necton: animals that can move freely up and down in
the water.
 Bentos: plants and animals who live on the ocean
floor.
Autora: Marta García T.

43. Plankton, bentos or necton?
Autora: Marta García T.

44. Autora: Marta García T.

45. HÁBITAT VS NICHO
ECOLÓGICO
El Hábitat es el lugar en el que habita una especie.
El Nicho es el papel que desempeña una especie en un
ecosistema, considerando:
- Relaciones tróficas.
- Relaciones con el ambiente.
- Funciones ecológicas.
Autora: Marta García T.

46. Flippers to help it
swim.
Streamlined shape.
Thick layer of body
fat to keep it warm.
Strong teeth to
catch fish.
Forward-facing
eyes for clear vision
ahead.
Hind legs have evolved
into a a strong rudder-
like tail.
How is the seal adapted to its environment?
Autora: Marta García T.

47. Which is the Habitat for each organism?
Artic Bear
Camel
Parrot
Rabbit
Crab
Marmot
Ilex
Shark
Trout
Desert
Rainforest
Poles
Mediterranean Forest
Grassland
Coastland
Ocean
River
Autora: Marta García T.